Kagayanen language
| Kagayanen | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Philippines |
| Region | eastern Palawan |
Native speakers | 30,000 (2007)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 |
cgc |
| Glottolog |
kaga1256[2] |
The Kagayanen language is spoken in the province of Palawan in the Philippines.
Sounds
| Labial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||||
| Stop | p | b | t | d | k | g | ʔ | |||
| Fricative | s | (h) | ||||||||
| Approximant (Lateral) |
ð̞ | j | w | |||||||
| l | ||||||||||
| Rhotic | r | |||||||||
[h] occurs only in loan words, proper names, or in words that have [h] in the cognates of neighboring languages.[4] Outside of loanwords, /d/ becomes [r] between vowels.[5]
Comparative and historical evidence suggests that /ð̞/ and /l/ were in complementary distribution before a split occurred with pressure from contact with English, Spanish, and Tagalog.[6]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ə | u |
| Open | a |
/i/ ranges between [i] and [e], except in unstressed syllables (as well as before consonant clusters) where it lowers to [ɪ] or [ɛ].[8] Similarly, /u/ lowers to [ʊ] in unstressed syllables, before consonant clusters, and word-finally. It is otherwise [u].[9]
Notes
- ↑ Kagayanen at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ↑ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Kagayanen". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ↑ Olson et al. (2010:206)
- ↑ Olson et al. (2010:206), citing MacGregor (1995:365)
- ↑ Olson et al. (2010:207)
- ↑ Olson et al. (2010:207–209)
- ↑ Olson & Mielke (2007)
- ↑ Olson & Mielke (2007:845)
- ↑ Olson & Mielke (2007:847)
References
- MacGregor, Louise A. (1995), "Kagayanen: Introduction and wordlist", in Tryon, Darrell T., Comparative Austronesian dictionary: An introduction to Austronesian studies, part 1: fascicle 1, Trends in Linguistics. 10, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 363–368
- Olson, Kenneth S.; Mielke, Jeff (2007), "Acoustic properties of the Kagayanen vowel space", in Trouvain, Jürgen; Barry, William, Proceedinngs of the 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (PDF), Universität des Saarlandes, pp. 845–848, retrieved 2009-03-15 Missing
|last2=in Editors list (help) - Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J., III (2010), "The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40 (2): 199–215, doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296
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