IGFBP3

Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3
Identifiers
Symbols IGFBP3 ; BP-53; IBP3
External IDs OMIM: 146732 MGI: 96438 HomoloGene: 500 ChEMBL: 3997 GeneCards: IGFBP3 Gene
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species Human Mouse
Entrez 3486 16009
Ensembl ENSG00000146674 ENSMUSG00000020427
UniProt P17936 P47878
RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000598 NM_008343
RefSeq (protein) NP_000589 NP_032369
Location (UCSC) Chr 7:
45.91 – 45.92 Mb		 Chr 11:
7.21 – 7.21 Mb
PubMed search

Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3, also known as IGFBP-3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGFBP3 gene. IGFBP-3 is one of six IGF binding proteins (IGFBP-1 to IGFBP-6) that have highly conserved structures and bind the insulin-like growth factors IGF-1 and IGF-2 with high affinity. IGFBP-7, sometimes inappropriately included in this family, shares neither the conserved structural features nor the high IGF affinity.

Function

IGFBP-3 was first isolated, characterized, and quantitated in human plasma, in 1986.[1][2] It has well-documented functions in the circulation, in the extracellular environment, and inside cells. It is the main IGF transport protein in the bloodstream, where it carries the growth factors predominantly in stable complexes that contain the binding protein, either IGF-1 or IGF-2, and a third protein called the acid-labile subunit or ALS.

For IGFs to reach the tissues from the bloodstream, the circulating complexes are believed to partly dissociate, possibly enhanced by limited proteolysis of IGFBP-3. The IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio has sometimes been used as an index of IGF bioavailability in the human circulation, but this ignores IGF-1 binding to other IGFBPs (so the ratio is affected by the concentrations of all six IGFBPs), and the fact that IGF-2, which is three times more abundant than IGF-1 in the bloodstream of adults, occupies the majority of binding sites on circulating IGFBP-3.

Within tissues, IGFBP-3 can bind IGF-1 and IGF-2 released by many cell types, and block their access to the IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R), which is activated by both IGFs. IGFBP-3 also interacts with cell-surface proteins, affecting cell signaling from outside the cell or after internalization, and also enters the cell nucleus where it binds to nuclear hormone receptors and other ligands. High levels of IGFBP-3 within tumors are associated with increased cancer severity (or worse outcome) for some cancers, but decreased severity or better outcome for others. No cases of IGFBP3 gene deletion in humans have been reported, but mice lacking the gene show near-normal growth.

Gene and protein structure

The IGFBP3 gene (or IBP3), on human chromosome 7, is organized into four protein-coding exons with a 5th exon in the 3’ untranslated region.[3] It is located adjacent to the IGFBP1 gene in tail-to-tail orientation, separated by 20 kb.[4] The encoded protein includes a 27-residue signal peptide followed by the 264-residue mature protein. IGFBP-3 shares with the other five high-affinity IGFBPs and a 3-domain structure:[5]

  1. A conserved N-terminal domain containing a cysteine rich region (12 cysteine residues) with multiple intra-domain disulfide bonds, a IGFBP motif (GCGCCXXC), the primary site of IGF binding.
  2. A highly variable central or linker domain (only 15% conservation between IGFBPs).
  3. A conserved C-terminal domain containing secondary IGF binding residues, a cysteine rich region (6 cysteine residues), an 18 residue basic motif that binds heparin, the acid labile subunit (ALS), and a nuclear localization sequence.

The linker domain is the site of most post-translational modification, which include glycosylation, phosphorylation, and limited proteolysis. By electrophoretic analysis IGFBP-3 appears as a doublet, owing to the occupancy of either two or three of its N-glycosylation sites by carbohydrate. Hypoglycosylated IGFBP-3 may be seen after extended glucose starvation.

Many proteases are known to cleave IGFBP-3 at single linker-domain sites, and in the circulation of pregnant women, IGFBP-3 is entirely proteolyzed, yet still capable of carrying normal amounts of IGF-1 and IGF-2. Binding capacity appears to be retained after proteolysis because of a cooperative interaction between the two proteolyzed fragments, that together maintain an active IGF-binding site.[6]

Sites and regulation of production

IGFBP-3 mRNA is expressed in all tissue examined, with kidney, stomach, placenta, uterus and liver showing highest expression in rat tissues.[7] Rat liver IGFBP-3 mRNA is found in nonparenchymal cells including sinusoidal endothelium, but not in hepatocytes.[8] In contrast, human hepatocytes do express IGFBP-3.[9]

IGFBP-3 levels in human serum are, like IGF-1, dependent on growth hormone (GH); for example, serum IGFBP-3 is increased in acromegaly and low in GH-deficient children. However, IGFBP-3 gene expression in human liver is GH-independent.[2][10] Because it is stabilized in human serum by forming complexes with IGF-1 and ALS, which are both GH-dependent, serum IGFBP-3 also appears regulated by GH. Its production by some non-hepatic tissues may also be directly GH-regulated. Immunoassays for serum IGFBP-3 are often used as part of the diagnosis of childhood GH-deficiency.

The most widely-studied IGFBP3 polymorphism, at nucleotide-202 in the promoter region, is significantly associated with circulating IGFBP-3 levels, although the mechanism is unclear.[11] In some studies circulating IGFBP-3 also appears to be nutritionally regulated, although this may not be seen at the mRNA level. IGFBP-3 has been identified in human lymph, nipple aspirate, milk, amniotic fluid, follicular fluid, seminal plasma, urine, peritoneal dialysate, synovial fluid, tear fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid, in addition to serum.

Many factors increase IGFBP-3 production by cells, including transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), tumor necrosis factor-α, vitamin D, retinoic acid, IGF-1, and stimuli such as chemotherapy that activate the tumor suppressor p53.[12] Estrogen inhibits IGFBP-3 production, and its tissue levels are lower in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers than in ER-negative cancers.

Interactions

The main IGFBP-3 ligands in the circulation are IGF-1 and IGF-2, and the acid-labile subunit (ALS).[13] The serum proteins transferrin,[14] fibronectin,[15] and plasminogen[16] are also known to bind IGFBP-3. In the cell and tissue environment many other interactions have been described (see Table). Two unrelated cell-surface proteins have been designated as IGFBP-3 receptors: low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), also known as alpha-2-macroglobulin receptor or type V TGFβ receptor[17] and the transmembrane protein TMEM219.[18] Both are believed to mediate antiproliferative effects. Functional interactions with the EGF receptor and the type I/type II TGFβ receptor system have also been reported, and other cell-surface proteins such as proteoglycans also bind IGFBP-3. IGFBP-3 can enter cells by both clathrin-mediated and caveolin-mediated endocytosis.[19] possibly involving the transferrin receptor.[20]

IGFBP-3 enters the cell nucleus by a mechanism that is incompletely understood, but involves its binding to importin-β.[21] Within the nucleus, it can modulate nuclear hormone receptor activity by direct binding to retinoid X receptor, retinoic acid receptor,[22] vitamin D receptor,[23] PPARγ,[24] and nur77,[25] IGFBP-3 also interacts with DNA-dependent protein kinase within the nucleus to promote the repair of DNA damage.[26]

Cellular actions

IGFBP-3 exerts antiproliferative effects in many cell types by blocking the ability of IGF-1 and IGF-2 to activate the IGF1R (which stimulates cell proliferation). For example, in esophageal epithelial cells, responsiveness to IGF-1 stimulation is suppressed by secreted IGFBP-3 and restored when IGFBP-3 is downregulated by epidermal growth factor.[27] IGFBP-3 can also inhibit cell function by mechanisms that are independent of effects on IGF1R signaling, even in cells that entirely lack IGF1R.[28] IGF (or IGF1R) independent effects are commonly studied using mutant forms of IGFBP-3 with decreased IGF binding affinity. Thus, IGFBP-3-induced apoptosis in differentiating chondrocyte precursor cells is seen equally with a non-IGF binding IGFBP-3 mutant, demonstrating that the mechanism does not involve IGF binding.[29] IGF1R-independent growth inhibition by IGFBP-3 may involve the induction of pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bax and Bad[30] and may be mediated by ceramides (pro-apoptotic lipids),[31] or potentiate ceramide action[32] IGFBP-3 interaction with nuclear hormone receptors may also lead to inhibition of cell proliferation.

Contrasting with the typical growth-inhibitory effects of IGFBP-3, stimulation of cell proliferation by IGFBP-3 has also been observed. This can occur either by enhancing IGF-stimulated proliferation[33] or in the absence of IGF-1. In endothelial cells and mammary epithelial cells, the stimulatory effect of IGFBP-3 has been shown to involve activation of the enzyme sphingosine kinase, and generation of the bioactive lipid, sphingosine-1-phosphate, which promotes growth by transactivating the EGFR receptor.[31][34]

Role in cancer

Based on cell growth experiments, animal cancer models, and epidemiological studies, it appears that IGFBP-3 functions as a low-penetrance tumor suppressor gene.[5]

Dysregulation of IGFBP-3 has been implicated in many cancers.[35] IGFBP-3 is sometimes referred to as a tumor suppressor, and downregulation of its tissue expression by promoter hypermethylation in some cancers, such as hepatoma.[36] and non-small cell lung cancer[37] may be associated with poor patient outcome. However, consistent with the dual inhibitory and stimulatory roles of IGFBP-3 seen in cell culture, there are other cancer types, such as breast cancer,[38][39] pancreatic cancer,[40] and clear cell renal cell cancer[41] in which high tissue IGFBP-3 expression has been linked to poor prognostic features or patient outcome. The mechanisms regulating these contrasting effects of IGFBP-3 in vivo are not well understood.

Since IGFBP-3 is abundant in the bloodstream of healthy adults (typically 2–4 mg/L), and is largely stabilized by its complex formation with IGFs and ALS, it is unlikely that tumor-derived IGFBP-3 has a large influence on circulating levels. There have been many studies linking circulating IGFBP-3 levels to the presence, or risk, of various cancers, or to patient outcomes.[35] but unequivocal conclusions have often been lacking. For example, high plasma IGFBP-3 levels were associated with a reduced prospective risk of colorectal cancer in women.[42] but in a study including men and women, colon cancer risk was positively associated with plasma IGFBP-3, while there was no significant association for rectal cancer.[43] A large systematic review concluded that circulating IGFBP-3 levels showed a modest association with increased risk for a number of cancers, but the results vary among sites.[44]

IGFBP-3 protein levels decrease during the progression of prostate cancer from benign to metastatic disease[45] although production of the protein does not cease completely. IGFBP-3 is still made (at a lower level) by prostate cancer cells and secreted into the surrounding environment. However, instead of the full length, functional protein, IGFBP-3 is found to be cleaved.[46] This decreases the affinity of IGF binding to IGFBP-3, making the growth factors more likely to bind the IGF1R and promote cell survival.

Table: IGFBP-3 binding partners

IGFBP3 has been shown to interact with:

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Martin JL, Baxter RC (1986). "Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein from human plasma. Purification and characterization". J. Biol. Chem. 261: 8754–60. PMID 3722172.
  2. 1 2 Baxter RC, Martin JL (1986). "Radioimmunoassay of growth hormone-dependent insulinlike growth factor binding protein in human plasma". J. Clin. Invest. 78: 1504–12. doi:10.1172/jci112742. PMID 2431001.
  3. ↑ Cubbage ML, Suwanichkul A, Powell DR (1990). "Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3. Organization of the human chromosomal gene and demonstration of promoter activity". J. Biol. Chem. 265: 12642–9. PMID 1695633.
  4. ↑ Ehrenborg E, Larsson C, Stern I, Janson M, Powell DR, Luthman H (1992). "Contiguous localization of the genes encoding human insulin-like growth factor binding proteins 1 (IGBP1) and 3 (IGBP3) on chromosome 7". Genomics 12: 497–502. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(92)90440-4. PMID 1373120.
  5. 1 2 Jogie-Brahim S, Feldman D, Oh Y (2009). "Unraveling insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 actions in human disease". Endocr. Rev. 30 (5): 417–37. doi:10.1210/er.2008-0028. PMC 2819737. PMID 19477944.
  6. ↑ Yan X, Payet LD, Baxter RC, Firth SM (2009). "Activity of human pregnancy insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3: determination by reconstituting recombinant complexes". Endocrinology 150: 4968–76. doi:10.1210/en.2009-0090. PMID 19734278.
  7. ↑ Albiston AL, Herington AC (1992). "Tissue distribution and regulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-3 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in the rat: comparison with IGF-I mRNA expression". Endocrinology 130: 497–502. doi:10.1210/en.130.1.497. PMID 1370153.
  8. ↑ Chin E, Zhou J, Dai J, Baxter RC, Bondy CA (1994). "Cellular localization and regulation of gene expression for components of the insulin-like growth factor ternary binding protein complex". Endocrinology 134: 2498–504. doi:10.1210/en.134.6.2498. PMID 7515002.
  9. ↑ Scharf JG, Schmidt-Sandte W, Pahernik SA, Koebe HG, Hartmann H (1995). "Synthesis of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins and of the acid-labile subunit of the insulin-like growth factor ternary binding protein complex in primary cultures of human hepatocytes". J. Hepatol. 23: 424–30. doi:10.1016/0168-8278(95)80201-0. PMID 8655960.
  10. ↑ Olivecrona H, Hilding A, Ekström C, Barle H, Nyberg B, Möller C, Delhanty PJ, Baxter RC, Angelin B, Ekström TJ, Tally M (1999). "Acute and short-term effects of growth hormone on insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins: serum levels and hepatic messenger ribonucleic acid responses in humans". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84: 553–60. doi:10.1210/jc.84.2.553. PMID 10022415.
  11. ↑ Deal C, Ma J, Wilkin F, Paquette J, Rozen F, Ge B, Hudson T, Stampfer M, Pollak M (2001). "Novel promoter polymorphism in insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3: correlation with serum levels and interaction with known regulators". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86: 1274–80. doi:10.1210/jc.86.3.1274. PMID 11238520.
  12. ↑ Buckbinder L, Talbott R, Velasco-Miguel S, Takenaka I, Faha B, Seizinger BR, Kley N (1995). "Induction of the growth inhibitor IGF-binding protein 3 by p53". Nature 377 (6550): 646–9. doi:10.1038/377646a0. PMID 7566179.
  13. 1 2 Baxter RC, Martin JL, Beniac VA (1989). "High molecular weight insulin-like growth factor binding protein complex. Purification and properties of the acid-labile subunit from human serum". J. Biol. Chem. 264: 11843–8. PMID 2473065.
  14. 1 2 Weinzimer SA, Gibson TB, Collett-Solberg PF, Khare A, Liu B, Cohen P (2001). "Transferrin is an insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 binding protein". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86: 1806–13. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.4.7380. PMID 11297622.
  15. 1 2 Gui Y, Murphy LJ (2001). "Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) binds to fibronectin (FN): demonstration of IGF-I/IGFBP-3/FN ternary complexes in human plasma". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86: 2104–10. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.5.7472. PMID 11344214.
  16. 1 2 Campbell PG, Durham SK, Suwanichkul A, Hayes JD, Powell DR (1998). "Plasminogen binds the heparin-binding domain of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3". Am. J. Physiol. 275: E321–31. PMID 9688635.
  17. ↑ Huang SS, Ling TY, Tseng WF, Huang YH, Tang FM, Leal SM, Huang JS (2003). "Cellular growth inhibition by IGFBP-3 and TGF-beta1 requires LRP-1". FASEB J. 17: 2068–81. doi:10.1096/fj.03-0256com. PMID 14597676.
  18. ↑ Ingermann AR, Yang YF, Han J, Mikami A, Garza AE, Mohanraj L, Fan L, Idowu M, Ware JL, Kim HS, Lee DY, Oh Y (2010). "Identification of a novel cell death receptor mediating IGFBP-3-induced anti-tumor effects in breast and prostate cancer". J. Biol. Chem. 285: 30233–46. doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.122226. PMC 2943278. PMID 20353938.
  19. ↑ Micutkova L, Hermann M, Offterdinger M, Hess MW, Matscheski A, Pircher H, Mück C, Ebner HL, Laich A, Ferrando-May E, Zwerschke W, Huber LA, Jansen-Dürr P (2012). "Analysis of the cellular uptake and nuclear delivery of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in human osteosarcoma cells". Int. J. Cancer. 130: 1544–57. doi:10.1002/ijc.26149. PMID 21520041.
  20. ↑ Lee KW, Liu B, Ma L, Li H, Bang P, Koeffler HP, Cohen P (2004). "Cellular internalization of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3: distinct endocytic pathways facilitate re-uptake and nuclear localization". J. Biol. Chem. 279: 469–76. doi:10.1074/jbc.m307316200. PMID 14576164.
  21. 1 2 Schedlich LJ, Le Page SL, Firth SM, Briggs LJ, Jans DA, Baxter RC (2000). "Nuclear import of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 and -5 is mediated by the importin beta subunit". J. Biol. Chem. 275: 23462–70. doi:10.1074/jbc.m002208200. PMID 10811646.
  22. 1 2 Liu B, Lee HY, Weinzimer SA, Powell DR, Clifford JL, Kurie JM, Cohen P (2000). "Direct functional interactions between insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 and retinoid X receptor-alpha regulate transcriptional signaling and apoptosis". J. Biol. Chem. 275: 33607–13. doi:10.1074/jbc.m002547200. PMID 10874028.
  23. ↑ Ikezoe T, Tanosaki S, Krug U, Liu B, Cohen P, Taguchi H, Koeffler HP (2004). "Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 antagonizes the effects of retinoids in myeloid leukemia cells". Blood 104: 237–42. doi:10.1182/blood-2003-07-2203. PMID 15026318.
  24. ↑ Chan SS, Schedlich LJ, Twigg SM, Baxter RC (2009). "Inhibition of adipocyte differentiation by insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3". Am. J. Physiol. 296: E654–63. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.90846.2008. PMID 19141684.
  25. ↑ Lee KW, Cobb LJ, Paharkova-Vatchkova V, Liu B, Milbrandt J, Cohen P (2007). "Contribution of the orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 to the apoptotic action of IGFBP-3". Carcinogenesis 28: 1653–8. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgm088. PMID 17434920.
  26. 1 2 3 Lin MZ, Marzec KA, Martin JL, Baxter RC (2014). "The role of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in the breast cancer cell response to DNA-damaging agents". Oncogene 33: 85–96. doi:10.1038/onc.2012.538. PMID 23178489.
  27. ↑ Takaoka M, Smith CE, Mashiba MK, Okawa T, Andl CD, El-Deiry WS, Nakagawa H (2006). "EGF-mediated regulation of IGFBP-3 determines esophageal epithelial cellular response to IGF-I". Am. J. Physiol. 290: G404–16. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00344.2005. PMID 16210470.
  28. ↑ Valentinis B, Bhala A, DeAngelis T, Baserga R, Cohen P (1995). "The human insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-3 inhibits the growth of fibroblasts with a targeted disruption of the IGF-I receptor gene". Mol. Endocrinol. 9: 361–7. doi:10.1210/me.9.3.361. PMID 7539889.
  29. ↑ Longobardi L, Torello M, Buckway C, O'Rear L, Horton WA, Hwa V, Roberts CT, Chiarelli F, Rosenfeld RG, Spagnoli A (2003). "A novel insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-independent role for IGF binding protein-3 in mesenchymal chondroprogenitor cell apoptosis". Endocrinology 144: 1695–702. doi:10.1210/en.2002-220959. PMID 12697673.
  30. ↑ Butt AJ, Firth SM, King MA, Baxter RC (2000). "Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 modulates expression of Bax and Bcl-2 and potentiates p53-independent radiation-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells". J. Biol. Chem. 275: 39174–81. doi:10.1074/jbc.m908888199. PMID 10998426.
  31. 1 2 Granata R, Trovato L, Garbarino G, Taliano M, Ponti R, Sala G, Ghidoni R, Ghigo E (2004). "Dual effects of IGFBP-3 on endothelial cell apoptosis and survival: involvement of the sphingolipid signaling pathways". FASEB J. 18: 1456–8. doi:10.1096/fj.04-1618fje. PMID 15247143.
  32. ↑ Gill ZP, Perks CM, Newcomb PV, Holly JM (1997). "Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP-3) predisposes breast cancer cells to programmed cell death in a non-IGF-dependent manner". J. Biol. Chem. 272: 25602–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.41.25602. PMID 9325280.
  33. ↑ Conover CA, Clarkson JT, Bale LK (1996). "Factors regulating insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 binding, processing, and potentiation of insulin-like growth factor action". Endocrinology 137: 2286–92. doi:10.1210/endo.137.6.8641177. PMID 8641177.
  34. ↑ Martin JL, Lin MZ, McGowan EM, Baxter RC (2009). "Potentiation of growth factor signaling by insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 in breast epithelial cells requires sphingosine kinase activity". J. Biol. Chem. 284: 25542–52. doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.007120. PMID 19633297.
  35. 1 2 Baxter RC (2014). "IGF binding proteins in cancer: mechanistic and clinical insights". Nat. Rev. Cancer 14: 329–41. doi:10.1038/nrc3720. PMID 24722429.
  36. ↑ Hanafusa T, Yumoto Y, Nouso K, Nakatsukasa H, Onishi T, Fujikawa T, Taniyama M, Nakamura S, Uemura M, Takuma Y, Yumoto E, Higashi T, Tsuji T (2002). "Reduced expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 and its promoter hypermethylation in human hepatocellular carcinoma". Cancer Lett. 176: 149–58. doi:10.1016/s0304-3835(01)00736-4. PMID 11804742.
  37. ↑ Chang YS, Wang L, Liu D, Mao L, Hong WK, Khuri FR, Lee HY (2002). "Correlation between insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 promoter methylation and prognosis of patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer". Clin. Cancer Res. 8: 3669–75. PMID 12473575.
  38. ↑ Yu H, Levesque MA, Khosravi MJ, Papanastasiou-Diamandi A, Clark GM, Diamandis EP (1998). "Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 and breast cancer survival". Int. J. Cancer 79: 624–8. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19981218)79:6<624::aid-ijc12>3.0.co;2-9. PMID 9842972.
  39. ↑ Sheen-Chen SM, Zhang H, Huang CC, Tang RP (2009). "Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 in breast cancer: analysis with tissue microarray". Anticancer Res. 29: 1131–5. PMID 19414355.
  40. ↑ Xue A, Scarlett CJ, Jackson CJ, Allen BJ, Smith RC (2008). "Prognostic significance of growth factors and the urokinase-type plasminogen activator system in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma". Pancreas 36: 160–7. doi:10.1097/mpa.0b013e31815750f0. PMID 18376307.
  41. ↑ Takahashi M, Papavero V, Yuhas J, Kort E, Kanayama HO, Kagawa S, Baxter RC, Yang XJ, Gray SG, Teh BT (2005). "Altered expression of members of the IGF-axis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma". Int. J. Oncol. 26: 923–31. doi:10.3892/ijo.26.4.923. PMID 15753986.
  42. ↑ Giovannucci E, Pollak MN, Platz EA, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Majeed N, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Hankinson SE (2000). "A prospective study of plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 and binding protein-3 and risk of colorectal neoplasia in women". Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 9: 345–9. PMID 10794477.
  43. ↑ Palmqvist R, Hallmans G, Rinaldi S, Biessy C, Stenling R, Riboli E, Kaaks R (2002). "Plasma insulin-like growth factor 1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3, and risk of colorectal cancer: a prospective study in northern Sweden". Gut 50: 642–6. doi:10.1136/gut.50.5.642. PMID 11950809.
  44. ↑ Renehan AG, Zwahlen M, Minder C, O'Dwyer ST, Shalet SM, Egger M (2004). "Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-3, and cancer risk: systematic review and meta-regression analysis". Lancet 363: 1346–53. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16044-3. PMID 15110491.
  45. ↑ Miyake H, Pollak M, Gleave ME (June 2000). "Castration-induced up-regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 potentiates insulin-like growth factor-I activity and accelerates progression to androgen independence in prostate cancer models". Cancer Res. 60 (11): 3058–64. PMID 10850457. For IGFBP-3 it refers to Figueroa JA, De Raad S, Tadlock L, Speights VO, Rinehart JJ (1998). "Differential expression of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in high versus low Gleason score prostate cancer". J. Urol. 159 (4): 1379–83. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)63620-6. PMID 9507888.
  46. ↑ Birnbaum RS, Ware JL, Plymate SR (June 1994). "Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 expression and secretion by cultures of human prostate epithelial cells and stromal fibroblasts". J. Endocrinol. 141 (3): 535–40. doi:10.1677/joe.0.1410535. PMID 7520932.
  47. ↑ Shi Z, Xu W, Loechel F, Wewer UM, Murphy LJ (2000). "ADAM 12, a disintegrin metalloprotease, interacts with insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (24): 18574–80. doi:10.1074/jbc.M002172200. PMID 10849447.
  48. ↑ Loechel F, Fox JW, Murphy G, Albrechtsen R, Wewer UM (2000). "ADAM 12-S cleaves IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-5 and is inhibited by TIMP-3". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 278 (3): 511–5. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2000.3835. PMID 11095942.
  49. ↑ Mochizuki S, Shimoda M, Shiomi T, Fujii Y, Okada Y (2004). "ADAM28 is activated by MMP-7 (matrilysin-1) and cleaves insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 315 (1): 79–84. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.01.022. PMID 15013428.
  50. ↑ Liu B, Weinzimer SA, Gibson TB, Mascarenhas D, Cohen P (2003). "Type Ialpha collagen is an IGFBP-3 binding protein". Growth Horm. IGF Res. 13 (2–3): 89–97. doi:10.1016/S1096-6374(03)00007-8. PMID 12735930.
  51. ↑ Martin JA, Miller BA, Scherb MB, Lembke LA, Buckwalter JA (2002). "Co-localization of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 and fibronectin in human articular cartilage". Osteoarthr. Cartil. 10 (7): 556–63. doi:10.1053/joca.2002.0791. PMID 12127836.
  52. 1 2 Buckway CK, Wilson EM, Ahlsén M, Bang P, Oh Y, Rosenfeld RG (2001). "Mutation of three critical amino acids of the N-terminal domain of IGF-binding protein-3 essential for high affinity IGF binding". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (10): 4943–50. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.10.7936. PMID 11600567.
  53. ↑ Cohen P, Graves HC, Peehl DM, Kamarei M, Giudice LC, Rosenfeld RG (1992). "Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 protease found in seminal plasma". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 75 (4): 1046–53. doi:10.1210/jcem.75.4.1383255. PMID 1383255.
  54. ↑ Grkovic S, O'Reilly VC, Han S, Hong M, Baxter RC, Firth SM (2013). "IGFBP-3 binds GRP78, stimulates autophagy and promotes the survival of breast cancer cells exposed to adverse microenvironments". Oncogene 32 (1): 2412–20. doi:10.1038/onc.2012.264. PMID 22751133.
  55. ↑ Storch S, Kübler B, Höning S, Ackmann M, Zapf J, Blum W, Braulke T (2001). "Transferrin binds insulin-like growth factors and affects binding properties of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3". FEBS Lett. 509 (3): 395–8. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(01)03204-5. PMID 11749962.
  56. ↑ Gui Y, Murphy LJ (2003). "Interaction of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 with latent transforming growth factor-beta binding protein-1". Mol. Cell. Biochem. 250: 189–95. doi:10.1023/A:1024990409102. PMID 12962157.

Further reading

  • Rajaram S, Baylink DJ, Mohan S (1998). "Insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins in serum and other biological fluids: regulation and functions". Endocr. Rev. 18 (6): 801–31. doi:10.1210/er.18.6.801. PMID 9408744. 
  • Ferry RJ, Cerri RW, Cohen P (1999). "Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins: new proteins, new functions". Horm. Res. 51 (2): 53–67. doi:10.1159/000023315. PMID 10352394. 
  • Schedlich LJ, Graham LD (2002). "Role of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in breast cancer cell growth". Microsc. Res. Tech. 59 (1): 12–22. doi:10.1002/jemt.10173. PMID 12242693. 
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