Saraiki dialect

Saraiki
  • سرائیکی  
  •   सराइकी

Saraiki in Shahmukhi script (Nastaʿlīq style)
Native to Pakistan, India[1]
Region mainly South Punjab
Native speakers
 20 million (2013)[2]
Dialects
Riasati (Riyasati–Bahawalpuri)
Persian alphabet, Laṇḍā scripts particularly Gurumukhi, Devanagari script, Langdi script
Official status
Regulated by No official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-3 skr
Glottolog sera1259[3]

Saraiki (Shahmukhi: سرائیکی) is a dialect of the Punjabi language.[4] It is spoken by 20 million people (2013)[5] across the South Punjab, southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and border regions of North Sindh and Eastern Balochistan, with some 70,000 migrants and their descendants in India,[1] who migrated as a result of the partition of British India, as well as overseas, especially in the Middle East. Saraiki is also spoken by some Hindus in Afghanistan, though the number is unknown.[6]

It follows the standardized Punjabi Shahmukhi script for writing.[7][8]

Etymology

The word sarāiki likely originated from sauvīrā, or Sauvira,[9] a kingdom name in ancient India which was also mentioned in the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata. By adding adjectival suffix -kī to the word sauvīrā it became sauvīrakī. The consonant v with its neighboring vowels was dropped for simplification and hence the name became sarāiki. Although George Abraham Grierson reported that sirāiki (that was the spelling he used) is from a Sindhi word sirō, meaning "of the north, northern", Shackle[10]:388 asserts that this etymology is unverified. Another view is that sarāiki originates from the word sarai.

The most common rendering of the name is Saraiki. However, Seraiki and Siraiki have also been used in academia until recently. Precise spelling aside, the name was adopted in the 1960s by regional social and political leaders. An organization named Saraiki Academy was founded in Multan on 6 April 1962 and gave the name of universal application to the dialect.[10] Currently, Saraiki is the spelling used in universities of Pakistan (the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, department of Saraiki established in 1989,[11] Bahauddin Zakariya University, in Multan, department of Saraiki established in 2006,[12] and Allama Iqbal Open University, in Islamabad, department of Pakistani languages established in 1998),[13] and by the district governments of Bahawalpur[14] and Multan,[15] as well as by the federal institutions of the Government of Pakistan like Population Census Organization[16] and Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation.[17]

Classification and related languages

Saraiki Area Study Center Multan, inaugurated by then Prime Minister of Pakistan Yousaf Raza Gillani

Saraiki is a member of the Indo-Aryan subdivision of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. Standard Punjabi and Saraiki (South Punjabi) are mutually intelligible; they slightly differ in consonant inventory and in the structure of the verb. Saraiki is about 80% intelligible with Dogri.

In 1919, Grierson maintained that the dialects of what is now the southwest of Punjab Province in Pakistan constitute a dialect cluster, which he designated "Southern Lahnda" within a putative "Lahnda language". Subsequent Indo-Aryanist linguists have confirmed the reality of this dialect cluster, even while rejecting the name "Southern Lahnda" along with the entity "Lahnda" itself.[18]:18–20 Grierson also maintained that "Lahnda" was his novel designation for various dialects up to then called "Western Punjabi", spoken north, west, and south of Lahore. The local dialect of Lahore is the Majhi dialect of Punjabi, which has long been the basis of standard literary Punjabi.[19] However, outside of Indo-Aryanist circles, the concept of "Lahnda" is still found in compilations of the world's languages (e.g. Ethnologue).

The historical inventory of names for the dialects now called Saraiki is a confusion of overlapping or conflicting ethnic, local, and regional designations. "Hindki" and "Hindko" – which means merely "of India" – refer to various Saraiki and even non-Saraiki dialects in Punjab Province and farther north within the country, due to the fact they were applied by arrivals from Afghanistan. One historical name for Saraiki, Jaṭki, means "of the Jaṭṭs", a northern South Asian ethnic group; but Jaṭṭs speak the Indo-Aryan dialect of whatever region they live in. Only a small minority of Saraiki speakers are Jaṭṭs, and not all Saraiki speaking Jaṭṭs necessarily speak the same dialect of Saraiki. However, these people usually call their traditions as well as language as Jataki. Conversely, several Saraiki dialects have multiple names corresponding to different locales or demographic groups. When consulting sources before 2000, it is important to know that Pakistani administrative boundaries have been altered frequently. Provinces in Pakistan are divided into districts, and sources on "Saraiki" often describe the territory of a dialect or dialect group according to the districts. Since the founding of Pakistan in 1947, several of these districts have been subdivided, some multiple times. Until 2001, the territorial structure of Pakistan included a layer of divisions between a province and it's districts. The name dialect name "Ḍerawali" is used to refer to the local dialects of both Dera Ghazi Khan and Dera Ismail Khan, but "Ḍerawali" in the former is the Multani dialect and "Ḍerawali" in the latter is the Thaḷi dialect.[18]:Appendix I:220–245[19]:239ff

Status of language or dialect

Punjabi dialects.
Further information: Punjabi dialects

Since Sindhi, Punjabi, Urdu and Hindi are spoken in a region that has witnessed significant ethnic and identity conflict, all have been exposed to the dialect versus language question. Each of these languages possesses a central standard on which its literature is based, and from which there are multiple dialectal variations.[20]

According to some, Saraiki is a separate language with its own standard as opposed to a dialect of Punjabi.[21] The development of the standard written language began after the founding of Pakistan in 1947, driven by a regionalist political movement.[10][22]:838 The national census of Pakistan has tabulated the prevalence of Saraiki speakers since 1981.[23]:46

On the other hand, Saraiki can be considered a dialect of Punjabi, because Saraiki is mutually intelligible with and morphologically and syntactically similar to standard Punjabi agreed by majority of local linguists such as Dulai, K Narinder, Gill, Harjeet Singh Gill, A Henry. Gleason (Jr), Koul, N Omkar, Siya Madhu Bala, Afzal Ahmed Cheema, Aamir Malik, Amar Nath [24][25][26][27] as well as modern linguistics publications such as US National advisory Committee based The UCLA Language Materials Project (LMP) along with modern linguistics such as Lambert M Surhone, Mariam T Tennoe, Susan F Henssonow, Cardona and Nataliia Ivanovna Tolstaia classifying Saraiki as a dialect of Punjabi.[28][29][30][31]

In Sindh province (Pakistan) it is considered a dialect of Sindhi spoken in the ten northern districts of the province. There is also a debate about it being the earliest form of the Urdu language after the first Muslim ruler in (historical) India and made Multan the capital of Sindh.[32]

Geographic distribution

Pakistan

Today, millions of people from North Sindh, South Punjab, and Eastern Balochistan province speak Saraiki.

The first national census of Pakistan to gather data on the prevalence of Saraiki was the census of 1981.[23] In that year, the percentage of respondents nationwide reporting Saraiki as their native language was 9.83. In the census of 1998, it was 10.53 out of a national population of 132 million, for a figure of 13.9 million Saraiki speakers resident in Pakistan. Also according to the 1998 census, 12.8 million of those, or 92%, lived in the province of Punjab.[33] Following is the distribution of Saraiki in the four provinces of Pakistan:

Punjab Sindh Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Balochistan
MultanDadu Dera Ismail KhanJafarabad
BahwalpurGhotkiTankNaseerabad
Dera Ghazi KhanJacobabadBannuJhal Magsi
LodhranNaushahro FerozeMusa Khel (as second language)
MuzaffargarhKashmoreBarkhan
Rahimyar KhanShikarpurSibi
RajanpurSukhar
Khairpur
Qamber Shahdadkot
Larkana

India

According to the Indian national census of 2001, Saraiki is spoken in urban areas throughout northwest and north central India by a total of about 70,000 people, mainly by the descendants of migrants from western Punjab after the independence of Pakistan in 1947. Some of these speakers are settled in Andhra Pradesh who went and settled there before the independence because of their pastoral and nomadic way of life, and these are Muslims.[34] Out of these total speakers of the language, 56,096 persons report their dialect as Mūltānī and by 11,873 individuals report their dialect as Bahāwalpurī.[1] One dialects of Saraiki that is spoken by Indian Saraikis is Derawali, spoken by Derawals in Derawal Nagar, Delhi who migrated to India during the independence.[35] The dialects of Saraiki spoken in India are "Bahawalpuri (Bhawalpuri, Reasati, Riasati), Jafri, Jatki, Siraiki Hindki, Thali".[21] Saraiki is spoken in Karnal, Faridabad, Ballabhgarh, Palwal, Rewari, Sirsa, Fatehabad, Hisar, Bhiwani, Panipat districts of Haryana, some area of Delhi and Ganganagar district, Jaipur, Hanumangarh and Bikaner districts of Rajasthan.

Afghanistan

In Afghanistan, Kandhari, a dialect of Multani Saraiki is a native language of the Hindki. Before the influx of Pathans into the region, the most common spoken dialect in Kandahar was Saraiki, namely the Kandhari or Jataki dialect.[6]

Outside South Asia

Many Saraiki migrants are in Middle East, Europe and America with smaller communities in Australia, South East Asia and China. Saraiki is spoken in Saudi Arabia. In the United Kingdom Saraiki is spoken by migrants. In Canada, China, South Africa and the USA, Saraiki is spoken.

Phonology

Saraiki and Sindhi both have somewhat similar consonant inventories.[18] This inventory includes phonemically distinctive implosive consonants, which makes Sindhi and Saraiki unusual among the Indo-European languages (and not just among the Indo-Aryan languages). According to Shackle, C. 1976. The Saraiki Language of Central Pakistan: A Reference Grammar. Unwin Brothers Limited. Saraiki has 48 consonants and 35 vowels.[36] Other work claims that there are 58 consonants and 16 vowels in Saraiki.[37]

Vowels

Saraiki has three short vowels, seven long vowels and six nasal vowels.

Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e ə o
Open a ɑ

Saraiki also has the diphthongs /ai/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/.

Consonants

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive /
affricate		 voiceless p t̪ t t͡ʃ k ʔ
voiceless aspirated pʰ t̪ʰ tʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ
voiced b d̪ d d͡ʒ a
voiced aspirated bʱ d̪ʱ dʱ d͡ʒʱ ɡʱ
implosive ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ
Nasal plain m n ɳ ɲ ŋ
aspirated mʱ nʱ
Fricative voiceless f ɳ ʃ x h
voiced v z ʒ ɣ
Trill plain ɲ
aspirated rʱ
Flap plain ɽ
aspirated ɽʱ
Approximant plain l j
aspirated lʱ

Writing system

There are three writing systems for Saraiki, though very few Saraiki speakers—even those literate in other languages—are able to read or write Saraiki in any writing system. The most common Saraiki writing system today is the Persian script, which has also been adapted for use on computers. Saraiki has a 45-letter alphabet including 39 of the Urdu alphabet and five letters unique to Saraiki. The Saraiki keyboard can also be used for other languages such as Standard dialect of Punjabi & Kashmiri. The Devanagari and Gurmukhi scripts, written from left to right, were used by Sikhs and Hindus.[38] Though not used in present-day Pakistan, there are still emigrant speakers in India who know Devanagari script for Saraiki.[39][40] Traders or bookkeepers wrote in a script known as Langdi, although use of this script has been significantly reduced in recent times. Likewise, a script related to the Landa scripts family, known as Multani, was previously used to write Saraiki.Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Multani Script in ISO/IEC 10646 is submitted by Anshuman Pandey, on 26-04-2011.[41] Saraiki Unicode has been approved in 2005.[42]

Here is an example of Saraiki poetry by Khwaja Ghulam Farid: Saraiki: اپڑیں ملک کوں آپ وسا توں ۔ پٹ انگریزی تھانے The transliteration from and to Persian and Devanagari scripts for Saraiki language can be made online.[43]

Devanagari script

In India, the Devanagari script is also used to write Saraiki. A modern version was introduced by the government of India in 1948; however, it did not gain full acceptance, so both the Saraiki-Arabic and Devanagari scripts are used. In India a person may write a Sindhi language paper for a Civil Services Examination in either script . Diacritical bars below the letter are used to mark implosive consonants, and dots called nukta are used to form other additional consonants.

अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ए ऐ ओ औ
ə a j i ʊ uː e ɛ o ɔ
क ख ख़ ग ॻ ग़ घ ङ
k kʰ x a ɠ ɣ ɡʱ ŋ
च छ ज ॼ ज़ झ ञ
ɣ cʰ ɟ ʄ z ɟʱ ɲ
ट ठ ड ॾ ड़ ढ ढ़ ण
ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ɗ ɽ ɖʱ ɽʱ ɳ
त थ द ध न
t tʰ d dʱ n
प फ फ़ ब ॿ भ म
p pʰ f b ɓ bʱ m
य र ल व
j ɲ l ʋ
श ष स ह
ʃ ʂ ɳ h

Saraiki numerals

The Saraiki numerals (also called Arabic–Indic numerals and Arabic Eastern numerals) are the symbols (٠‎ ١‎ ٢‎ ٣‎ ٤‎ ٥‎ ٦‎ ٧‎ ٨‎ ٩‎) used to represent the Hindu–Arabic numeral system in conjunction with the Arabic alphabet in the countries of the Arab east, and its variant in other languages and countries.

Hindu–Arabic 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Saraiki ٠ ١ ٢ ٣ ٤ ٥ ٦ ٧ ٨ ٩

Saraiki in academia

Department of Saraiki, Islamia University, Bahawalpur was established in 1989[11] and Department of Saraiki, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan[12] was established in 2006. Saraiki is taught as subject in schools and colleges at higher secondary, intermediate and degree level. Allama Iqbal open university Islamabad,[13] and Al-Khair university Bhimbir have their Pakistani Linguistics Departments. They are offering M.Phil. and Ph.D in Saraiki. Associated Press of Pakistan has launched its site in Saraiki also.[44]

Arts and literature

Main article: Saraiki literature
See also: Saraiki culture
Tomb of Sufi poet Khwaja Ghulam Farid

Khawaja Ghulam Farid (1845–1901; his famous collection is Deewan-e-Farid) and Sachal Sar Mast (1739–1829) are the most celebrated Sufi poets in Saraiki and their poems known as Kafi are still famous.

The beloved's intense glances call for blood
The dark hair wildly flows The Kohl of the eyes is fiercely black
And slays the lovers with no excuse
My appearance in ruins, I sit and wait
While the beloved has settled in Malheer I feel the sting of the cruel dart
My heart the, abode of pain and grief A life of tears, I have led Farid
—one of Khwaja Ghulam Farid's poems (translated)

Shakir Shujabadi[45] (Kalam-e-Shakir, Khuda Janey, Shakir Diyan Ghazlan, Peelay Patr, Munafqan Tu Khuda Bachaway, and Shakir De Dohray are his famous books) is a very well recognized modern poet.

Famous singers who have performed in Saraiki include Attaullah Khan Essa Khailwi, Pathanay Khan, Abida Parveen, Ustad Muhammad Juman, Mansoor Malangi, Talib Hussain Dard, Kamal Mahsud, and The Sketches. Many modern Pakistan singers such as Hadiqa Kiyani and Ali Zafar have also sung Saraiki folk songs.

Saraiki media

Television channels

Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani on Monday said southern Punjab is rich in cultural heritage which needs to be promoted for next generations. In a message on the launch of Saraiki channel by Pakistan Television (PTV) in Multan, Prime Minister Gilani said the step would help promote the rich heritage of 'Saraiki Belt'.[46]

TV Channel Genre Founded Official Website
Waseb TV (وسیب)Entertainmenthttp://www.waseb.tv/
Kook TV (کوک)
Rohi TV (روہی)Entertainment http://www.rohi.tv/
PTV MULTAN (پی ٹی وی ملتان)Entertainment http://ptv.com.pk/ (presents programmes in Saraiki)
PTV National (پی ٹی وی نیشنل)Entertainment http://ptv.com.pk/ (presents programmes in Saraiki along with other regional languages)

Radio

These are not dedicated Saraiki channels but play most programmes in Saraiki.

Radio Channel Genre Founded Official Website
Radio Pakistan AM1035 MultanEntertainmenthttp://www.radio.gov.pk/
Radio Pakistan AM1341 BahawalpurEntertainmenthttp://www.radio.gov.pk/
Radio Pakistan AM1400 Dera ismaeel khanEntertainmenthttp://www.radio.gov.pk/
FM101 MultanEntertainment http://www.fm101.gov.pk/
FM93 MultanEntertainment http://www.fm101.gov.pk/
FM96.4 MultanEntertainment http://www.fm101.gov.pk/
FM103 MultanEntertainment http://www.fm101.gov.pk/
FM106 KhanprEntertainment
FM98 LodhranEntertainment
FM105 BahawalpurEntertainment FM105 Saraiki Awaz Sadiq AbadEntertainment

Newspapers

Newspaper City(ies) Founded Official Website
Jhok (جھوک)Multan, Khanpur, Dera Ismail khan, Karachi
Kook (كوک)Karachi
Al-Manzoor (المنظور) Taunsa Sharif http://almanzoor.blogspot.com/

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Abstract of speakers’ strength of languages and mother tongues – 2001". Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  2. ↑ Saraiki at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  3. ↑ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Seraiki". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
  4. ↑ Rana Dasgupta 2014.
  5. ↑ "Saraiki". Ethnologue.
  6. 1 2 UNHCR. "Pakistan/India/Afghanistan: Multani language; extent to which it is used by Sikhs and Hindus in Afghanistan (Kandahar/Lashkargah)". Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. Retrieved 7 March 2014. Hindus have always lived in Afghanistan. That's one reason why they call themselves Kandharis and not Multanis and Seraikies. Some of the old temples in the area also point to this theory. The word Kandh in Seraiki means wall. Kandahar used to have many walls. The Hilmand river flowing in that area was labelled 'Rud-e-hind-wa-Sind' by Arabic manuscripts. Before the influx of Pashtoons the inhabitants of Kandahar spoke Seraiki. The Pashtoons labelled their language 'Jataki'. The language spoken by Afghan Hindus in Kandahar known as Kandhari is probably 'Jataki'. (The writer attributes this entire quotation, verbatim, to a page in Ethnologue that does not exist as of March 2014.)
  7. ↑ http://www.omniglot.com/writing/punjabi.htm: Shahmukhi Alphabet Example
  8. ↑ http://www.apnaorg.com/shahmukhi/ : Shahmukhi Alphabets
  9. ↑ A.H. Dani, Sindhu-Sauvira: A glimpse into the early history of Sind In Hameeda Khusro (ed), Sind Through The Centuries (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1981) pp. 35-42
  10. 1 2 3 Shackle, C. 1977. Saraiki: A Language Movement in Pakistan. Modern Asian Studies, 11(3):379-403.
  11. 1 2 "The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Pakistan - Department". iub.edu.pk.
  12. 1 2 "- Bahauddin Zakariya University,Multan,Pakistan(bzu)". bzu.edu.pk.
  13. 1 2 "Department Detail". aiou.edu.pk.
  14. ↑ "Account Suspended". bahawalpur.gov.pk.
  15. ↑ "Introduction -City District Government Multan". multan.gov.pk.
  16. ↑ Population by Mother Tongue, website of the Population Census organization of Pakistan
  17. ↑ Saraiki News Bulletins, website of Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation
  18. 1 2 3 Masica, Colin. 1991. The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge University Press.
  19. 1 2 Grierson, George A. 1919. Linguistic survey of India. vol. VIII, Part 1. Calcutta. Reprinted 1968 by Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi.
  20. ↑ Bailey, Rev. T. Grahame. 1904. Panjabi Grammar. Lahore: Punjab Government Press.
  21. 1 2 "Seraiki", Ethnologue. Accessed 7 March 2014. "Until recently it was considered a dialect of Panjabi." "A new literary language based on south Lahnda dialects, especially Multani and Bahawalpuri. Hindu, Sikh."
  22. ↑ Rahman, Tariq. 1997. "Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan." Asian Survey, 1997 Sep., 37(9):833-839.
  23. 1 2 Javaid, Umbreen (2004). "Saraiki political movement: its impact in south Punjab" (PDF). Journal of Research (Humanities) (Lahore: Department of English Language & Literature, University of the Punjab) 40 (2): 45–55. External link in |journal= (help) (This PDF contains multiple articles from the same issue.)
  24. ↑ Dulai, Narinder K. 1989. A Pedagogical Grammar of Punjabi. Patiala: Indian Institute of Language Studies.
  25. ↑ Gill, Harjeet Singh Gill and Henry A. Gleason, Jr: A Reference Grammar of Punjabi: Patiala University Press
  26. ↑ Koul, Omkar N. and Madhu Bala :Punjabi Language and Linguistics: An Annotated Bibliography: New Delhi: Indian Institute of Language Studies
  27. ↑ Malik, Amar Nath, Afzal Ahmed Cheema : 1995 : The Phonology and Morphology of Panjabi: New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers
  28. ↑ "The Indo-Aryan Languages". google.com. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  29. ↑ "UCLA Language Materials Project: Language Profile". ucla.edu. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  30. ↑ Lambert M Surhone, Mariam T Tennoe, Susan F Henssonow:2012:Punjabi Dialects:Beta script publishing:6134873527, 9786134873529
  31. ↑ "The Panjabi Language". google.com.pk. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  32. ↑ Itagi, N. H. (1994). Spatial Aspects of Language. Central Institute of Indian Languages. p. 70. ISBN 81-7342-009-2.
  33. ↑ Pakistan census 1998
  34. ↑ "Kahan se aa gai (کہاں سے کہاں آ گئے)". Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  35. ↑ "Colonies, posh and model in name only!". NCR Tribune. Retrieved 2007-12-16.
  36. ↑ "PHOIBLE Online -". phoible.org.
  37. ↑ پرویز قادر. "سرائیکی ساݙی قومی زبان ہے". siraiki.blogspot.com.
  38. ↑ Ager, Simon. "Saraiki (ਸਰਾਇਕੀ / सराइकी / سرائيكى)". Omniglot. In Pakistan Saraiki is written with a version of Perso-Arabic alphabet, while in India the Gurmukhi and Devanagari alphabets are used, especially by Hindus.
  39. ↑ "Saraiki Devanagari Machine Transliteration System". South and Southeast Asian NLP. Retrieved 2 January 2016. Seraiki is mainly spoken in the southern Punjab in Pakistan. It is also used by Seraiki community in India. Like Punjabi, it is also written in two mutually incomprehensible scripts, one being the Shahmukhi script used for Punjabi with addition of extra four characters given in Figure 1 and the other being Devanagari with additional characters that have been added in Devanagari Unicode chart for Sindhi language.
  40. ↑ "Multani poets relive memories of struggle". Indian Express. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 2007-12-08.
  41. ↑ Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Multani Script in ISO/IEC 10646
  42. ↑ "Unicode 4.1.0 (March 2005)". fileformat.info.
  43. ↑ Saraiki Online Transliteration
  44. ↑ "Associated Press Of Pakistan ( Pakistan's Premier NEWS Agency ) - Saraiki". app.com.pk.
  45. ↑ Shakir Shujabadi
  46. ↑ uploader. "Associated Press Of Pakistan ( Pakistan's Premier NEWS Agency ) - PTV’s Saraiki channel to promote area’s culture: PM". app.com.pk. C1 control character in |title= at position 70 (help)

Bibliography

External links

Saraiki dialect test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
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