Khandeshi language

Khandeshi
Ahirani
ख़ानदेशी / अहिरणी
Native to	Maharashtra, India
Region	Khandesh
Native speakers	1.9 million (2001 census)[1]
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Western[2] Khandeshi
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either: khn – Khandeshi ahr – Ahirani (duplicate code)
Glottolog	khan1272[3]
Location of the Khandesh region in India
Location of the Khandesh region within Maharashtra

Khandeshi is an Indo-Aryan language in the Maharashtra state of India. It is spoken in the Khandesh region, wedged between the territory of Bhili and that of Marathi. It consists of Khandeshi proper, and the Dangri and Ahirani dialects.^[4] The words "Ahirani" and "Khandeshi" are sometimes used interchangeably: Ahirani as the caste-based name (after Ahirs), and Khandesh as the region-based name.

Etymology

Khandeshi is named after the Khandesh region. There are various theories about the origin of the word Khanesh. One theory states that the name derives from the words "Khan" (a title used by the Mughal deputies in the region) and "desh" (country). Another theory suggests the name derives from the words "Kanha" and "desh"; "Kanha" is a name for Krishna, the primary deity worshipped by the Ahir people of the region. Other theories suggests the varying origins of the word "Khan", including "Kanbai" (a regional female deity), "Kahan" (hay or grass) and "Khaan" ("basin", as in basin of the Waghur river). A detailed study of the various etymologies of the word Khandesh appears in the book Ahirani Boli by Dr. Ramesh Suryawanshi.

Dialects

Ahirani is a major dialect of Khandeshi. It was originally spoken by the Ahirs (cattle herders) living in the Khandesh region. It is further divided into region-based sub-dialects such as Chalisgaon, Dhule, Malegaon and Dhule group. Ahirani is spoken in the Jalgaon (except Bhusaval, Jamner, Bodwad and Muktainagar) and Nandurbar, Dhule. Outside Khandesh, it is spoken in some parts of Nashik (Baglan, Malegaon and Kalwan tehsils) and Aurangabad. People in the tehsils of Chopda, Amalner, Sakri, Dondaiche, Shirpur, Taloda, Shahada, Dhadgaon, Akkalkuwa, Parola, Erandol, Satana, Malegaon, Baglan also speak Ahirani. In the neighboring state of Gujarat, it is spoken in Surat and Vyara, and in Madhya Pradesh, Ahirani is spoken in and around Amba-Varla. Research by Dr. Ramesh Suryawashi suggests that the Ahirani dialect is also spoken in Dharni tehsil of Amravati district, around the Melghat Tiger Reserve forest area. But it is known as Gavali Boli there. Around 30-35 thousand people speak Gavai boli in 40 villages.

According to the 1971 census of India, the number of people who declared Ahirani as their mother tongue was 363,780. A 2011 estimate of the population of the Dhulia, Jalgaon and Nandurbar districts, and the Ahirani speaker tehsils of Aurangabad and Nasik district was 10 million.

The non-Ahirs in the region (such as Lewa, Wani, Bhill and Pardeshi castes) started speaking variants of Ahirani mixed with their dialects while interacting with the Ahirs, which led to the birth of other dialects of the language. Chandwadi is spoken around Chandwad hills, Nandubari is spoken around Nandurbar, Jamnerior Tawadi is spoken around Jamner tehsil, Taptangi is spoken by the side of Tapi, Tapti river. Dongarangi is spoken by the side of forest Ajanta hills. All these are region-based names for Khandeshi sub-dialects. Ahirani, Gujari, Bhilau, Maharau, Lewa and Purbhi all are social (caste-based) categories of Khandeshi. Several castes speak their own dialect at home but use Khandeshi for their daily communication outside their communities.

Grammar and vocabulary

The Standard Marathi and Ahirani show considerable difference at various levels of structures. This indicates that the source and development of these two dialects are independent. Some of the peculiarities of Ahirani show closeness to Rajashthani and Gujarati.

Borrowing and bending the words from Hindi, Marathi and Gujarati, Ahirani has created its own words not found in any of these languages. Ahirani is basically in colloquial form and uses the Devanagari script for its writing.

Educated Khandeshis speak standard Marathi as well as Ahirani. In the urban areas, Ahirani is losing its popularity among such people to standard Marathi, but in the rural areas, Ahirani dominates. The language is widely used among the farmers and villagers. It is also known for its secret words used by goldsmiths, cattle sellers, fruit-purchasers, known only to the members of that community.

Literature

Being a rural language, Ahirani has not produced much literature. Bahinabai Chaudhari (1880-1951) is a well-known poet of Khandesh, and the study of her literature is studied and included in Marathi language sources. The language in her poems is different from Ahirani, but affected by Ahirani. Some say the poet is not Ahirani, but Lewa (a dialect of Khandeshi).

Linguistic research

Dr. Ramesh Sitaram Suryawanshi has authored seven works on Ahirani:

• Ahirani Bhasha Vaidnynik Abhyasa (1997), a linguistic study, which explains the grammar formation of words and formation of sentences in Ahirani. Akshaya Prakashan, Pune
• Ahirani-shabdkosh (1997), the first dictionary of the Ahirani dialect, with nearly 10000 words arranged lexicographically. Akshaya Prakashan, Pune
• Aharani Mhani Ani Wakprachar (1997) records one thousand sayings and four thousand proverbs in the Ahirani dialect, with the illustration of their meanings. Akshaya Prakashan, Pune
• Khandeshatil Krishak Jivan Sachitra Kosha (2002), a pictorial dictionary of words used by the farmers in Khandesh. The book contains pictures of the tools used by farmers, with all tools and parts labeled with local names in Ahirani dialect. Published by Maharashtra State Government's Sahitya Ani Sanskriti Mandal, Mumbai.
• Khandeshatil Mhani (2010) ISBN 978-81-920256-2-9, Abhyasika, Kannad. Dist Aurangabad June -2010 Pages 224
• Boli Aani Praman Bhasha (2010) in Khandeshi. ISBN 978-81-920256-0-5, Abhyasika, Kannad
• Loksahitya Aani Abhyas Vishay (2010) in Khandeshi. ISBN 978-81-920256-1-2, Abhyasika, Kannad.

References

1. Khandeshi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
   Ahirani (duplicate code) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
2. Ernst Kausen, 2006. Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen (Microsoft Word, 133 KB)
3. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Khandesi". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
4. Robert Vane Russell (1916). pt. II. Descriptive articles on the principal castes and tribes of the Central Provinces. Macmillan and Company, limited. pp. 19–.