Velar nasal
Velar nasal | |||
---|---|---|---|
ŋ | |||
IPA number | 119 | ||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) |
ŋ | ||
Unicode (hex) | U+014B | ||
X-SAMPA |
N | ||
Kirshenbaum |
N | ||
Braille | |||
| |||
Sound | |||
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The velar nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is the sound of ng in English sing. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ŋ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is N. The IPA symbol ⟨ŋ⟩ is similar to ⟨ɳ⟩, the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to ⟨ɲ⟩, the symbol for the palatal nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the left stem. Both the IPA symbol and the sound are commonly called 'eng' or 'engma'.
As a phoneme, the velar nasal does not occur in many of the indigenous languages of the Americas or in a large number of European or Middle Eastern or Caucasian languages, but it is extremely common in Australian Aboriginal languages. While almost all languages have /m/ and /n/, /ŋ/ is rarer.[1] Only half of the 469 languages surveyed in Anderson (2008) had a velar nasal phoneme; as a further curiosity, a large proportion of them limits its occurrence to the syllable coda. In many languages that do not have the velar nasal as a phoneme, it occurs as an allophone of /n/ before velar consonants.
An example of a language that lacks a phonemic or allophonic velar nasal is Russian, in which /n/ is pronounced as laminal denti-alveolar [n̪] even before velar consonants.[2]
As with the voiced velar stop /ɡ/, the relative rarity of the velar nasal is that the small oral cavity, which is used to produce velar consonants, makes it more difficult for voicing to be sustained. It also makes it much more difficult to allow air to escape through the nose, as is required for a nasal.
There is also a post-velar nasal (also called pre-uvular) in some languages. For pre-velar nasal (also called post-palatal), see palatal nasal.
Features
Features of the velar nasal:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is also nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
- Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue at the soft palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albanian | ngaqë | [ŋɡacə] | 'because' | ||
Aleut[3] | chaang | [tʃɑːŋ] | 'five' | ||
Armenian | Eastern[4] | ընկեր | [əŋˈkɛɾ] | 'friend' | Allophone of /n/ before velar consonants |
Assamese | ৰং | [rɔŋ] | 'color' | ||
Asturian | pación | [pa.ˈθjoŋ] | 'pasture' | ||
Bambara | ŋonI | [ŋoni] | 'guitar' | ||
Basque | hanka | [haŋka] | 'leg' | ||
Bengali | রঙ | [rɔŋ] | 'color' | ||
Catalan[5] | sang | [ˈsaŋ(k)] | 'blood' | See Catalan phonology | |
Chinese | Cantonese | 昂 | [ŋɔːŋ˩] | 'raise' | See Cantonese phonology |
Eastern Min | 疑 | [ŋi] | 'suspect' | ||
Gan | 牙 | [ŋa] | 'tooth' | ||
Hakka | 我 | [ŋai] | 'I' | ||
Mandarin | 北京 | [peɪ˨˩tɕiŋ˥] | 'Beijing' | See Mandarin phonology | |
Northern Min | 外 | [ŋui] | 'outside' | ||
Pu-Xian Min | 黃 | [ŋ̍] | 'yellow' | Only in colloquial speech. | |
Southern Min | 吳 | [ŋɔ] | 'a state in the Zhou Dynasty' | ||
Wu | 五 | [ŋ˩˧] | 'five' | ||
Xiang | 熬 | [ŋau] | 'Boil' | ||
Yuci dialect of Jin | 我 | [ŋie] | 'I' | ||
Chukchi | ңыроқ | [ŋəɹoq] | 'two' | ||
Czech | tank | [taŋk] | 'tank' | See Czech phonology | |
Dinka | ŋa | [ŋa] | 'who' | ||
Danish | sang | [sɑŋˀ] | 'song' | See Danish phonology | |
Dutch[6] | angst | [ɑŋst] | 'fear' | See Dutch phonology | |
English | sing | [sɪŋ] | 'sing' | Restricted to the syllable coda. See English phonology | |
Faroese | ong | [ɔŋk] | 'meadow' | ||
Fijian | gone | [ˈŋone] | 'child' | ||
Filipino | ngayón | [ŋaˈjon] | 'now' | ||
Finnish | kangas | [ˈkɑŋːɑs] | 'cloth' | Occurs in native vocabulary only intervocally and before /k/. See Finnish phonology | |
French[7] | parking | [paʁkiŋ] | 'parking lot' | Occurs only in words borrowed from English or Chinese. See French phonology | |
Galician | unha | [ˈuŋa] | 'one' (f.) | ||
German | lang | [laŋ] | 'long' | See German phonology | |
Greek | αποτυγχάνω/apotynchánō | [apo̞tiŋˈxano̞] | 'I fail' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
Hebrew | Standard | אנגלית | [aŋɡˈlit] | 'English language' | Allophone of /n/ before velar stops. See Modern Hebrew phonology |
Sephardi | עין | [ŋaˈjin] | 'Ayin' | See Sephardi Hebrew | |
Hindustani | रंग / رنگ | [rəŋɡ] | 'color' | See Hindi–Urdu phonology | |
Hungarian | ing | [iŋɡ] | 'shirt' | Allophone of /n/. See Hungarian phonology | |
Icelandic | göng | [ˈkøyŋk] | 'tunnel' | See Icelandic phonology | |
Indonesian | bangun | [bäŋʊn] | 'wake up' | ||
Inuktitut | ᐴᙳᐆᖅ/puunnguuq | [puːŋŋuːq] | 'dog' | ||
Inuvialuktun | qamnguiyuaq | [qamŋuijuaq] | 'snores' | ||
Irish | a nglór | [ˌə̃ ˈŋl̪ˠoːɾˠ] | 'their voice' | Occurs word-initially as a result of the consonantal mutation eclipsis. See Irish phonology | |
Italian[8] | anche | [ˈaŋke] | 'also' | See Italian phonology | |
Itelmen | қниң | [qniŋ] | 'one' | ||
Japanese | Standard | 南極/nankyoku | [naŋkʲokɯ] | 'the South Pole' | See Japanese phonology |
Eastern dialects[9] | 鍵/kagi | [kaŋi] | 'key' | ||
Kagayanen[10] | manang | [manaŋ] | 'older sister' | ||
Ket | аяң | [ajaŋ] | 'to damn' | ||
Korean | 방/bang | [paŋ] | 'room' | See Korean phonology | |
Luxembourgish[11] | keng | [kʰæŋ] | 'nobody' | See Luxembourgish phonology | |
Macedonian | aнглиски | [ˈaŋɡliski] | 'English' | Occurs occasionally as an allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/. See Macedonian phonology | |
Luganda | ŋaaŋa | [ŋɑːŋɑ] | "hornbill" | ||
Malay | bangun | [bäŋon] | 'wake up' | ||
Malayalam[3] | മാങ്ങ | [maːŋŋɐ] | 'mango' | ||
Māori[12] | ngā | [ŋaː] | 'the' | ||
Marathi | संगणक | [səŋɡəɳək] | 'computer' | See Marathi phonology | |
Mari | еҥ | [jeŋ] | 'human' | ||
Nganasan | ӈаӈ | [ŋaŋ] | 'mouth' | ||
Nivkh | ңамг | [ŋamɡ] | 'seven' | ||
North Frisian | Mooring | kåchelng | [ˈkɔxəlŋ] | 'stove' | |
Norwegian | gang | [ɡɑŋ] | 'hallway' | See Norwegian phonology | |
Punjabi | ਵੰਙ | [vəŋ] | 'bangle' | ||
Persian | رنگ | [ræːŋɡ] | 'color' | See Persian phonology | |
Pipil | nemanha | [nemaŋa] | 'later' | ||
Polish[13] | bank | [bäŋk] | 'bank' | Allophone of /n/ before /k, ɡ, x/; post-palatal before /kʲ, ɡʲ/.[14][15] See Polish phonology | |
Occitan | Provençal | vin | [viŋ] | 'wine' | |
Rapanui | hanga | [haŋa] | 'bay' | Sometimes written ⟨g⟩ in Rapanui | |
Romanian | Țara Moților Transylvanian[16] | câine | [kɨŋi] | 'dog' | Corresponds to [n] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
Serbo-Croatian[17] | станка / stanka | [stâːŋka] | 'pause' | Allophone of /n/ before /k, ɡ/.[17] See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
Seri | comcáac | [koŋˈkaak] | 'Seri people' | ||
Shona | nanga | [ŋaŋɡa] | 'witch-doctor' | ||
Slovene | tank | [taŋk] | 'tank' | ||
Spanish[18] | domingo | [d̪o̞ˈmĩŋɡo̞] | 'Sunday' | Allophone of /n/. See Spanish phonology | |
Swahili | ng'ombe | [ŋɔmbɛ] | 'cow' | ||
Swedish | ingenting | [ɪŋɛnˈtʰɪŋ] | 'nothing' | See Swedish phonology | |
Thai | งาน | [ŋaːn] | 'work' | ||
Tuamotuan | rangi/ragi | [ŋaːn] | 'sky' | ||
Tundra Nenets | ӈэва | [ŋæewa] | 'head' | ||
Turkmen | birmeňzeş | [biɾmeŋðeʃ] | 'identical' | ||
Venetian | man | [maŋ] | 'hand' | ||
Vietnamese[19] | ngà | [ŋaː˨˩] | 'ivory' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
Welsh | rhwng | [r̥ʊŋ] | 'between' | ||
West Frisian | kening | [ˈkeːnɪŋ] | 'king' | ||
Yi | ꉢ/nga | [ŋa˧] | 'I' | ||
Yanyuwa[20] | [waŋ̄ulu] | 'adolescent boy' | Post-velar;[20] Contrasts with pre-velar nasal.[20] | ||
Yup'ik | ungungssiq | [uŋuŋssiq] | 'animal' | ||
Zapotec | Tilquiapan[21] | yan | [jaŋ] | 'neck' | Word-final allophone of lenis /n/ |
See also
References
- ↑ Ladefoged (2005:164). The oral counterparts, /p t k/ are found together in almost all languages
- ↑ Jones & Ward (1969:160)
- 1 2 Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
- ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 19.
- ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
- ↑ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
- ↑ Wells (1989), p. 44.
- ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 118.
- ↑ Okada (1991), p. 95.
- ↑ Olson et al. (2010), pp. 206–207.
- ↑ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
- ↑ Reed (2001).
- ↑ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
- ↑ Gussmann (1974), pp. 107, 111 and 114.
- ↑ Ostaszewska & Tambor (2000), pp. 35, 41 and 86.
- ↑ Pop (1938), p. 31.
- 1 2 Landau et al. (1999:67)
- ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 258.
- ↑ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
- 1 2 3 Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 34-35.
- ↑ Merrill (2008), p. 109.
Bibliography
- Anderson, Gregory D. S. (2008), "The Velar Nasal", in Haspelmath, Martin; Dryer, Matthew S; Gil, David; et al., The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, retrieved 2008-04-30
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Gussmann, Edmund (1974), "Nasality in Polish and English", in Fisiak, Jacek, Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics (PDF) 2, Poznań: Adam Mickiewicz University, pp. 105–122
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants: An Introduction to the Sounds of Languages 1, Wiley-Blackwell
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21 (2): 94–97, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
- Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J., III (2010), "The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40 (2): 199–215, doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296
- Ostaszewska, Danuta; Tambor, Jolanta (2000), Fonetyka i fonologia współczesnego języka polskiego, Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, ISBN 83-01-12992-1
- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Reed, A.W. (2001), Kāretu, Timoti, ed., The Reed Concise Māori Dictionary
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Wells, J.C. (1989), "Computer-Coded Phonemic Notation of Individual Languages of the European Community", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 19 (1): 31–54, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005892