Elections in Indonesia

Elections in Indonesia have taken place since 1955 to elect a legislature. At a national level, Indonesian people did not elect a head of state – the president – until 2004. Since then, the president is elected for a five-year term, as are the 560-member People's Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, DPR) and the 128-seat Regional Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah).

The People's Representative Council is elected by proportional representation from multi-candidate constituencies. Currently, there are 77 constituencies in Indonesia and each returns 3-10 Members of Parliament based on population. Under Indonesia's multi-party system, no one party has yet been able to secure an outright victory; parties have needed to work together in coalition governments. While the Regional Representative Council is elected by Single Non-Transferable Vote. There, Indonesia's 34 provinces treated as constituencies and, regardless of the size and population, every provinces return 4 senators.

Starting from the 2015 unified local elections, Indonesia start to elect governors and mayors simultaneously on the same date.

The voting age in Indonesia is 17 but anyone who has an ID card (Indonesian: Kartu Tanda Penduduk (KTP)) can vote, since persons under 17 who are or were married can get a KTP.

History

Early elections (1955)

Indonesia's first general election elected members of the DPR and the Constitutional Assembly of Indonesia (Konstituante). The election was organised by the government of Prime Minister Ali Sastroamidjojo. Sastroamidjojo himself declined to stand for election, and Burhanuddin Harahap became Prime Minister.

The election occurred in two stages:

• The election of the members of the People's Representative Council, which took place on 29 September 1955. Twenty-nine political parties and individuals took part;
• The election for the members of the Constitutional Assembly, which took place on 15 December 1955.

The five largest parties in the election were the National Party of Indonesia (Partai Nasional Indonesia), Masyumi, Nahdlatul Ulama, the Communist Party of Indonesia (Partai Komunis Indonesia, PKI), and the Indonesian Islamic Union Party (Partai Sarekat Islam Indonesia).

Beginning of the New Order (1971)

The first election after the establishment of the "New Order" took place on 5 July 1971. Ten political parties participated.

The five largest political parties were Golkar, Nahdlatul Ulama, the Muslim Party of Indonesia (Parmusi), the Indonesian National Party and the Indonesian Islamic Union Party.

Elections under the New Order (1977–1997)

A map showing the parties/organisations with the largest vote share per province in Indonesia's elections from 1971 to 2009

Elections following the mergers were held under the government of President Suharto. In accordance with the legislation, these were contested by three groups; Golkar, the PPP and the PDI. All elections in this period were won by Golkar.

To ensure that Golkar always won more than 60 percent of the popular vote, the New Order regime used a number of tactics. These included:

• Reducing the number of opponents: In 1973, the existing political parties were forced to merge into the United Development Party (PPP) and the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI). These were the only parties allowed to contest general elections.^[1][2]
• Weakening the remaining opponents: The two political parties were forbidden to criticise government policy,^[3] and the government had to approve all slogans they used. Furthermore, they were not allowed to organise at the village level (where the majority of Indonesians live). To stop the rise of charismatic figures, their candidates had to be vetted by the government. When a potentially charismatic figure (in the form of founding president Sukarno's daughter Megawati Sukarnoputri) became leader of the PDI, the government engineered a political convention in Medan in 1996 to remove her. Ironically, the ensuing disturbances at the PDI's Jakarta headquarters began a chain of events that indirectly led to the downfall of the New Order.^[1][2]
• Coercion to vote Golkar: Civil servants were ordered to support Golkar, or face accusations of insubordination. Private sector workers were reminded of the need for "stability". Many people believed the vote was not secret, and the government did little to persuade them otherwise. Many voters were still at school, and they were warned by teachers of a link between their choice at the ballot box and exam success ^[2]
• The vote-counting process: The Golkar votes were counted first, then those of the two other parties. In the 1997 election, by 9pm on the day after voting, Golkar had already been awarded 94% of its eventual vote. By contrast, the PPP had been credited with less than 10% of its final tally.^[4]
• Vote-rigging: Although the counting at the local ballot boxes was conducted in public, with the ballot papers held up and the scores marked on boards, it was at the later stages where irregularities were frequently reported.^[2]
• Multiple voting: There was no effective way of determining who had already voted, allowing many to do so more than once ^[2]

Summary of 1977–1997 election results

Year	United Development Party (Partai Persatuan Pembangunan, PPP)		The Functional Groups (Golongan Karya, Golkar)		Indonesian Democratic Party (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia, PDI)
	Votes	Seats	Votes	Seats	Votes	Seats
1977	18,743,491 (29.29%)	99 (27.50%)	39,750,096 (62.11%)	232 (64.44%)	5,504,757 (8.60%)	29 (8.06%)
1982	20,871,880 (27.78%)	94 (26.11%)	48,334,724 (64.34%)	242 (67.22%)	5,919,702 (7.88%)	24 (6.67%)
1987	13,701,428 (15.97%)	61 (15.25%)	62,783,680 (73.17%)	299 (74.75%)	9,324,708 (10.87%)	40 (10.00%)
1992	16,624,647 (17.00%)	62 (15.50%)	66,599,331 (68.10%)	282 (70.50%)	14,565,556 (14.89%)	56 (14.00%)
1997	25,341,028 (22.43%)	89 (20.94%)	84,187,907 (74.51%)	325 (76.47%)	3,463,226 (3.07%)	11 (2.59%)
Source: General Election Commission[5] Seats up for election: 360 (1977 and 1982), 400 (1987 and 1992), 425 (1997)

Election reforms (1999–present)

The 1999 election was the first election held after the collapse of the New Order. It was held on 7 June 1999 under the government of Jusuf Habibie. Forty-eight political parties participated.

The six largest parties which passed the electoral threshold of 2% were the Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan), the reformed Golkar Party, the United Development Party (Partai Persatuan Pembangunan), the National Awakening Party (Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa), the National Mandate Party (Partai Amanat Nasional), and the Crescent Star Party (Partai Bulan Bintang).

Under the constitution, the new President was elected by members of both houses of Parliament in a joint sitting. This meant that although the Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle won the largest share of the popular vote, the new President was not its nominee, Megawati Sukarnoputri, but Abdurrahman Wahid from the National Awakening Party. Megawati became Vice-President.

During its 2002 annual session, the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) added 14 amendments to the Constitution of Indonesia. Included in these amendments were measures to reorganise the Indonesian legislature. Beginning in 2004, the MPR would be composed of the existing People's Representative Council (DPR) and a new Regional Representative Council (DPD). Because all the seats in the MPR would be directly elected, this called for the removal of the military from the legislature, whose 38 seats for the 1999–2004 period were all appointed.^[6] This change and an amendment for direct election of the President and Vice-President were major steps for Indonesia on the road towards a full democracy.^[7]

The 2004 legislative election was held on 5 April 2004. A total of 24 parties contested the election. The Golkar Party won the largest share of the vote, at 21.6%, followed by the Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle, the National Awakening Party, the United Development Party and newly formed Democratic Party. 17 parties won legislative seats.

2009 legislative and presidential elections

Legislative elections for the Regional Representatives Council and the People's Representative Council were held in Indonesia on 9 April 2009. The presidential election was held on 8 July, with President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono winning enough of the vote to make the run-off election unnecessary.^[8]

2014 legislative and presidential elections

Legislative elections for the Regional Representatives Council and the People's Representative Council were held in Indonesia on 9 April 2014.^[9] The first round of the presidential election will be held on 9 July 2014.^[10]

Future elections

Position	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019
Presidential	July and September	None				September
DPR (House)	All seats (April)					All seats (April and July)
DPD (Senate)
Gubernatorial	Riau, Lampung, East Java, Maluku, North Maluku	December West Sumatra, Jambi, Bengkulu, Riau Islands, Central Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, North Sulawesi	None	February Central Sulawesi, West Sulawesi, Gorontalo, West Papua, Aceh, Jakarta, Bangka Belitung Islands, Banten	June West Kalimantan, Southeast Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Papua, West Java, NTT, Central Java, Bali, NTB, East Kalimantan, East Java, Maluku, North Maluku, South Sumatra, Lampung, Riau, North Sumatra	None
Mayoral and Regential	Various	December Various		February Various	June Various

Notes:

• In the 2019 general elections the presidency, the national legislature, all governorships, all state legislatures, and mayoral and regential seats will be contested simultaneously.
• All regional elections scheduled in 2017 and 2018 or 2020 and 2021 will be rescheduled to 2019 but move to Variation of the year.

Voter registration

Voter registration and turnout, 1955–1997

Year	Registered voters	Voter turnout	%
1955	43,104,464	37,875,299	87.86
1971	58,558,776	54,699,509	93.41
1977	70,378,750	63,998,344	90.93
1982	82,134,195	75,126,306	91.47
1987	93,965,953	85,869,816	91.38
1992	107,605,697	97,789,534	90.88
1997	124,740,987	112,991,160	90.58
Source: Ariwibowo et al. 1997, p. 23

See also

• Politics of Indonesia
• List of political parties in Indonesia
• One-party state especially the term "de facto one-party state"

References

• Ananta, Aris; Arifin, Evi Nurvidya & Suryadinata, Leo (2005), Emerging Democracy in Indonesia, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, ISBN 981-230-322-7, retrieved 5 June 2009.
• Ariwibowo, Aloysius Arena; Jauhari, Andy; Setiawanto, Budi; Prihatna, Hermanus; Moechtar, Rudi; Purnomojoyo, Sapto Heru; Mulyono, Sri (1997), Adirsyah, H. A.; Soekapdjo, Boyke; Anwari, Dana K.; et al., eds., Pemilu 1997: Antara Fenomena Kampanye Dialogis & Mega Bintang (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Penakencana Nusadwipa, ISBN 979-8536-10-X.
• Cribb, Robert, 'Elections in Jakarta', Asian Survey 24 no. 6 (June 1984), pp. 655–664.
• Evans, Kevin Raymond, (2003) The History of Political Parties & General Elections in Indonesia, Arise Consultancies, Jakarta, ISBN 979-97445-0-4
• Hillman, Ben (2011), "Electoral Governance and Democratic Consolidation in Indonesia", Indonesia Quarterly 3: 311–323
• KPU (Komisi Pemilihan Umum - General Elections Commission), http://kpu.go.id/Sejarah/pemilu1977.shtml, accessed 30 June 2006
• Liddle, R. William, The 1977 Indonesian and New Order Legitimacy, South East Asian Affairs 1978, Translation published in Pemilu-Pemilu Orde Baru, LP3ES, Jakarta, ISBN 979-8015-88-6
• Loveard, Keith, (1999) Suharto: Indonesia's Last Sultan, Horizon Books, Singapore, ISBN 981-04-1478-1
• TVRI (Televisi Republic Indonesia - Republic of Indonesia Television) (1997), Indonesian evening news broadcasts of 29–31 May, 1–5 June 1997.

Notes

1. Liddle (1978) p40
2. Evans (2003) pp. 21-21
3. Liddle (1978) p44
4. TVRI (1999)
5. Pemilu 1977, 1982, 1987, 1992, dan 1997 (in Indonesian), Komisi Pemilihan Umum, retrieved 8 June 2009
6. Langit, Richel (16 August 2002), Indonesia's military: Business as usual, Asia Times Online, retrieved 9 June 2009
7. Aglionby, John (11 August 2002), Indonesia takes a giant step down the road to democracy, The Guardian, retrieved 10 June 2009
8. Indonesia's president re-elected: No wonder why with SBY, The Economist, 9 July 2009, retrieved 11 July 2009
9. KPU (General Elections Commission) (8 June 2012). "Launching Tahapan Pemilu, KPU Tetapkan Pemungutan Suara: 9 April 2014 (Launching of the Election Stages, KPU Sets Voting Day: 9 April 2014)" (in Indonesian). KPU Media Center. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
10. Hill, Cameron (28 March 2014). "Indonesia’s 2014 national elections: a quick guide". Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 6 April 2014.

External links

• Adam Carr's Election Archive
• Radio France Internationale in English explainer on 2009 elections plus reports of 1999 elections