Gelao language
Gelao | |
---|---|
Kláo | |
Region | Western Guizhou, Wenshan Prefecture in Yunnan, Longlin County in Guangxi, China; HÃ Giang Province in Vietnam |
Native speakers | 7,900 (2008)[1] |
Tai–Kadai
| |
Dialects |
A'ou, Mulao
Hakhi (Hagei)
Tolo
Aqao (Gao)
Qau
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 |
Variously: giq – Hagei (Green Gelao) gir – Vandu (Red Gelao) giw – Telue (White Gelao, Duoluo) aou – A'ou giu – Mulao gqu – Qau |
Glottolog |
gela1265 [2] |
Gelao (autonym: Kláo, Chinese: 仡佬 Gēlǎo, Vietnamese: CỠLao) is a dialect cluster of Kra languages in the Tai–Kadai language family. It is spoken by the Gelao people in southern China and northern Vietnam. Despite an ethnic population of 580,000 (2000 census), only a few thousand still speak Gelao. Estimates run from 3,000 in China by Li in 1999, of which 500 are monolinguals, to 7,900 by Edmondson in 2008. Edmondson (2002) estimates that the three Gelao varieties of Vietnam have only about 350 speakers altogether.
In 2009, a book allegedly written in a native Gelao script was found in Guizhou, China,[3] but scholarship reveals it is certainly fake.[4][5]
External relationships
Like Buyang, another Kra language, Gelao contains many words which are likely to be Austronesian cognates. (See Austro-Tai.)
As noted by Li and Zhou,[6] Gelao shares much vocabulary with the Hlai and Ong Be languages, suggesting contact with Pre-Hlai speakers before their migration to Hainan.
Demographics
China
Zhang Jimin estimated a total of over 10,000 Gelao speakers in the early 1990s, while Li Jinfang places this number at 3,000 in 1999.[7] Jerold A. Edmondson's 2008 estimate is 7,900 speakers.[8] This number is rapidly declining, as the Gelao are intermarrying with the neighboring Han, Bouyei, and Miao. Many Gelao speakers can also speak Bouyei, Zhuang, or Miao, and nearly all can speak local varieties of Chinese. Among Gelao-speaking families, most middle-age Gelao have very limited speaking abilities for Gelao, while much of the younger generation cannot even understand the most simple words and phrases.
The Mulao number 28,000 people, and are distributed in Majiang, Kaili, Huangping, Duyun, Weng'an, Fuquan, and other counties of southeastern Guizhou. The Mulao of Xuanwei and Jidong villages refer to themselves as the Mu, in Longli village 龙里寨 they call themselves qa˨˦ɣo˥˧. The Mulao speak a variety of Gelao, and not the Mulam language of Guangxi, which is also called Mulao. Luo (1997) describes the two Mulao varieties of qa˨˦o˥˧ (qa˨˦ɣo˥˧) in Majiang County and lei˧˥wo˧ in Kaili City.[9] One dialect is represented by the datapoints of Bamaozhai 巴茅寨 and Madizhai 马碲寨 of Xuanwei District 宣å¨åŒº, Majiang County (Luo 1997:105, 115), and the other by Bailazhai 白腊寨, Lushan Town 炉山镇, Kaili City (Luo 1997:189); the latter is also spoken in Dafengdong 大风洞, Pingliang 平良, and Chong'anjiang é‡å®‰æ±Ÿ.
Zhou (2004) reports that there are no more than 6,000 Gelao speakers, making up only 1.2% of the total number of ethnic Gelao people. The following table, based on Zhou (2004:150–151), shows the number of Gelao speakers in each county as of the 1990s. All counties are in Guizhou province unless specified otherwise.
County | Ethnic Gelao population | Number of Gelao speakers | Locations of ethnic Gelao |
---|---|---|---|
Renhuai City | 4,347 | Very few elderly speakers remaining | Townships of Maoba 茅å (including Yatang 哑塘), Changgang é•¿å²—, Yun'an 云安, Zhongshu 䏿ž¢, Luban é²ç, Wuma 五马 |
Zunyi County | 2,922 | Few speakers in Pingzheng Township å¹³æ£ä¹¡ | Mostly in Pingzheng å¹³æ£ä¹¡, a few in Panshui 泮水乡 |
Jinsha County | 1,584 | Few elderly speakers in Hongzi Township 红梓乡 | |
Dafang County | 4,000+ | 50+ speakers in Pudi Township 普底乡 | |
Qianxi County | 7,000+ | 50+ speakers in Shajing Township 沙井乡 | Also in Huashi 化石 and Yang'er 羊耳 |
Zhijin County | 6,250 | Only a few elderly speakers | |
Puding County | 3,770[10] | 300 | Townships of Maodong 猫洞, Machang 马场, Mengzhou 猛舟: 10+ villages |
Anshun City | 2,559 | 300 | Villages of Dagelao 大仡佬, Heizhai 黑寨, Wanzi æ¹¾å寨, Heqiao 河桥, Amian 阿棉寨, etc. |
Pingba County | 2,311 | 500 | |
Qingzhen City | 3,679 | Only a few elderly speakers | |
Guanling Buyei and Miao Autonomous County | 6,405 | 500 | 20+ villages in 10+ townships: Hagei speakers in Ma'ao 麻垇 (in Xinpu Township 新铺乡), Huoshitian ç«çŸ³ç”°, Longtan é¾™æ½, Shaxin 沙心, etc. |
Zhenning Buyei and Miao Autonomous County | 1,555 | 300 | Townships of Dingqi 䏿——, Liuma å…马, etc. |
Qinglong County | 501 | 300 | |
Zhenfeng County | 1,024 | 300 | |
Shuicheng County | 1,862 | Only a few elderly speakers | Townships of Yingpan è¥ç›˜, Houchang 猴场, Miluo 米箩, Panlong èŸ é¾™, etc. |
Liuzhi Special District | 8,218 | 1,000+ | Mostly in the township of Qingkou ç®å£ |
Longlin Various Nationalities Autonomous County, Guangxi | - | 200+ | |
Malipo County, Yunnan | - | 100+ | Also in Funing (in Dingjiapo ä¸å®¶å¡),[11][12] Guangnan, and Maguan Counties. |
The Gelao people in the following counties do not speak any form of the Gelao language whatsoever, and have shifted entirely to Southwestern Mandarin.
County | Ethnic Gelao population |
---|---|
Wuchuan Gelao and Miao Autonomous County | 145,989 |
Daozhen Gelao and Miao Autonomous County | 112,025 |
Zheng'an County | 31,706 |
Fenggang County | 5,982 |
Yuqing County | 4,347 |
Zunyi City | 2,158 |
Shiqian County | 97,500 |
Songtao County | - |
Sinan County | - |
Funing County, Yunnan | 60 |
Vietnam
The most endangered variety, Red Gelao of Vietnam, is spoken by only about 50 people. Many speakers have shifted to Southwestern Mandarin or Hmong. The Red Gelao people, who call themselves the va˧˥ntɯ˧˩, send brides back and forth among the villages of Na Khê and Bạch ÄÃch (or Bìch Äich) in Yên Minh District, Hà Giang Province, Vietnam and another village in Fanpo, Malipo County, Yunnan, China[13] (autonym: u˧weiË¥) in order to ensure the continual survival of their ethnic group. Edmondson (1998) reports that there are also Red Gelao people in Cán TÃ, Quản Bạ District and Túng Sán, Hoà ng Su Phì District[14] who no longer speak any Gelao, and speak Hmong, Tay, or Vietnamese instead.[15] Hoang (2013:12)[16] reports that there also some Red Gelao in VÄ©nh Hảo commune, Bắc Quang District who had moved from Túng Sán commune. However, the White Gelao of Phố La Village and SÃnh Lá»§ng Village of Dồng Văn District still speak the White Gelao language.
Varieties
Gelao is not well documented, having only been studied by a few scholars such as Li Jinfang, Jerold A. Edmondson, Weera Ostapirat, and Zhang Jimin. The three varieties in Vietnam are not mutually intelligible, and three varieties in China may be distinct languages as well. Ethnologue classifies Gelao as four languages, perhaps as closely related to the two Lachi languages as they are to each other.
Ostapirat (2000), Edmondson (2008)
Ostapirat (2000) proposed three major subdivisions for Gelao, with a total of 17 varieties.[17] The Central and Southwestern branches shares various phonological innovations, suggesting an initial split with the Northern branch. Some varieties cited are also from Jerold A. Edmondson (2008).[18] Edmondson also proposes that Red Gelao of the China-Vietnam border may in fact constitute a separate primary branch of Gelao.
Central (Gao)
- Wanzi 弯å寨, Anshun 安顺, Guizhou (also spoken in Heizhai 黑寨)
- Dagouchang 大狗场, Huolong 活龙乡, Pingba å¹³å, Guizhou
- Xinzhai 新寨, Baiyan 白岩乡, Puding 普定, Guizhou (also spoken in Wozi çªå)
- Sanchong (三冲æ‘), Longlin (隆林县), Guangxi[18]
- Green Gelao of Hoà ng Su Phì, Vietnam[18]
Northern (Red Gelao)
- Qiaoshang 桥上, Xiongjiazhai 熊家寨乡, Longchang 龙场区, Zhijin 织金, Guizhou
- Bigong 比贡, Dingqi 䏿——乡, Zhenning 镇å®, Guizhou
- Longli 龙里, Majiang 麻江, Guizhou (Zhang calls this dialect Mulao 木佬; autonym: qa˨˧ɣo˥˧ 嘎çª); there are two dialects (Bo Wenze 2003):
- Xiasi ä¸‹å¸ (in Longlizhai 龙里寨, etc.) and Longshan 龙山 (in Bamaozhai èŠèŒ…寨 of Fuxing å¤å…´æ‘, Huangtuzhai 黄土寨 of Wengpao ç¿è¢æ‘, Bailazhai 白腊寨, etc.) of Majiang County
- Lushan 炉山, Chongbaizhai 釿‘†å¯¨ of Dafengdong 大风洞 (autonym: lei˧˥wo˧ ç±»çª[19]), and Pingliang 平良 of Kaili City; Chang'anjiang 长安江 of Huangping County[20]
- Longjia 龙家寨, Zhijin 织金, Guizhou
Southwestern (White and Green Gelao)
- Laozhai è€å¯¨, Malipo éº»æ —å¡, Yunnan (related dialects spoken in Yueliangwan 月亮弯[21][22] of Yangwan township æ¨ä¸‡ä¹¡; Fengyan 峰岩 of Dongdu village 董度æ‘; Chongba 铳八 of Donggan 董干乡)
- Ban Ma Che, Äồng Văn, Hà Giang, Vietnam
- White Gelao of Hà Giang Province: Äồng VÇŽn, Hoà ng Su Phì, Quản Bạ, and Mèo Vạc districts[18]
- Red Gelao of Fanpo (ç¿»å¡), Malipo (éº»æ —å¡åŽ¿), Yunnan (?)[18]
- Moji 摩/磨/么基, Longlin 隆林, Guangxi in 上冲 Shangchong and 下冲 Xiachong (< 400 speakers; near Dashuijing 大水井; related dialects in Wantao 弯桃 and Zhe'ai 者艾 of Yancha 岩茶乡)
- Niupo 牛å¡, Liuzhi å…æž, Guizhou (most populous; also spoken in Machang 马场镇 of Puding 普定县 and Agong 阿弓镇 of Zhijin 织金县; Judu 居都, Yanjiao 岩脚, Houzitian 猴åç”°, Langjiaba 郞家å, and Duojiao å •è„š of Liuzhi å…æž)
- Datiezhai 打é“寨, Shuicheng 水城, Guizhou[23] (also spoken in Gaoshi 高石 and Miluo 米箩)
- Dingyinshao 定银哨, Zhenning 镇å®, Guizhou
- Pudi 普底, Dafang 大方, Guizhou (also spoken in Hongfeng 红丰æ‘)
- Jianshan å°–å±±, Zunyi éµä¹‰, Guizhou[24] (also spoken in Pingzheng å¹³æ£, Zunyi along with Red and Green Gelao; < 500 speakers)
- Qinglong é’é¾™, Zunyi éµä¹‰, Guizhou
- Sanchong 三冲æ‘, Longlin 隆林, Guangxi (grouped as Central by Shen Yumay and Jerold A. Edmondson[25])
Zhang (1993)
Zhang Jimin (1993) recognizes the following subdivisions of Gelao.
- Central 黔䏿–¹è¨€
- Dagouchang subdialect å¹³å县大狗场土è¯
- Xinzhai subdialect 普定县新寨土è¯
- Xiongzhai subdialect 织金熊寨土è¯
- North-Central é»”ä¸åŒ—方言
- Subdialect 1
- Subdialect 2
- Southwestern é»”è¥¿å—æ–¹è¨€
- Niupo subdialect å…æžç‰›ç ´åœŸè¯
- Moji subdialect 隆林么基土è¯
- Laozhai subdialect éº»æ —å¡åŽ¿è€å¯¨åœŸè¯
- Datiezhai subdialect 水城大é“寨土è¯
- Jianshan subdialect éµä¹‰å°–山土è¯
- Western 黔西方言
- Pudi subdialect 大方县普底土è¯
- Bigong subdialect 镇宿¯”贡土è¯
Bradley (2007), He (1983)
The Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages groups Gelao into five subdivisions.[26]
- Hakhi (哈给 Hagei, ha˥˧kei˧, Green Gelao): west-central Guizhou, western Guangxi, southeastern Yunnan, northern Vietnam - including Yangliu (æ¨æŸ³) variety in Renhuai County; southwestern Gelao of Sanchong (三冲) and Qinglong (é’é¾™). Hagei varieties are also spoken in Ma'ao (麻凹æ‘), Guanling County (å…³å²åŽ¿), Pomao (å¡å¸½) in Zhenfeng County (贞丰县), and Pingzheng Gelao Village (å¹³æ£ä»¡ä½¬æ—乡), Zunyi (éµä¹‰). Estimated by Jiashan He (1983) at 1,700 speakers. He (1983) also lists Anliang 安良 and Taiyang 太阳 of Renhuai 仿€€åŽ¿, Huajiangzhen 花江镇 and Ma'ao 麻垇 of Zhenning 镇å®åŽ¿, Dingying é¡¶è¥ of Guanling å…³å²åŽ¿, Maixiang 麦巷 near Qingzhen 清镇, and Liangshuiying å‡‰æ°´è¥ of Qinglong 晴隆县 as Hagei-speaking places.
- Tolo (多罗 Duoluo, to˧˩ʔlo˥, White Gelao): west-central Guizhou, western Guangxi, southeastern Yunnan, northern Vietnam; all other southwestern Gelao varieties. The Niupo variety is also spoken in Machang village (马场镇), Puding County (普定县), Anshun, as well as Agong village (阿弓镇), Zhijin County (织金县), Bijie. The Datiezhai variety is spoken in Gaoshi (高石) of Shuicheng (水城) and Miluo (米箩) of Shuicheng (水城). Estimated by Jiashan He (1983) at 1,200 speakers.
- A-uo (阿欧 A'ou/Ao, Red Gelao): west-central Guizhou, western Guangxi, southeastern Yunnan, northern Vietnam - including Banli (æ¿æ —æ¹¾) variety in Renhuai County; all northern Gelao varieties, as well as southwestern Gelao of Puding County (普定县) and Maocaozhai (茅è‰å¯¨), Zhijin County (织金县). Estimated by Jiashan He (1983) at 1,500 speakers. He (1983) also lists Shawo æ²™çª, Xinkaitian 新开田, Lannigou 滥泥沟 (all in Qianxi 黔西县) as A'ou-speaking places.
- Aqao (稿 Gao): west-central Guizhou; all central Gelao varieties. Estimated by Jiashan He (1983) at 2,000 speakers. He (1983) also listed Dongkou æ´žå£ of Shuicheng 水城县 and Niudong 牛洞 of Zhijin 织金县 as Gao-speaking places.
- Qaw: Gulin County (å¤è”ºåŽ¿), Sichuan; mostly unattested. This dialect is spoken by the Yi (羿人), who are the least-known Gelao subgroup.
The most extensively studied varieties are the Wanzi and Zhenfeng dialects, while the most endangered one is Red Gelao.
Zhou (2004)
Zhou (2004) lists four dialects of Gelao.
- Hagei (哈给): Autonyms include pu˦˨ ha˧˥kei˦˨ (布哈给) and pu˥ mu˧hen˥ (布目亨). Primarily spoken in Renhuai, Zhenning, Guanling, Qinglong, Zhenfeng, and Longlin Counties.
- Pomao å¡å¸½æ‘, Zhenfeng 贞丰县
- Duoluo (多罗): Autonyms include to˧˩ʔlo˧˥ and tə˧˩ʔlɯ˧. Primarily spoken in Liuzhi District, Puding, Longlin, and Malipo Counties.
- Qingkou ç®å£å½æ—仡佬æ—å¸ƒä¾æ—乡, Liuzhi å…æžç‰¹åŒº
- Machang 马场寨, Puding (extinct)
- Mengzhou 猛舟æ‘, Puding (extinct)
- Gao (稿): Autonyms include pəɯ˥ klÉ‘uË¥, pÉ™u˧˥ qÉ‘u˧˥ (in Dongkou åžŒå£æ‘, Houchang Township 猴场乡), and pÉ™u˧˥ lÉ‘u˧˩. Primarily spoken in Pingba, Anshun, Puding, and Shuicheng Counties. Its 4 dialects are Dagouchang 大狗场 of Pingba, Xinzhai 新寨 of Puding, Dongkou æ´žå£ of Shuicheng, and Xiongzhai 熊寨 of Zhijin (extinct).
- Dongkou åžŒå£æ‘, Houchang 猴场乡, Shuicheng 水城县
- Shuangkeng åŒå‘æ‘, Puding
- A'ou (阿欧): Autonyms include a˧ɣeu˧ (阿欧), pu˦˨ ɣeu˧ (补欧, 补尔), and zəu˧˩le˧˩ (柔勒). Small pockets of speakers left in Zhenning, Dafang, and Qianxi Counties. Its three dialects are Bigong, Hongfeng, and Jianshan.
- Shajing 沙井苗æ—彿—仡佬æ—乡: Tiele é“乿‘, Dengming ç¯æ˜Žæ‘, Huangni 黄泥æ‘
- Huashi 化石, Qianxi
- Yang'er 羊儿, Qianxi
- Longjia 龙家寨, Zhijin
- Mengjia 猛架, Puding
- Weicheng å«åŸŽé•‡, Qingzhen 清镇市
- Maixiang 麦巷æ‘, Qingzhen 清镇市
- Pingzheng å¹³æ£ä»¡ä½¬æ—乡 (some villages)
- Bayang åå…», Puding (extinct)
Wei (2008)
Wei Mingying (2008:45)[27] classifies the Gelao dialects as follows.
- Duoluo 多罗
- Vietnam White Gelao 越白
- Yueliangwan 月亮湾, Laozhai è€å¯¨
- Judu 居都, Moji 磨基, Wantao 湾桃
- Gao 稿
- Dongkou æ´žå£, Datiezhai 打é“寨
- Xinzhai 新寨
- Wanzi æ¹¾å, Dagouchang 大狗场
- Hagei 哈给
- Sanchong 三冲, Shanbeihou 山背åŽ, Ma'ao 麻垇, Pomao å¡å¸½, Yangliu æ¨æŸ³, Tianba ç”°å, Vietnam Green Gelao è¶Šé’
- A'ou 阿欧
- Banliwan æ¿æ —æ¹¾
- Jianshan 尖山, Malipo Red Gelao 麻红, Vietnam Red Gelao 越红
- Hongfeng 红丰, Maixiang 麦巷, Longjiazhai 龙家寨, Houzitian 猴åç”°
- Qiaoshang 桥上, Longli 龙里
Phonology
Gelao has many uvular and prenasalized consonants.[28] Many varieties also preserve consonant clusters that have been lost in most other related languages. These consonant clusters, such as pl, bl, pʰl, ml, mpl, vl, and kl, correspond regularly with consonants in Lachi, Mulao, Qabiao (Pubiao), Buyang, and various Kam–Tai languages. Gelao also shares many phonological features with Bouyei and other neighboring non-Kra languages.
Many Gelao varieties have a total of six tones, including two level tones (˧ and ˥), two rising tones (˩˧ and ˧˥), and two falling tones (˧˩ and ˥˧).
Sound correspondences between the Liuzhi (å…æž) and Zhenfeng (贞丰) varieties include:[6]
[Liuzhi : Zhenfeng]
- pl : pj
- pʰl : p
- ml : m
- mp : m
- ntɕ : ɲ or nʲ
- ŋk : ŋ or k
Grammar
Like all of its surrounding languages, Gelao is a head-first, SVO language. Like Buyang, one unusual feature of Gelao is that negatives usually come at the end of a sentence. Reduplication is very common and is used for diminutive or repetitive purposes.[28] Other common features include the use of serial verb constructions and compound nouns. Although numerals and classifiers precede nouns, adjectives (including demonstratives) always follow the noun. Function words, such as prepositions and auxiliary words, are often derived from verbs.
Like Buyang and Dong, Gelao retains many prefixes that have been lost in most other Tai–Kadai languages. Zhang (1993:300) notes that the Moji (磨基) Longlin variant makes especially extensive use of prefixing syllables before nouns, verbs, and adjectives.[29] These prefixes are especially important for reconstruction purposes.
Many words in Gelao are derived from vernacular Southwest Mandarin Chinese. These loanwords are often used interchangeably with native Gelao words. There is also a highly rich system of classifiers.
Gelao also has a rich set of pronouns not attested in other Tai–Kadai languages.[28] There are also pronouns referring to one's household in particular. The following are pronouns from Pingba Gelao.[29]
- (su˧) i˦˨ – I
- (su˧) mu˨˩ - you
- (su˧) u˦˨ - he, she, it
- (su˧) ta˧ - we
- (su˧) sa˧ - you all
- pə˦˨nu˦˨ - they
- qa˧/a˧ qei˦˨ - my household
- qa˧/a˧ mu˨˩ - your household
- qa˧/a˥ qu˦˨ - his/her household
Pingba Gelao numerals are given below. Note the similarities with the Austronesian numeral system.
- si˧
- su˧
- ta˧
- pu˧
- mpu˧
- naŋ˧
- ɕi˩˧
- zua˥
- sə˩˧
- pan˩˧
References
- ↑ Edmondson (2008)
- ↑ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Gelaoic". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ↑ ""Heaven Book" Reveals the Mystery of Gelao Minority's History - Culture China". News.cultural-china.com. 2009-02-03. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
- ↑ Victor Mair, Fake Gelao manuscript, Language Log, 29 November 2013.
- ↑ Adam D. Smith, Fake Gelao 仡佬 writing system and manuscript, LingQiBaSui 零七八碎, 29 November 2013.
- 1 2 æŽé”¦èг/Li, Jinfang and 周国炎/Guoyan Zhou. 仡央è¯è¨€æŽ¢ç´¢/Geyang yu yan tan suo. Beijing, China: ä¸å¤®æ°‘æ—大å¦å‡ºç‰ˆç¤¾/Zhong yang min zu da xue chu ban she, 1999.
- ↑ Archived September 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ Diller, Anthony, Jerry Edmondson, Yongxian Luo. (2008). The Tai–Kadai Languages. London [etc.]: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1457-5.
- ↑ Luo Shiqing [罗世庆]. 1997. The ethnic Mulao of Guizhou [贵州仫佬æ—]. Guiyang: Guizhou People's Press [贵州民æ—出版社].
- ↑ Includes Daya Gelao 打牙仡佬 and Red Gelao 红仡佬.
- ↑ "¸»ÄþÃØÄ¾ÑëÕòľ¸Ü´åί»á¶¡¼ÒÆÂ´åá×é". Ynszxc.gov.cn. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
- ↑ "¸»ÄþÃØÄ¾ÑëÕòľ¸Ü´åί»á¶¡¼ÒÆÂ´åá×é". Ynszxc.gov.cn. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
- ↑ "éº»æ —å¡åŽ¿æ¨ä¸‡ä¹¡æ¨ä¸‡æ‘委会翻å¡è‡ªç„¶æ‘". Ynszxc.gov.cn. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
- ↑ "Nét đẹp trong đám cưới cá»§a ngưá»i Cá» Lao". Bienphong.com.vn. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
- ↑ Jerold A. Edmondson. "The language corridor : New evidence from Vietnam" (PDF). Sealang.net. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
- ↑ Hoà ng Thị Cáp. 2013. Văn hóa dân gian cá»§a ngưá»i CÆ¡ Lao Dá». Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản văn hóa thông tin. ISBN 978-604-50-0400-5
- ↑ Ostapirat, Weera (2000). "Proto-Kra". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 23 (1): 1-251
- 1 2 3 4 5 Edmondson, Jerold A. "Red Gelao, the most endangered form of the Gelao language" (PDF). Ling.uta.edu. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
- ↑ Guizhou Ethnic Gazetteer (2002)
- ↑ The Mulao of these locations variously classified as ethnic Miao, Buyi, and Mulao by the Chinese government.
- ↑ "ÂéÀõÆÂÃØÌú³§ÃçÆÕÃú´åί»áÉÃÔÂÃÃÃå×ÔÈ»´å". Ynszxc.gov.cn. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
- ↑ "ÂéÀõÆÂÃØÌú³§ÃçÆÕÃú´åί»áÃÂÔÂÃÃÃå×ÔÈ»´å". Ynszxc.gov.cn. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
- ↑ Hagei dialect according to Zhou (2004:63)
- ↑ Red Gelao according to Zhou (2004:63)
- ↑ Shen Yumay. 2003. Phonology of Sanchong Gelao. M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington.
- ↑ Bradley, David. 2007. "East and Southeast Asia." In Moseley, Christopher (ed). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. New York: Routledge.
- ↑ Wei Mingying [韦å应]. 2008. A reclassification of Gelao dialects [ä»¡ä½¬è¯æ–¹è¨€åœŸè¯å†åˆ’分]. M.A. dissertation. Beijing: Minzu University.
- 1 2 3 Edmondson, Jerold A. "Kra or Kadai languages" (PDF). Ling.uta.edu. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
- 1 2 å¼ æ¸ˆæ°‘/Zhang, Jimin. 仡佬è¯ç ”ç©¶/Gelao yu yan jiu (A Study of Gelao). 贵阳市/Guiyang, China: 贵州民æ—出版社/Guizhou min zu chu ban she, 1993.
Further reading
- Zhang Jimin å¼ æ¸ˆæ°‘. 1993. Gelao yu yan jiu 仡佬è¯ç ”ç©¶ (A study of Gelao). Guiyang, China: Guizhou People's Press 贵州民æ—出版社.
- He Jiashan 贺嘉善. 1983. Gelao yu jian zhi 仡佬è¯ç®€å¿— (A sketch of Gelao). Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House æ°‘æ—出版社.
- RyÅ«ichi Kosaka, Guoyan Zhou, Jinfang Li. 仡央è¯è¨€è¯æ±‡é›†/Geyang yu yan ci hui ji. 贵阳市/Guiyang, China: 贵州民æ—出版社/Guizhou min zu chu ban she, 1998.
- æŽé”¦èг/Li, Jinfang and 周国炎/Guoyan Zhou. 仡央è¯è¨€æŽ¢ç´¢/Geyang yu yan tan suo. Beijing, China: ä¸å¤®æ°‘æ—大å¦å‡ºç‰ˆç¤¾/Zhong yang min zu da xue chu ban she, 1999.
- Li Jinfang [æŽé”¦èг]. 2006. Studies on endangered languages in the Southwest China [西å—地区濒å±è¯è¨€è°ƒæŸ¥ç ”ç©¶]. Beijing: Minzu University [ä¸å¤®æ°‘æ—大å¦å‡ºç‰ˆç¤¾].
- Zhou Guoyan 周国炎. 2004. Gelao zu mu yu sheng tai yan jiu ä»¡ä½¬æ—æ¯èªžç”Ÿæ€ç¡ç©¶ (Studies on the linguistic ecology of the Gelao people). Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House æ°‘æ—出版社.
- Ostapirat, Weera (2000). "Proto-Kra". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 23 (1): 1-251
- Shen Yumay. 2003. Phonology of Sanchong Gelao. M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington.
- Edmondson, J. A., & Solnit, D. B. (1988). Comparative Kadai: linguistic studies beyond Tai. Summer Institute of Linguistics publications in linguistics, no. 86. [Arlington, Tex.]: Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 0-88312-066-6
- Diller, Anthony, Jerold A. Edmondson, and Yongxian Luo ed. The Tai–Kadai Languages. Routledge Language Family Series. Psychology Press, 2008.
- Li Xia; Li Jinfang; Luo Yongxian. 2014. A Grammar of Zoulei, Southwest China. Bern: Peter Lang AG, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften. ISBN 978-3-0343-1344-5
- Samarina, Irina Vladimirovna [Самарина, Ирина Владимировна]. 2011. The Gelao language: materials for a Kadai comparative dictionary [Языки гÑлао: материалы к ÑопоÑтавительному Ñловарю кадайÑких Ñзыко]. Moscow: Academia. ISBN 9785874443917
- 仡佬è¯ç ”ç©¶
- 新寨自然æ‘调查
- 仡佬æ—简å²ç®€å¿—åˆç¼–
- 仡佬æ—
- é»”è¥¿å¸ƒä¾æ—ä»¡ä½¬æ—æ»¡æ—百年
External links
- Gelao-language Swadesh vocabulary list of basic words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
- Recordings of various minority languages of northern Vietnam
- Bible recordings in Huangniu (黄æ‰ï¼‰ Longlin Gelao (also known as Sanchong Gelao, Hagei, Green Gelao)
- ztgl.net
- Chinese papers on Gelao
- http://cema.gov.vn/modules.php?name=Content&op=details&mid=497
Word lists
- ABVD: Gelao (Niupo) word list
- ABVD: Gelao (Judu) word list
- ABVD: Gelao (Hongfeng) word list
- ABVD: Gelao (Zhenfeng) word list
- ABVD: Gelao (Wanzi) word list
- ABVD: Gelao (Sanchong) word list
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