Voiceless velar affricate

Voiceless velar affricate
k͡x
k͜x
kx
Sound
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The voiceless velar affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨k͡x⟩.

Features

Features of the voiceless velar affricate:

• Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.

• Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue at the soft palate.

• Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.

• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.

• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Bavarian	Dialects spoken in Tyrol	Kchind	[ˈk͡xind̥]	'child'
Dutch	Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[1]	blik	[ˈblɪk͡x]	'plate'	Optional pre-pausal allophone of /k/.[1] See Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology
English	Broad Cockney[2]	cab	[ˈk͡xɛˑb̥]	'cab'	Possible word-initial, intervocalic and word-final allophone of /k/.[3] See English phonology
	New Zealand[4]				Word-initial allophone of /k/.[4] See English phonology
	Received Pronunciation[5]		[ˈk͡xaˑb̥]		Occasional allophone of /k/.[5] See English phonology
	North Wales[6]				Word-initial and word-final allophone of /k/; in free variation with a strongly aspirated stop [kʰ].[6] See English phonology
	Scouse[7]				Possible syllable-initial and word-final allophone of /k/.[7] See English phonology
German	Standard Austrian[8]	Kübel	[ˈk͡xyːbœl]	'bucket'	Possible realization of /k/ before front vowels.[8] See Standard German phonology
	Old dialect of Dinkelberg	Anke	[ˈɑŋk͡xə]	'butter'
	Swiss dialects	Sack	[z̥ɑk͡x]	'bag'	May be actually uvular [q͡χ] in some dialects.
Korean[9]					Allophone of /kʰ/ before /ɯ/.[9] See Korean phonology
Lakota		lakhóta	[laˈk͡xota]	'Lakota'	Allophone of /kʰ/ before /a/, /ã/, /ɯ/, /ĩ/, and /ũ/.
Navajo		ashkii	[aʃk͡xiː]	'boy'	See Navajo phonology
!Xóõ					Used in pulmonic-contour clicks.

References

1. Peters (2010), p. 240.
2. Wells (1982), pp. 322-323.
3. Wells (1982), p. 323.
4. Bauer et al. (2007), p. 100.
5. Cruttenden (2014), p. 172.
6. Penhallurick (2004), pp. 108-109.
7. Wells (1982), p. 372.
8. Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter (2015), p. 341.
9. Shin, Kiaer & Cha (2012), p. 77.

Bibliography

• Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
• Moosmüller, Sylvia; Schmid, Carolin; Brandstätter, Julia (2015), "Standard Austrian German", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 45 (03): 339–348, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000055
• Penhallurick, Robert (2004), "Welsh English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive, A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 98–112, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
• Peters, Jörg (2010), "The Flemish–Brabant dialect of Orsmaal–Gussenhoven", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40 (2): 239–246, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000083
• Shin, Ji-young; Kiaer, Ji-eun; Cha, Jae-eun (2012). The Sounds of Korean. ISBN 9781107030053.
• Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English 2: The British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24224-X.

See also

• Index of phonetics articles

References