James Webb Space Telescope

James Webb Space Telescope

James Webb Space Telescope model

Full scale James Webb Space Telescope model at South by Southwest in Austin
Names Next Generation Space Telescope
Mission type Astronomy
Operator NASA / ESA / CSA / STScI[1]
Website jwst.nasa.gov
sci.esa.int/jwst
stsci.edu/jwst
asc-csa.gc.ca
Mission duration 5 years (design)
10 years (goal)
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer Northrop Grumman
Ball Aerospace
Launch mass 6,500 kg (14,300 lb)[2]
Dimensions 20.1 m × 7.21 m (65.9 ft × 23.7 ft) (sunshield)
Power 2,000 watts
Start of mission
Launch date October 2018[3]
Rocket Ariane 5 ECA
Launch site Kourou ELA-3
Contractor Arianespace
Orbital parameters
Reference system Sun–Earth L2
Regime Halo orbit
Periapsis 374,000 km (232,000 mi)[4]
Apoapsis 1,500,000 km (930,000 mi)[4]
Period 6 months
Epoch planned
Main
Type Korsch telescope
Diameter 6.5 m (21 ft)
Focal length 131.4 m (431 ft)
Collecting area 25 m2 (270 sq ft)
Wavelengths from 0.6 µm (orange)
to 28.5 µm (mid-infrared)
Transponders
Band S-band (TT&C support)
Ka band (data acquisition)
Bandwidth S-band up: 16 kbit/s
S-band down: 40 kbit/s
Ka band down: up to 28 Mbit/s
Instruments
NIRCam Near IR Camera
NIRSpec Near-Infrared Spectrograph
MIRI Mid IR Instrument
NIRISS Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph
FGS Fine Guidance Sensor
JWST logo

James Webb Space Telescope insignia

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), previously known as Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST), is a flagship-class space observatory under construction and scheduled to launch in October 2018. The JWST will offer unprecedented resolution and sensitivity from long-wavelength (orange-red) visible light, through near-infrared to the mid-infrared (0.6 to 27 micrometers), and is a successor instrument to the Hubble Space Telescope and the Spitzer Space Telescope. While Hubble has a 2.4-meter (7.9 ft) mirror, the JWST features a larger and segmented 6.5-meter (21 ft) diameter primary mirror and will be located near the Earth–Sun L2 point. A large sunshield will keep its mirror and four science instruments below 50 K (−220 °C; −370 °F).

JWST's capabilities will enable a broad range of investigations across the fields of astronomy and cosmology.[5] One particular goal involves observing some of the most distant objects in the Universe, beyond the reach of current ground and space-based instruments. This includes the very first stars, the epoch of reionization, and the formation of the first galaxies. Another goal is understanding the formation of stars and planets. This will include imaging molecular clouds and star-forming clusters, studying the debris disks around stars, direct imaging of exoplanets, and spectroscopic examination of planetary transits.

In gestation since 1996,[6] the project represents an international collaboration of about 17 countries[7] led by NASA, and with significant contributions from the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency. It is named after James E. Webb, the second administrator of NASA, who played an integral role in the Apollo program.[8]

The JWST has a history of major cost overruns and delays. The first realistic budget estimates were that the observatory would cost $1.6 billion and launch in 2011. NASA has now scheduled the telescope for a 2018 launch. In 2011, the United States House of Representatives voted to terminate funding, after about $3 billion had been spent and 75% of its hardware was in production.[9] Funding was restored in compromise legislation with the US Senate, and spending on the program was capped at $8 billion.[10] As of winter 2015–2016, the telescope remained on schedule and within budget.[11]

Overview

JWST in Ariane 5 launch configuration

The JWST originated in 1996 as the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST). In 2002 it was renamed after NASA's second administrator (1961–1968) James E. Webb (1906–1992), noted for playing a key role in the Apollo program and establishing scientific research as a core NASA activity.[12] The JWST is a project of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the United States space agency, with international collaboration from the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency.

The telescope has an expected mass about half of Hubble Space Telescope's, but its primary mirror (a 6.5 meter diameter gold-coated beryllium reflector) will have a collecting area about five times as large (25 m2 vs. 4.5 m2). The JWST is oriented towards near-infrared astronomy, but can also see orange and red visible light, as well as the mid-infrared region, depending on the instrument. The design emphasizes the near to mid-infrared for three main reasons: high-redshift objects have their visible emissions shifted into the infrared, cold objects such as debris disks and planets emit most strongly in the infrared, and this band is difficult to study from the ground or by existing space telescopes such as Hubble.

The JWST will operate near the Earth-Sun L2 (Lagrange) point, approximately 1,500,000 km (930,000 mi) beyond the Earth. Objects near this point can orbit the Sun in synchrony with the Earth, allowing the telescope to remain at a roughly constant distance[13] and use a single sunshield to block heat and light from the Sun and Earth. This will keep the temperature of the spacecraft below 50 K (−220 °C; −370 °F), necessary for infrared observations.[14][15]

Launch is scheduled for October 2018 on an Ariane 5 rocket. Its nominal mission time is five years, with a goal of ten years.[16][17] The prime contractor is Northrop Grumman.

Comparisons

Comparison with Hubble primary mirror

The telescope's delays and cost increases can be compared to the Hubble Space Telescope.[18] When it formally started in 1972, what came to be known as Hubble had a then estimated development cost of $300 million (or about $1 billion in 2006 constant dollars),[18] but by the time it was sent into orbit in 1990, cost about four times that.[18] In addition, new instruments and servicing missions increased the cost to at least $9 billion by 2006.[18]

In contrast to other proposed observatories, most of which have already been canceled or put on hold, including Terrestrial Planet Finder (2011), Space Interferometry Mission (2010), Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (2011), and the International X-ray Observatory (2011), MAXIM (Microarcsecond X-ray Imaging Mission), SAFIR (Single Aperture Far-Infrared Observatory), SUVO (Space Ultraviolet-Visible Observatory), SPECS (Submillimeter Probe of the Evolution of Cosmic Structure), the JWST telescope is the last big NASA astrophysics mission of its generation to be built.

Program status

A review of the program released in August 2011 stated that the cost for the telescope and 5 years of operations will be $8.7 billion, with a planned launch in 2018.[19] Of that price, about $800 million is for the five years of operations.[20][21]

On 17 December 2015 Arianespace and European Space Agency signed a contract for the JWST to be launched on October 2018 using an Ariane 5 ECA with a cryogenic upper stage from Arianespace's ELA-3 launch complex at European Spaceport located near Kourou, French Guiana.[22][23]

The 18th and final primary mirror segment was installed on February 3, 2016 and technicians will now install the other optics and conduct tests on all the assembled components.[24]

History

Early development work for a Hubble successor between 1989 and 1994 led to the Hi-Z[25] telescope concept, a fully baffled[Note 1] 4-meter aperture infrared telescope that would recede to an orbit at 3 AU.[26] This distant orbit would have benefited from reduced light noise from zodiacal dust.[26] Other early plans called for a NEXUS precursor telescope mission.[27][28]

In the "faster, better, cheaper" era in the mid-1990s, NASA leaders pushed for a low-cost space telescope.[29] The result was the NGST concept, with an 8-meter aperture and located at L2, estimated to cost $500 million.[29] In 1997, NASA worked with the Goddard Space Flight Center,[30] Ball Aerospace,[31] and TRW[32] to conduct technical requirement and cost studies, and in 1999 selected Lockheed Martin[33] and TRW for preliminary design concepts.[34]

Cost growth revealed in spring 2005 led to an August 2005 re-planning.[35] The primary technical outcomes of the re-planning were significant changes in the integration and test plans, a 22-month launch delay (from 2011 to 2013), and elimination of system-level testing for observatory modes at wavelength shorter than 1.7 micrometers. Other major features of the observatory were unchanged. Following the re-planning, the program was independently reviewed in April 2006. The review concluded the program was technically sound, but that funding phasing at NASA needed to be changed. NASA re-phased its JWST budgets accordingly.

In the 2005 re-plan, the life-cycle cost of the project was estimated at about US$4.5 billion. This comprised approximately US$3.5 billion for design, development, launch and commissioning, and approximately US$1.0 billion for ten years of operations.[35] ESA is contributing about €300 million, including the launch,[36] and the Canadian Space Agency about $39M Canadian.[37]

Selected Events
Year Events
1996 NGST started
2002 named JWST, 8 to 6 m
2004 NEXUS cancelled[38]
2007 esa/nasa MOU
2010 MCDR passed
2011 Proposed cancel

In January 2007, nine of the ten technology development items in the program successfully passed a non-advocate review.[39] These technologies were deemed sufficiently mature to retire significant risks in the program. The remaining technology development item (the MIRI cryocooler) completed its technology maturation milestone in April 2007. This technology review represented the beginning step in the process that ultimately moved the program into its detailed design phase (Phase C). By May 2007, costs were still on target.[40] In March 2008, the project successfully completed its Preliminary Design Review (PDR). In April 2008, the project passed the Non-Advocate Review. Other passed reviews include the Integrated Science Instrument Module review in March 2009, the Optical Telescope Element review completed in October 2009, and the Sunshield review completed in January 2010.

In April 2010, the telescope passed the technical portion of its Mission Critical Design Review (MCDR). Passing the MCDR signified the integrated observatory can meet all science and engineering requirements for its mission.[41] The MCDR encompassed all previous design reviews. The project schedule underwent review during the months following the MCDR, in a process called the Independent Comprehensive Review Panel, which led to a re-plan of the mission aiming for a 2015 launch, but as late as 2018. By 2010, cost over-runs were impacting other programs, though JWST itself remained on schedule.[42]

The first six primary mirror segments being prepped for final cryogenic acceptance testing.

By 2011, the JWST program was in the final design and fabrication phase (Phase C). As is typical for a complex design that cannot be changed once launched, there are detailed reviews of every portion of design, construction, and proposed operation. New technological frontiers have been pioneered by the program, and it has passed its design reviews. In the 1990s it was unknown if a telescope so large and low mass was possible.[43]

Assembly of the hexagonal segments of the primary mirror, which was done via robotic arm, began in November 2015 and was completed in February 2016.[44]

Cost and schedule issues

Then-planned launch & costs
Year Launch Budget Plan
1997 2007[43] 0.5 Billion USD[43]
1998 2007[45] 1[18]
1999 2007 to 2008[46] 1[18]
2000 2009[47] 1.8[18]
2002 2010[48] 2.5[18]
2003 2011[49] 2.5[18]
2005 2013 3[50]
2006 2014 4.5[51]
2008 2014 5.1[20]
2010 2015 to 2016 6.5
2011 2018 8.7[19]
2013 2018 8.8
Estimated total cost
Year Cost (billion USD)
1997
0.5
1998
1
1999
1
2000
1.8
2002
2.5
2003
2.5
2005
3
2006
4.5
2008
5.1
2010
6.5
2011
8.7
2013
8.8

A 2006 article in the journal Nature noted a study in 1984 by the Space Science Board, which estimated that a next generation infrared observatory would cost $4 billion (about $7 billion in 2006 dollars).[18] In June 2011, it was reported that the Webb telescope will cost at least four times more than originally proposed, and launch at least seven years late. Initial budget estimates were that the observatory would cost $1.6 billion and launch in 2011. NASA has now scheduled the telescope for a 2018 launch. A 2013 estimate put the cost of development and five years of operation at $8.835 billion.[52]

Some scientists have expressed concerns about growing costs and schedule delays for the Webb telescope, which competes for scant astronomy budgets and thus threatens funding for other space science programs. A review of NASA budget records and status reports by journalists noted that the JWST is plagued by many of the same problems that have plagued several other major NASA projects. Mistakes included: underestimates of the telescope’s cost that failed to budget for expected technical glitches, and failure to act on warnings that budgets were being exceeded, thus extending the schedule and increasing costs further.[53]

Partnership

NASA, ESA and CSA have collaborated on the telescope since 1996. ESA's participation in construction and launch was approved by its members in 2003 and an agreement was signed between ESA and NASA in 2007. In exchange for full partnership, representation and access to the observatory for its astronomers, ESA is providing the NIRSpec instrument, the Optical Bench Assembly of the MIRI instrument, an Ariane 5 ECA launcher, and manpower to support operations.[36][54] The CSA will provide the Fine Guidance Sensor and the Near-Infrared Imager Slitless Spectrograph plus manpower to support operations.[55]

Participating countries

Proposed U.S. withdrawal

On 6 July 2011, the United States House of Representatives' appropriations committee on Commerce, Justice, and Science moved to cancel the James Webb project by proposing an FY2012 budget that removed $1.9bn from NASA's overall budget, of which roughly one quarter was for JWST.[56][57][58][59] This budget proposal was approved by subcommittee vote the following day; however, in November 2011, Congress reversed plans to cancel the JWST and instead capped additional funding to complete the project at $8 billion.

The committee charged that the project was "billions of dollars over budget and plagued by poor management". The telescope was originally estimated to cost $1.6bn but the cost estimate grew throughout the early development reaching about $5bn by the time the mission was formally confirmed for construction start in 2008. In summer 2010, the mission passed its Critical Design Review with excellent grades on all technical matters, but schedule and cost slips at that time prompted Maryland US Senator Barbara Mikulski to call for an independent review of the project. The Independent Comprehensive Review Panel (ICRP) chaired by J. Casani (JPL) found that the earliest possible launch date was in late 2015 at an extra cost of $1.5bn (for a total of $6.5bn). They also pointed out that this would have required extra funding in FY2011 and FY2012 and that any later launch date would lead to a higher total cost.[60] Because the runaway budget diverted funding from other research, the science journal Nature described the James Webb as "the telescope that ate astronomy".[61] However, termination of the project as proposed by the House appropriation committee would not have provided funding to other missions, as the JWST line would have been terminated with the funding leaving astrophysics (and the NASA budget) entirely.

The American Astronomical Society issued a statement in support of JWST in 2011,[62] as did Maryland US Senator Barbara Mikulski.[63] A number of editorials supporting JWST appeared in the international press during 2011 as well.[56][64][65]

Public displays and outreach

Early full-scale model on display at NASA Goddard (2005)

A large telescope model has been on display at various places since 2005: in the United States at Seattle, Washington; Colorado Springs, Colorado; Greenbelt, Maryland; Rochester, New York; Manhattan, New York; and Orlando, Florida; and elsewehere at Paris, France; Dublin, Ireland; Montreal, Canada; Hatfield, United Kingdom; and Munich, Germany. The model was built by the main contractor, Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems.[66]

In May 2007, a full-scale model of the telescope was assembled for display at the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum on the National Mall, Washington D.C. The model was intended to give the viewing public a better understanding of the size, scale and complexity of the satellite, as well as pique the interest of viewers in science and astronomy in general. The model is significantly different from the telescope, as the model must withstand gravity and weather, so is constructed mainly of aluminum and steel measuring approximately 24×12×12 m (79×39×39 ft) and weighs 5.5 tonnes (12,000 lb).

The model was on display in New York City's Battery Park during the 2010 World Science Festival, where it served as the backdrop for a panel discussion featuring Nobel Prize laureate John C. Mather, astronaut John M. Grunsfeld and astronomer Heidi Hammel. In March 2013, the model was on display in Austin, Texas for SXSW 2013.[67][68]

Mission

The JWST's primary scientific mission has four key goals: to search for light from the first stars and galaxies that formed in the Universe after the Big Bang, to study the formation and evolution of galaxies, to understand the formation of stars and planetary systems and to study planetary systems and the origins of life.[69] These goals can be accomplished more effectively by observation in near-infrared light rather than light in the visible part of the spectrum. For this reason the JWST's instruments will not measure visible or ultraviolet light like the Hubble Telescope, but will have a much greater capacity to perform infrared astronomy. The JWST will be sensitive to a range of wavelengths from 0.6 (orange light) to 28 micrometers (deep infrared radiation at about 100 K (−170 °C; −280 °F)).

One of the early and more pressing goals of the JWST will be to gather enough information in order to answer which theory is correct out of the few theories that remain behind the phenomenon of the dimming light of star KIC 8462852.[70]

Orbit

JWST will not be exactly at the L2 point, but circle around it in a halo orbit.
Two alternate Hubble Space Telescope views of the Carina Nebula, comparing visible (top) and infrared (bottom) astronomy

The JWST will be located near the second Lagrange point (L2) of the Earth-Sun system, which is 1,500,000 kilometers (930,000 mi) from Earth, directly opposite to the Sun. Normally an object circling the Sun farther out than Earth would take longer than one year to complete its orbit, but near the L2 point the combined gravitational pull of the Earth and the Sun allow a spacecraft to orbit the Sun in the same time it takes the Earth. The telescope will circle about the L2 point in a halo orbit, which will be inclined with respect to the ecliptic, have a radius of approximately 800,000 kilometers (500,000 mi), and take about half a year to complete.[13] Since L2 is just an equilibrium point with no gravitational pull, a halo orbit is not an orbit in the usual sense: the spacecraft is actually in orbit around the Sun, and the halo orbit can be thought of as controlled drifting to remain in the vicinity of the L2 point.[71] This requires some station-keeping: around 2–4 m/s per year[72] from the total budget of 150 m/s.[73] Two sets of thrusters comprise the observatory's propulsion system.[74]

Infrared astronomy

Infrared observations can see objects hidden in visible light, HUDF-JD2 shown

JWST is the formal successor to the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and since its primary emphasis is on infrared observation, it is also a successor to the Spitzer Space Telescope. JWST will far surpass both those telescopes, being able to see many more and much older stars and galaxies.[75] Observing in the infrared is a key technique for achieving this, because it better penetrates obscuring dust and gas, allows observation of dim cooler objects, and because of cosmological redshift. Since water vapor and carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere strongly absorbs most infrared, ground-based infrared astronomy is limited to narrow wavelength ranges where the atmosphere absorbs less strongly. Additionally, the atmosphere itself radiates in the infrared, often overwhelming light from the object being observed. This makes space the ideal place for infrared observation.[76]

The distant universe: The more distant an object is, the younger it appears: its light has taken longer to reach us. Because the universe is expanding, as the light travels it becomes red-shifted, and these objects are therefore easier to see if viewed in the infrared.[77] JWST's infrared capabilities are expected to let it see all the way to the very first galaxies forming just a few hundred million years after the Big Bang.[78]

Dust penetration: Infrared radiation is better able to pass freely through dusty regions of space that scatter radiation in the visible spectrum. These two images of the Carina Nebula (right margin) were taken with the HST. The top image was photographed utilizing the visible spectrum whereas the bottom image was taken in the infrared using the HST's WFC3 upgrade. Many more stars can be counted in the infrared image than in the visible light image. Observations in infrared allow the study of objects and regions of space which would be obscured by gas and dust in the visible spectrum,[77] such as the molecular clouds where stars are born, the circumstellar disks that give rise to planets, and the cores of active galaxies.[77]

Cool objects: Relatively cool objects (temperatures less than several thousand degrees) emit their radiation primarily in the infrared, as described by Planck's law. As a result, most objects that are cooler than stars are better studied in the infrared. This includes the clouds of the interstellar medium, the "failed stars" called brown dwarfs, planets both in our own and other solar systems, comets and Kuiper belt objects.

Ground support and operations

The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), located in Baltimore, Maryland on the Homewood campus of Johns Hopkins University, has been selected as the Science and Operations Center (S&OC) for JWST. In this capacity, STScI will be responsible for the scientific operation of the telescope and delivery of data products to the astronomical community.[79] Data will be transmitted from JWST to the ground via NASA's Deep Space Network, processed and calibrated at STScI, and then distributed online to astronomers worldwide. Similar to how Hubble is operated, anyone, anywhere in the world, will be allowed to submit proposals for observations. Each year several committees of astronomers will peer review the submitted proposals to select the programs to observe in the coming year. The authors of the chosen proposals will typically have one year of private access to the new observations, after which the data will become publicly available for download by anyone from the online archive at STScI.

Most of the data processing on the telescope is done by conventional single-board computers.[80] The conversion of the analog science data to digital form is performed by the custom-built SIDECAR ASIC (Systemfor Image Digitization, Enhancement, Control And Retrieval Application Specific Integrated Circuit). NASA stated that the SIDECAR ASIC will include all the functions of a 9 kg (20 lb) instrument box in a 3 cm package and consume only 11 milliwatts of power.[81] Since this conversion must be done close to the detectors, on the cool side of the telescope, the low power use of this IC will be crucial for maintaining the low temperature required for optimal operation of the JWST.[81]

Development and construction

In 2002, NASA awarded the $824.8 million prime contract for the NGST, now renamed the James Webb Space Telescope, to TRW. The design called for a descoped 6.1-meter (20 ft) primary mirror and a launch date of 2010.[82] Later that year, TRW was acquired by Northrop Grumman in a hostile bid and became Northrop Grumman Space Technology.[34]

NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, is leading the management of the observatory project. The project scientist for the James Webb Space Telescope is John C. Mather. Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems serves as the primary contractor for the development and integration of the observatory. They are responsible for developing and building the spacecraft element, which includes both the spacecraft bus and sunshield. Ball Aerospace has been subcontracted to develop and build the Optical Telescope Element (OTE). Northrop Grumman's Astro Aerospace business unit has been contracted to build the Deployable Tower Assembly (DTA) which connects the OTE to the spacecraft bus[83] and the Mid Boom Assembly (MBA) which helps to deploy the large sunshields on orbit.[84] Goddard Space Flight Center is also responsible for providing the Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM).[85] A solar panel converts sunlight into electrical power that recharge batteries needed to operate the other subsystems, as well as the science instruments. It produces about 2,000 watts.[86]

The observatory attaches to the Ariane 5 rocket via a launch vehicle adapter ring which could be used by a future spacecraft to grapple the observatory to attempt to fix gross deployment problems. However, the telescope itself is not serviceable, and astronauts would not be able to perform tasks such as swapping instruments, as with the Hubble Telescope.

Sunshield protection

Test unit of the sunshield stacked and expanded at the Northrop Grumman facility in California

In order to make observations in the infrared spectrum, the JWST must be kept very cold (under 50 K (−220 °C; −370 °F)), otherwise infrared radiation from the telescope itself would overwhelm its instruments. Therefore, it uses a large sunshield to block light and heat from the Sun, Earth, and Moon, and its position near the Earth–Sun L2 point keeps all three bodies on the same side of the spacecraft at all times.[87] Its halo orbit around L2 avoids the shadow of the Earth and Moon, maintaining a constant environment for the sunshield and solar arrays.[13] The sunshield is made of polyimide film, has membranes coated with aluminum on one side and silicon on the other.

The sunshield is designed to be folded twelve times so it will fit within the Ariane 5 rocket's 4.57 m × 16.19 m shroud. Once deployed at the L2 point, it will unfold to 12.2 m × 18 m. The sunshield was hand-assembled at Man Tech (NeXolve) in Huntsville, Alabama before it was delivered to Northrop Grumman in Redondo Beach, California for testing.[88]

Primary mirror segments made of beryllium
Mirror segments undergoing cryogenic tests at the X-ray & Cryogenic Facility at Marshall Space Flight Center
Mirror segment after being coated with gold

Optics

JWST's primary mirror is a 6.5-meter-diameter gold-coated beryllium reflector with a collecting area of 25 m2. This is too large for existing launch vehicles, so the mirror is composed of 18 hexagonal segments, which will unfold after the telescope is launched. Image plane wavefront sensing through phase retrieval will be used to position the mirror segments in the correct location using very precise micro-motors. Subsequent to this initial configuration they will only need occasional updates every few days to retain optimal focus.[89] This is unlike terrestrial telescopes like the Keck which continually adjust their mirror segments using active optics to overcome the effects of gravitational and wind loading, and is made possible because of the lack of environmental disturbances of a telescope in space.

JWST's optical design is a three-mirror anastigmat,[90] which makes use of curved secondary and tertiary mirrors to deliver images that are free of optical aberrations over a wide field. In addition, there is a fast steering mirror, which can adjust its position many times per second to provide image stabilization.

Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. is the principal optical subcontractor for the JWST program, led by prime contractor Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, under a contract from the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, in Greenbelt, Maryland.[85] Eighteen primary mirror segments, secondary, tertiary and fine steering mirrors, plus flight spares have been fabricated and polished by Ball Aerospace based on beryllium segment blanks manufactured by several companies including Axsys, Brush Wellman, and Tinsley Laboratories.

The final segment of the primary mirror was installed on February 3, 2016,[91] and the secondary mirror was installed on March 3, 2016.[92]

Scientific instruments

The Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) is a framework that provides electrical power, computing resources, cooling capability as well as structural stability to the Webb telescope. It is made with bonded graphite-epoxy composite attached to the underside of Webb's telescope structure. The ISIM holds the four science instruments and a guide camera.[93]

NIRCam model
NIRSpec model
MIRI model

NIRCam and MIRI feature starlight-blocking coronagraphs for observation of faint targets such as extrasolar planets and circumstellar disks very close to bright stars.

The infrared detectors for the NIRCam, NIRSpec, FGS, and NIRISS modules are being provided by Teledyne Imaging Sensors (formerly Rockwell Scientific Company). The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) and Command and Data Handling (ICDH) engineering team uses SpaceWire to send data between the science instruments and the data-handling equipment.[106]

Images

Comparison of examples of primary mirrors. JWST is at the lower left.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Baffled", in this context, means enclosed in a tube in a similar manner to a conventional optical telescope, which helps to stop stray light entering the telescope from the side. For an actual example, see the following link: Freniere, E.R. (1981). "First-order design of optical baffles". Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, First-order design of optical baffles. Radiation Scattering in Optical Systems. pp. 19–28.

References

  1. ↑ "NASA JWST FAQ "Who are the partners in the Webb project?"". NASA. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
  2. ↑ "JWST - Frequently Asked Questions". NASA. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  3. ↑ "JWST factsheet". ESA. 2013-09-04. Retrieved 2013-09-07.
  4. 1 2 "JWST (James Webb Space Telescope)". ESA eoPortal. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  5. ↑ John Mather (2006). "JWST Science".
  6. ↑ "ESA JWST Timeline". Retrieved 13 January 2012.
  7. ↑ "NASA – JWST – people". Retrieved 13 January 2012.
  8. ↑ During, John. "The James Webb Space Telescope". The James Webb Space Telescope. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
  9. ↑ Bergin, Chris. "James Webb Space Telescope hardware entering key test phase". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved January 2015.
  10. ↑ "NASA budget plan saves telescope, cuts space taxis". Reuters. 16 November 2011.
  11. ↑ Smith, Eric (2016-02-12), "JWST Status Update & Upcoming Milestones Overview", Webb Update (PDF) (Newsletter) (19), NASA, p. 1, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-03, retrieved 2016-05-03
  12. ↑ "About James Webb". NASA. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
  13. 1 2 3 "L2 Orbit". Space Telescope Science Institute. Retrieved January 2015.
  14. ↑ "The Sunshield". nasa.gov. NASA. Retrieved January 2015.
  15. ↑ news.nationalgeographic.com Hubble Still Wows At 25, But Wait Till You See What's Next. 2015-04-23.
  16. ↑ "About the Webb". NASA.
  17. ↑ Mark Clampin (11 July 2014). "James Webb Space Telescope: The Road to First Science Observations". SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2014 (plenary talk) (SPIE Newsroom). doi:10.1117/2.3201407.11.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Reichhardt, Tony (March 2006). "US astronomy: Is the next big thing too big?". Nature 440, pp. 140–143.
  19. 1 2 Amos, Jonathan (22 August 2011). "JWST price tag now put at over $8bn". BBC.
  20. 1 2 Cowen, Ron (25 August 2011). "Webb Telescope Delayed, Costs Rise to $8 Billion". ScienceInsider.
  21. ↑ The James Webb Space Telescope. Jwst.nasa.gov. Retrieved on 2013-08-21.
  22. ↑ "Independent Comprehensive Review Panel Final Report". NASA. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  23. ↑ "ESA and Arianespace ink James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) launch contract" (Press release). Arianespace. 17 December 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
  24. ↑ "NASA's James Webb Space Telescope Primary Mirror Fully Assembled". NASA press release (Space Daily). February 5, 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-05.
  25. ↑ "Advanced Concepts Studies – The 4 m Aperture "Hi Z" Telescope". NASA Space Optics Manufacturing Technology Center.
  26. 1 2 "STSCI JWST History 1994".
  27. ↑ "Astrononmy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium". NASA.
  28. ↑ de Weck, Olivier L.; Miller, David W.; Mosier, Gary E. (2002). "Multidisciplinary analysis of the NEXUS precursor space telescope" (PDF). doi:10.1117/12.460079.
  29. 1 2 "STSCI JWST History 1996". Stsci.edu. Retrieved 2012-01-16.
  30. ↑ Goddard Space Flight Center design. spacetelescope.org. Retrieved on 2014-01-13.
  31. ↑ ESA Science & Technology: Ball Aerospace design for JWST. Sci.esa.int. Retrieved on 2013-08-21.
  32. ↑ ESA Science & Technology: TRW design for JWST. Sci.esa.int. Retrieved on 2013-08-21.
  33. ↑ ESA Science & Technology: Lockheed-Martin design for JWST. Sci.esa.int. Retrieved on 2013-08-21.
  34. 1 2 "HubbleSite – Webb: Past and Future". Retrieved 13 January 2012.
  35. 1 2 John Mather. "James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)" (PDF). National Academy of Science. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2008. Retrieved 5 July 2008.
  36. 1 2 "European agreement on James Webb Space Telescope’s Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) signed" (Press release). ESA Media Relations Service. 9 June 2004. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
  37. ↑ "Canadian Space Agency: Canada's Contribution to NASA's James Webb Space Telescope.". Canadian Corporate News. Retrieved 6 September 2008.
  38. ↑ "Nexus Space Telescope". MIT.
  39. ↑ "JWST Passes NTAR". STScI. Retrieved 5 July 2008.
  40. ↑ Brian Berger. "NASA Adds Docking Capability For Next Space Observatory". Space News. Retrieved 5 July 2008.
  41. ↑ "NASA's Webb Telescope Passes Key Mission Design Review Milestone". NASA. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  42. ↑ Stephen Clark. "NASA says JWST cost crunch impeding new missions". Spaceflight Now.
  43. 1 2 3 Berardelli, Phil (27 October 1997). "Next Generation Space Telescope will peer back to the beginning of time and space". CBS.
  44. ↑ "NASA's James Webb Space Telescope Primary Mirror Fully Assembled". NASA.gov. 3 Feb 2016. Retrieved 4 Feb 2016.
  45. ↑ Simon Lilly "The Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST)" Check |url= value (help). University of Toronto. 27 November 1998.
  46. ↑ "Cosmic Ray Rejection with NGST".
  47. ↑ "MIRI spectrometer for NGST".
  48. ↑ "NGST Weekly Missive". 25 April 2002.
  49. ↑ "NASA Modifies James Webb Space Telescope Contract". 12 November 2003.
  50. ↑ "Problems for JWST". 21 May 2005.
  51. ↑ "Refocusing NASA's vision". Nature 440, p.127. 9 March 2006.
  52. ↑ Leone, Dan (7 November 2012). "NASA Acknowledges James Webb Telescope Costs Will Delay Other Science Missions". Space News.
  53. ↑ Archived 3 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  54. ↑ ESA Science & Technology: Europe's Contributions to the JWST Mission
  55. ↑ Canadian Space Agency "Eyes" Hubble's Successor: Canada Delivers its Contribution to the World's Most Powerful Space Telescope – Canadian Space Agency
  56. 1 2 McKie, Robin (9 July 2011). "Nasa fights to save the James Webb space telescope from the axe". London: The Guardian.
  57. ↑ "Appropriations Committee Releases the Fiscal Year 2012 Commerce, Justice, Science Appropriations". US House of representatives Committee on Appropriations. 6 July 2011.
  58. ↑ "US lawmakers vote to kill Hubble successor". SpaceDaily. 7 July 2011.
  59. ↑ "Proposed NASA Budget Bill Would Cancel Major Space Telescope". Space.com. 6 July 2011.
  60. ↑ "Independent Comprehensive Review Panel, Final Report" (PDF).
  61. ↑ "The telescope that ate astronomy". Nature. 27 October 2010.
  62. ↑ "AAS Statement on the James Webb Space Telescope"
  63. ↑ "Mikulski Statement On House Appropriations Subcommittee Termination of James Webb Telescope"
  64. ↑ "Way Above the Shuttle Flight". The New York Times. 9 July 2011.
  65. ↑ Harrold, Max (7 July 2011). "Bad news for Canada: U.S. could scrap new space telescope". The Vancouver Sun.
  66. ↑ "Webb Slinger Heads To Washington". 8 May 2007.
  67. ↑ "JWST at SXSW".
  68. ↑ "NASA James Webb Space Telescope model lands at South by Southwest".
  69. ↑ Maggie Masetti; Anita Krishnamurthi (2009). "JWST Science". NASA. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  70. ↑ http://www.popularmechanics.com/space/telescopes/a19346/james-webb-telescope-alien-megastructure/
  71. ↑ "Basics of Space Flight". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved January 2015.
  72. ↑ Michael Mesarch (31 March 1999). "STScI NGST Libration Point Introduction" (PDF). NASA/GSFC Guidance Navigation and Control Center.
  73. ↑ E.Canalias, G.Gomez, M.Marcote, J.J.Masdemont. "Assessment of Mission Design Including Utilization of Libration Points and Weak Stability Boundaries" (PDF). Department de Matematica Aplicada, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya and Department de Matematica Aplicada, Universitat de Barcellona.
  74. ↑ "James Webb Space Telescope Initial Mid-Course Correction Monte Carlo Implementation using Task Parallelism." 3.1 Propulsion System Overview. J. Petersen et al. (PDF)
  75. ↑ James Webb vs Hubble
  76. ↑ "IR Atmospheric Windwows". Cool Cosmos. Retrieved January 2015.
  77. 1 2 3 "IR Astronomy: Overview". NASA Infrared Astronomy and Processing Center. Retrieved 30 October 2006.
  78. ↑ "Webb Science: The End of the Dark Ages: First Light and Reionization". NASA. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  79. ↑ "Gardner, p. 588"
  80. ↑ "FBO DAILY ISSUE OFOctober 30, 2002FBO #0332".
  81. 1 2 "Amazing Miniaturized 'SIDECAR' Drives Webb Telescope's Signal". NASA. 20 February 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
  82. ↑ "TRW Selected as JWST Prime Contractor". STCI. 11 September 2003. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
  83. ↑ Writer, Staff (10 May 2012). "Flight Hardware Completed For Tower Supporting Space Telescope Mirrors, Science Instruments". Space. Retrieved 10 Dec 2014.
  84. ↑ Writer, Staff (13 Dec 2011). "Northrop Grumman Completes Fabrication Of Sunshield Deployment Flight Structure For JWST". Space. Retrieved 10 Dec 2014.
  85. 1 2 Gardner, table XV, p. 597
  86. ↑ "Quick Facts About Webb". Webb Telescope.org. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  87. ↑ "The James Webb Space Telescope". nasa.gov. Retrieved January 2015.
  88. ↑ Morring, Jr., Frank, Sunshield, Aviation Week and Space Technology, December 16, 2013, pp. 48-49
  89. ↑ "JWST Wavefront Sensing and Control". Space Telescope Science Institute. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  90. ↑ "JWST Mirrors". Space Telescope Science Institute. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  91. ↑ "NASA's James Webb Space Telescope Primary Mirror Fully Assembled". NASA. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
  92. ↑ "NASA's James Webb Space Telescope Secondary Mirror Installed". NASA. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
  93. ↑ Gardner, p. 560.
  94. ↑ "James Webb Space Telescope Near Infrared Camera". STScI. Retrieved 24 Oct 2013.
  95. ↑ "NIRCam for the James Webb Space Telescope". University of Arizona. Retrieved 24 Oct 2013.
  96. ↑ Gardner, p. 574.
  97. 1 2 3 "JWST Current Status". STScI. Retrieved 5 July 2008.
  98. ↑ Gardner, p. 578.
  99. ↑ Atad-Ettedgui, Eli; et al. (2008). "High-precision cryogenic wheel mechanisms for the JWST NIRSpec instrument" 7018: 701821–701821–12. doi:10.1117/12.789663. ISSN 0277-786X.
  100. ↑ Atad-Ettedgui, Eli; et al. (2008). "JWST NIRSpec mechanical design" 7018: 70181Y–70181Y–15. doi:10.1117/12.789858. ISSN 0277-786X.
  101. ↑ Gardner, p. 580
  102. ↑ Oschmann, Jr., Jacobus M.; et al. (2008). "Design and development of MIRI, the mid-IR instrument for JWST" 7010: 70100T–70100T–10. doi:10.1117/12.790101. ISSN 0277-786X.
  103. ↑ Atad-Ettedgui, Eli; et al. (2008). "Manufacturing and verification of ZnS and Ge prisms for the JWST MIRI imager" 7018: 701823–701823–14. doi:10.1117/12.789148. ISSN 0277-786X.
  104. ↑ Oschmann, Jr., Jacobus M.; Fischer; et al. (2008). "The JWST MIRI double-prism: design and science drivers" 7010: 70103K–70103K–12. doi:10.1117/12.788672. ISSN 0277-786X.
  105. ↑ Banks, Kimberly; Melora Larson, Cagatay (Murat) Aymergen, Burt Zhang. "James Webb Space Telescope Mid-Infrared Instrument Cooler systems engineering" (PDF). Proc. of SPIE Vol. 7017 70170A-10. p. 5. Retrieved 6 February 2016. Fig. 1. Cooler Architecture Overview Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  106. ↑ "NASA's James Webb Space Telescope Gets 'Spacewired'". 2007.

Further reading

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Thursday, May 05, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.