Velar nasal

"Agma" redirects here. For other uses, see Agma (disambiguation).
Velar nasal
ŋ
IPA number 119
Encoding
Entity (decimal) ŋ
Unicode (hex) U+014B
X-SAMPA N
Kirshenbaum N
Braille ⠫ (braille pattern dots-1246)
Sound
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The velar nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is the sound of ng in English sing. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ŋ, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is N. The IPA symbol ŋ is similar to ɳ, the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to ɲ, the symbol for the palatal nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the left stem. Both the IPA symbol and the sound are commonly called 'eng' or 'engma'.

As a phoneme, the velar nasal does not occur in many of the indigenous languages of the Americas or in a large number of European or Middle Eastern or Caucasian languages, but it is extremely common in Australian Aboriginal languages. While almost all languages have /m/ and /n/, /ŋ/ is rarer.[1] Only half of the 469 languages surveyed in Anderson (2008) had a velar nasal phoneme; as a further curiosity, a large proportion of them limits its occurrence to the syllable coda. In many languages that do not have the velar nasal as a phoneme, it occurs as an allophone of /n/ before velar consonants.

An example of a language that lacks a phonemic or allophonic velar nasal is Russian, in which /n/ is pronounced as laminal denti-alveolar [] even before velar consonants.[2]

As with the voiced velar stop /ɡ/, the relative rarity of the velar nasal is that the small oral cavity, which is used to produce velar consonants, makes it more difficult for voicing to be sustained. It also makes it much more difficult to allow air to escape through the nose, as is required for a nasal.

There is also a post-velar nasal (also called pre-uvular) in some languages. For pre-velar nasal (also called post-palatal), see palatal nasal.

Features

Features of the velar nasal:

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Albanian ngaqë [ŋɡacə] 'because'
Aleut[3] chaang [tʃɑːŋ] 'five'
Armenian Eastern[4] ընկեր [əŋˈkɛɾ] 'friend' Allophone of /n/ before velar consonants
Assamese ৰং [rɔŋ] 'color'
Asturian pación [pa.ˈθjoŋ] 'pasture'
Bambara ŋonI [ŋoni] 'guitar'
Basque hanka [haŋka] 'leg'
Bengali [rɔŋ] 'color'
Catalan[5] sang [ˈsaŋ(k)] 'blood' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Cantonese [ŋɔːŋ˩] 'raise' See Cantonese phonology
Eastern Min [ŋi] 'suspect'
Gan [ŋa] 'tooth'
Hakka [ŋai] 'I'
Mandarin 北京 [peɪ˨˩tɕiŋ˥] 'Beijing' See Mandarin phonology
Northern Min [ŋui] 'outside'
Pu-Xian Min [ŋ̍] 'yellow' Only in colloquial speech.
Southern Min [ŋɔ] 'a state in the Zhou Dynasty'
Wu [ŋ˩˧] 'five'
Xiang [ŋau] 'Boil'
Yuci dialect of Jin [ŋie] 'I'
Chukchi ңыроқ [ŋəɹoq] 'two'
Czech tank [taŋk] 'tank' See Czech phonology
Dinka ŋa [ŋa] 'who'
Danish sang [sɑŋˀ] 'song' See Danish phonology
Dutch[6] angst [ɑŋst] 'fear' See Dutch phonology
English sing [sɪŋ] 'sing' Restricted to the syllable coda. See English phonology
Faroese ong [ɔŋk] 'meadow'
Fijian gone [ˈŋone] 'child'
Filipino ngayón [ŋaˈjon] 'now'
Finnish kangas [ˈkɑŋːɑs] 'cloth' Occurs in native vocabulary only intervocally and before /k/. See Finnish phonology
French[7] parking [paʁkiŋ] 'parking lot' Occurs only in words borrowed from English or Chinese. See French phonology
Galician unha [ˈuŋa] 'one' (f.)
German lang [laŋ] 'long' See German phonology
Greek αποτυγχάνω/apotynchánō [apo̞tiŋˈxano̞] 'I fail' See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew Standard אנגלית [aŋɡˈlit] 'English language' Allophone of /n/ before velar stops. See Modern Hebrew phonology
Sephardi עין [ŋaˈjin] 'Ayin' See Sephardi Hebrew
Hindustani रंग / رنگ [rəŋɡ] 'color' See Hindi–Urdu phonology
Hungarian ing [iŋɡ] 'shirt' Allophone of /n/. See Hungarian phonology
Icelandic ng [ˈkøyŋk] 'tunnel' See Icelandic phonology
Indonesian bangun [bäŋʊn] 'wake up'
Inuktitut ᐆᖅ/puunnguuq [puːŋŋuːq] 'dog'
Inuvialuktun qamnguiyuaq [qamŋuijuaq] 'snores'
Irish a nglór [ˌə̃ ˈŋl̪ˠoːɾˠ] 'their voice' Occurs word-initially as a result of the consonantal mutation eclipsis. See Irish phonology
Italian[8] anche [ˈaŋke] 'also' See Italian phonology
Itelmen қниң [qniŋ] 'one'
Japanese Standard 南極/nankyoku [naŋkʲokɯ] 'the South Pole' See Japanese phonology
Eastern dialects[9] /kagi [kaŋi] 'key'
Kagayanen[10] manang [manaŋ] 'older sister'
Ket аяң [ajaŋ] 'to damn'
Korean /bang [paŋ] 'room' See Korean phonology
Luxembourgish[11] keng [kʰæŋ] 'nobody' See Luxembourgish phonology
Macedonian aнглиски [ˈaŋɡliski] 'English' Occurs occasionally as an allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/. See Macedonian phonology
Luganda ŋaaŋa [ŋɑːŋɑ] "hornbill"
Malay bangun [bäŋon] 'wake up'
Malayalam[3] മാങ്ങ [maːŋŋɐ] 'mango'
Māori[12] ngā [ŋaː] 'the'
Marathi संगणक [səŋɡəɳək] 'computer' See Marathi phonology
Mari еҥ [jeŋ] 'human'
Nganasan ӈаӈ [ŋaŋ] 'mouth'
Nivkh ңамг [ŋamɡ] 'seven'
North Frisian Mooring kåchelng [ˈkɔxəlŋ] 'stove'
Norwegian gang [ɡɑŋ] 'hallway' See Norwegian phonology
Punjabi ਵੰ [vəŋ] 'bangle'
Persian رنگ [ræːŋɡ] 'color' See Persian phonology
Pipil nemanha [nemaŋa] 'later'
Polish[13] bank [bäŋk] 'bank' Allophone of /n/ before /k, ɡ, x/; post-palatal before /kʲ, ɡʲ/.[14][15] See Polish phonology
Occitan Provençal vin [viŋ] 'wine'
Rapanui hanga [haŋa] 'bay' Sometimes written g in Rapanui
Romanian Țara Moților Transylvanian[16] câine [kɨŋi] 'dog' Corresponds to [n] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[17] станка / stanka [stâːŋka] 'pause' Allophone of /n/ before /k, ɡ/.[17] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Seri comcáac [koŋˈkaak] 'Seri people'
Shona nanga [ŋaŋɡa] 'witch-doctor'
Slovene tank [taŋk] 'tank'
Spanish[18] domingo [d̪o̞ˈmĩŋɡo̞] 'Sunday' Allophone of /n/. See Spanish phonology
Swahili ng'ombe [ŋɔmbɛ] 'cow'
Swedish ingenting [ɪŋɛnˈtʰɪŋ] 'nothing' See Swedish phonology
Thai าน [ŋaːn] 'work'
Tuamotuan rangi/ragi [ŋaːn] 'sky'
Tundra Nenets ӈэва [ŋæewa] 'head'
Turkmen birmeňzeş [biɾmeŋðeʃ] 'identical'
Venetian man [maŋ] 'hand'
Vietnamese[19] ngà [ŋaː˨˩] 'ivory'See Vietnamese phonology
Welsh rhwng [r̥ʊŋ] 'between'
West Frisian kening [ˈkeːnɪŋ] 'king'
Yi /nga [ŋa˧] 'I'
Yanyuwa[20] [waŋ̄ulu] 'adolescent boy' Post-velar;[20] Contrasts with pre-velar nasal.[20]
Yup'ik ungungssiq [uŋuŋssiq] 'animal'
Zapotec Tilquiapan[21] yan [jaŋ] 'neck' Word-final allophone of lenis /n/

See also

References

Bibliography

  • Anderson, Gregory D. S. (2008), "The Velar Nasal", in Haspelmath, Martin; Dryer, Matthew S; Gil, David; et al., The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, retrieved 2008-04-30 
  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618 
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company 
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278 
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X 
  • Gussmann, Edmund (1974), "Nasality in Polish and English", in Fisiak, Jacek, Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics (PDF) 2, Poznań: Adam Mickiewicz University, pp. 105–122 
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191 
  • Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press 
  • Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants: An Introduction to the Sounds of Languages 1, Wiley-Blackwell 
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8. 
  • Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7 
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373 
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344 
  • Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21 (2): 94–97, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X 
  • Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J., III (2010), "The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40 (2): 199–215, doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296 
  • Ostaszewska, Danuta; Tambor, Jolanta (2000), Fonetyka i fonologia współczesnego języka polskiego, Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, ISBN 83-01-12992-1 
  • Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj 
  • Reed, A.W. (2001), Kāretu, Timoti, ed., The Reed Concise Māori Dictionary 
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628 
  • Wells, J.C. (1989), "Computer-Coded Phonemic Notation of Individual Languages of the European Community", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 19 (1): 31–54, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005892 
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