Cao Miao language
Cao Miao | |
---|---|
Native to | China |
Region | Guizhou, Hunan, Guangxi |
Native speakers | 64,000 (2000)[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 |
cov |
Glottolog |
caom1238 [2] |
Cao Miao (Chinese: è‰è‹—; autonym: mjiuË¥nʲaŋ˧[3]) is a variety of Dong (Kam) according to Shi Lin (2012).[4] Dialects include Liushi ("Sixty") Miao å…åè‹—, Sishi ("Forty") Miao å››åè‹—, and Ershi ("Twenty") Miao 二åè‹— (also known as Flowery Miao 花苗). The Flowery Miao 花苗 do not consider themselves to be Cao Miao è‰è‹—, although their language is similar to Sixty Miao and Forty Miao (Shi 2012).
Subdivisions
There are various ethnic subgroups within Cao Miao (Shi 2015:7).
- Inner Miao 内部苗 (or 内岗苗 / å†…å ºè‹—) (kaŋ˦˨kau˧˩): 2 subgroups
- Middle Miao ä¸éƒ¨è‹— (or ä¸å²—è‹— / ä¸å ºè‹—) (kaŋ˦˨ta˥˧), also called Twenty (20) Miao 二åè‹— (mjiuË¥nʲi˧ɕəp˨[5]) or Flowery Miao 花苗 (mjiuË¥ken˥˧[5]).
- Outer Miao 外部苗 (or 外岗苗 / å¤–å ºè‹—) (kaŋ˦˨pak˧), also called Old Miao è€è‹— or Black Miao 黑苗.
Other ethnolinguistic groups living near the Cao Miao include the Han 汉æ—, Dong ä¾—æ—, Yao ç‘¶æ—, Suantang 酸汤人, Sanqiao 三撬人,[7] Bendi 本地人, Kejia 客家人, Chuanmin 船民 (a Guibei 桂北 Yue Chinese lect[8]), Naxi 那溪人, Liujia å…甲人,[9] and Liuse å…色人.[10]
Population
There is a total of 58,900 Cao Miao people (Shi 2015:9). The following population statistics are from Shi (2015:9).
By ethnic subgroup:
- 60 Miao: 49,300 people (in 126 villages[11])
- 20 Miao (Flowery Miao): 5,930 people
- 40 Miao (also called Diao åˆæ—): 3,620 people (in 18 villages of Liping and Tongdao counties[12])
By county:
- Liping County, Guizhou: 19,000 people (consisting of 60 Miao, 40 Miao, and 20 Miao)
- Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County, Guangxi: 31,600 people (consisting of only 60 Miao)
- Tongdao Dong Autonomous County, Hunan: 6,800 people (consisting of 60 Miao and 20 Miao, but no 40 Miao)
- Congjiang County, Guizhou: 1,020 people (consisting of only 40 Miao)
- Jingzhou, Hunan: 500+ people (consisting of 20 Miao and Outer Miao)
Distribution
Below are languages and their respective locations studied by Shi Lin (2012).[4]
- Liushi (60) Miao å…åè‹—: Qifan 起凡 (in Liping), Dagaoping å¤§é«˜åª (in Tongdao), Gaoyu 高宇 (in Sanjiang)
- Sishi (40) Miao å››åè‹—: Tanghua å ‚åŽ (in Tongdao)
- Ershi (20) Miao 二åè‹—: Kenxi 肯溪 (in Tongdao)
- Southern Dong: Longcheng 陇城 (in Tongdao), Chengyang 程阳 (in Sanjiang)
- Northern Dong: Xiudong 秀洞 (in Jinping), Sanmentang 三门塘 (in Tianzhu)
Ethnic Cao Miao also live in the following townships.[13]
- Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County, Guangxi
- Tongle åŒä¹ä¹¡
- Bajiang 八江乡
- Liangkou 良å£ä¹¡
- Yangxi 洋溪乡
- Dudong 独峒乡
- Linxi 林溪乡
- Liping County, Guizhou
- Shuikou æ°´å£é•‡
- Zhaoxing 肇兴乡
- Hongzhou 洪洲镇
- Long'e é¾™é¢ä¹¡
- Deshun 德顺乡
- Shunhua 顺化乡
- Diping 地åªä¹¡
- Leidong 雷洞乡
- Tongdao Dong Autonomous County, Hunan
- Dagaoping 大高åª
- Yatunbao ç‰™å±¯å ¡
- Dupo 独å¡ä¹¡
Sishi Miao å››åè‹— is spoken in these townships:[4]
- Liping County: Shuikou æ°´å£é•‡ (including Qifan 起凡æ‘), Zhaoxing 肇兴乡, Yongcong 永从乡
- Rongjiang County: Luoxiang 洛香镇
The Flowery Miao live in Luoxiang 洛香镇, Congjiang County; Guochong 锅冲乡 and Dagaoping 大高åª, Tongdao County; Deshun 德顺乡, Liping County. In Liping County, they are also known as the "Flowery-Clothed Miao" (花衣苗) (Liping County Almanac 1989:153). According to Shi Lin (2012), Flowery Miao 花苗 (Ershi Miao 二åè‹—) is spoken in these townships:[4]
- Liping County: Deshun 德顺乡
- Tongdao County: Guochong 锅冲乡 (including Kenxi 肯溪æ‘), Dagaoping 大高åªä¹¡, Boyang æ’阳乡, Xianxi 县溪镇
- Jingzhou County: Xinchang 新厂镇
References
- ↑ Cao Miao at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ↑ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Cao Miao". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ↑ Shi (2015:1)
- 1 2 3 4 Shi Lin [石林] (2012). The Cao Miao language of three provinces and its relationship to Dong [三çœå¡è‰è‹—çš„è¯è¨€åŠå…¶ä¸Žä¾—è¯çš„关系]. In Minzu Yuwen [æ°‘æ—è¯æ–‡] 2012, no. 4. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy [ä¸å›½ç¤¾ä¼šç§‘å¦é™¢].
- 1 2 3 4 Shi (2015:42)
- ↑ Shi (2015:43)
- ↑ "三锹人与清水江ä¸ä¸‹æ¸¸çš„山地开å‘——以黔东å—锦å±åŽ¿å²‘æ¢§æ‘为ä¸å¿ƒçš„考察 - 豆ä¸ç½‘". Docin.com (in Chinese). 2012-03-13. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
- ↑ "æ¡‚å—置家è¯çš„归属 ‘" (PDF). Cllc.gxnu.edu.cn. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
- ↑ Hou Jingrong [侯井榕] (2009). "Phonological System and Linguistic Typology of Liujia Chinese Dialect in Sanjiang of Guangxi Autonomous Region [广西三江县å…甲è¯çš„è¯è¨€ç‰¹ç‚¹]" (PDF). Comonca.org. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
- ↑ "三çœå¡è‰è‹—çš„è¯è¨€åŠå…¶ç³»å±žè°ƒæŸ¥ç ”ç©¶-《贵州民æ—大å¦å¦æŠ¥(哲å¦ç¤¾ä¼šç§‘å¦ç‰ˆ)》2013å¹´01期". Cnki.com.cn. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
- ↑ Shi (2015:8)
- ↑ Shi (2015:44)
- ↑ "è‰è‹—/è‰è‹—之窗/è‰è‹—论å›". Caomiao.net. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
Bibliography
- Shi Lin [石林]. 2015. Three language varieties of the Hunan-Guizhou-Guangxi border region [湘黔桂边区的三个æ—群方言岛]. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press [ä¸å›½ç¤¾ä¼šç§‘å¦å‡ºç‰ˆç¤¾]. ISBN 9787516164945
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