Ktiv hasar niqqud
Ktiv hasar niqqud (Hebrew pronunciation: [ktiv ħaˈsaÊ niˈkud]; Hebrew: כתיב חסר × ×™×§×•×“â€Ž, literally "spelling lacking niqqud"), (colloquially known as ktiv male (IPA: [ktiv maˈle]; Hebrew: כתיב מל×‎), literally "full spelling") are the rules for writing Hebrew without vowel pointers (niqqud), often replacing them with matres lectionis (ו and ×™). To avoid confusion, consonantal ו ([v]) and ×™ ([j]) are doubled in the middle of words. In general use, niqqud are seldom used, except in specialized texts such as dictionaries, poetry, or texts for children or for new immigrants.
Comparison example
From a Hebrew translation of "The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe (translated by Eliyahu Tsifer)
| Ktiv male | With niqqud |
|---|---|
|
וילון של משי ×רגמן, ספק רשרוש, מסך מוכמן,
|
וִילוֹן שֶ×ל מֶשִ××™ ×ַרְגָּמָן, סָפֵק רִשְ×רוּש×, מָסָךְ מֻכְמָן,
|
| Added letters highlighted and respective phonemes | |
|---|---|
| viˈlon ʃel ˈmeʃi Ê”arÉ¡aˈman, saˈfek riʃˈruʃ, maˈsaχ muχˈman | וילון של משי ×רגמן, ספק רשרוש, מסך מוכמן, |
| hifħiˈduni, biÊ•aˈtuni, ħaʃaˈʃot Ê”ejˈma Ê”uˈslod | ×”×¤×—×™×“×•× ×™, ×‘×™×¢×ª×•× ×™, חששות ×ימה וסלוד, |
| paÊ•aˈmej liˈbi maˈkevet, bimˈʔots veˈɡam beˈʃevet, | פעמי לבי מקבת, במ×וץ ×•×’× ×‘×©×‘×ª, |
| haÊ”uʃˈpiz beˈʃot vaˈʃevet, Ê”et dalˈti heˈziz bimˈnod, | ×”×ושפיז בשוט ושבט, ×ת דלתי ×”×–×™×– ×‘×ž× ×•×“, |
| Ê”et dalˈti heˈziz heˈniaÊ•, ˈketev liʃkaˈti jaˈʃod, | ×ת דלתי ×”×–×™×– ×”× ×™×¢, קטב לשכתי ישוד, |
| Ê”almoˈni hu haÊ”oˈreaħ, Ê”almoˈni hu velo Ê•od | ××œ×ž×•× ×™ ×”×•× ×”×ורח, ××œ×ž×•× ×™ ×”×•× ×•×œ× ×¢×•×“! |
| ʃalvaˈti parˈsa knaˈfajim, hisuˈsaj Ê”afˈsu Ê”aˈpajim, | שלוותי פרשה ×›× ×¤×™×™×, היסוסי ×פסו ×פיי×, |
| Ê”aˈdon uɡˈveret, beχeˈnut Ê”afˈtsir Ê”esˈɡod, | ×דון וגברת, ×‘×›× ×•×ª ×פציר ×סגוד, |
| ken Ê•uvˈda hi, ʃʕat É¡loʃ, uveˈroχ jadˈχa taˈkoʃ, | כן עובדה ×”×™×, שעת גלוש, וברוך ידך תקוש, |
| medoˈri aˈzaj naˈloʃ, Ê•et heˈnadeta ˈʃadod, | מדורי ××–×™ × ×œ×•×©, עת ×”× ×“×ª שדוד, |
| lirvaˈħa dalˈti paˈrasti, ki noˈʕadeti lisˈrod, | לרווחה דלתי פרשתי, ×›×™ × ×•×¢×“×ª×™ לשרוד, |
| veˈʃur, haˈbet, rak ʃħor, lo Ê•od | ושור! הבט! רק שחור, ×œ× ×¢×•×“! |
| Note: In Modern Hebrew the letter ×— is commonly pronounced [χ] (not [ħ]), and the letter ×¢ is [Ê”] (not [Ê•]) if at all; i.e., often neither × nor ×¢ is pronounced. The consonants /ħ/ and /Ê•/ are pronounced daily only dialectally; sometimes however they are also pronounced in festive or theatrical contexts: in poetry readings, where a more distinct articulation than usual of the × as /Ê”/ would be common; thus the proposed transcription could be representative of a literary reading of this text, not representative of everyday Israeli speech. Similarly, the consonantal ×™ in the dual forms ×›× ×¤×™×™× /knaˈfajim/ and ××¤×™×™× /Ê”aˈpajim/ is distinctly pronounced [j] only dialectically or in festive or theatrical contexts and is otherwise not pronounced, resulting in the hiatus /ˈa.i/. | |
Historical examination
Ktiv haser
Ktiv haser (כתיב חסר) is writing whose consonants match those generally used in voweled text, but without the actual niqqud. For example, the words 'שֻ×לְחָן'and 'דִּבֵּר' written in ktiv haser are 'שלחן'and 'דבר'. In vowelled text, the niqqud indicate the correct vowels, but when the niqqud is missing, the text is difficult to read, and the reader must make use of the context of each word to know the correct reading.
A typical example of a Hebrew text written in ktiv haser is the Torah, read in synagogues (simply called the Torah reading). For assistance readers often use a Tikkun, a book in which the text of the Torah appears in two side-by-side versions, one identical to the text which appears in the Torah, and one with niqqud and cantillation.
Ktiv male
Because of the difficulty of reading unvowelled text, the Vaad HaLashon introduced the Rules for the Spelling-Without-Niqqud (כללי הכתיב חסר ×”× ×™×§×•×“), which in reality dictates ktiv male. This system mostly involved the addition of ו and ×™ to mark the different vowels. Later on, these rules were adopted by the Academy of the Hebrew Language, which continued to revise them, and they were mostly accepted by the public, mainly for official writing.
Ktiv haser became obsolete, and ktiv male has already been dominant for decades in unvowelled texts: all of the newspapers and books published in Hebrew are written in ktiv male – this is the norm. Additionally, it is common for children's books or texts for those with special needs to contain niqqud, but ktiv haser without niqqud is rare.
Despite the Academy's standardization of the rules for ktiv male, there is a substantial lack of unity in writing, partly because of a lack of grammatical knowledge, partly because of the historical layers of the language, and partly because of a number of linguistic categories in which the Academy's decisions are not popular. As a result, every book publisher and newspaper editor makes their own judgement.
Rules for spelling without niqqud
As is the norm for linguistic rules, the rules for spelling without niqqud are not entirely static. Changes occur from time to time, based on amassed experience. For example, originally the rules for spelling without niqqud dictated that "×שה" ("woman") should be written without a ×™ (to distinguish it from "×ישה" – "her husband"), but currently the exception has been removed, and now, the Academy prefers "×ישה". The last substantial change to the rules for spelling without niqqud was made in 1993 updated in 1996. The following is the summary of the current rules:[1]
- Every letter that appears in vowelled text also appears in unvowelled text.
- After a letter vowelled with a kubuts (the vowel /u/), the letter ו appears: קופסה‎, הופל‎, כול×.
- After a letter vowelled with a holam haser (the vowel /o/) the letter ו appears: בוקר‎, ישמור.
- After a letter vowelled with a hirik haser (the vowel /i/) the letter י appears: דיבור‎, יישוב‎, תעשייה. The letter י does not appear in the following situations:
- Before a shva nah, for example: הרגיש‎, ×ž× ×”×’â€Ž, דמיון (but "קילשון", because the lamed has a dagesh, and so the shva under it is a shva na);
- Words whose base forms do not contain the vowel /i/: לבי ‎(לב)‎, ×תך ‎(×ת)‎, ×¢×ª×™× â€Ž(עת);
- After affix letters, like in מביתו, מיד, הילד, and also in the words: ×¢×‎, ×”× ×” ‎(=×”Ö´× ÖµÖ¼×”, and inflected: עמי etc., ×”× ×• etc.), ××‎, מן;
- Before יו (/ju/ or /jo/): דיון‎, קיו×‎, בריות‎, × ×˜×™×•×ª.
- After a letter vowelled with a tsere (the vowel /e/) the letter ×™ generally does not appear )ממד ‎(=מֵמַד‎), ×זור ‎(=×ֵזוֹר‎)), but there are situations when ×™ does appears (תיבה‎, הישג) and in words in which tsere replaces hirik because the presence of a guttural letter (××”×—×¢"ר‎): תי×בון ‎(שיגעון‎), תי×בד ‎(תימצ×).
- Consonantal ו (the consonant /v/) is doubled in the middle of a word: תקווה‎, זווית. The letter is not doubled at the beginning or the end of a word: ורוד‎, ותיק‎, צו. Initial ו is doubled when an affix letter is added except for the affix ו- (meaning "and-"). Thus from the word "ורוד" is derived "הוורוד" but "וורוד" (that is, וּוֶרד).
- Consonantal ×™ (the consonant /j/) is doubled in the middle of a word, for example: ×‘× ×™×™×Ÿâ€Ž, הייתה. The letter is not doubled at the beginning of a word or after affix letters: ילד‎, ×™×¦× â€Ž(=יֵצֵ×‎), הילד.
- Still, consonantal ×™ is not doubled in the middle of a word when it is before or after mater lectionis: פרויקט‎, מסוי×‎, ר××™×” ‎(=ר×ָיָה‎), ×”×¤× ×™×”â€Ž, בעיה.
Those are the most basic rules. For every one of them are exceptions, described in the handbook "כללי הכתיב חסר ×”× ×™×§×•×“" that the Academy publishes in Hebrew.
Notes
- When a reader is likely to err in the reading of a word, the use of partial vowelling is recommended: ×žÖ´× ×”×œ (to distinguish it from ×ž× Ö·×”×œ).
- While the rules above apply to the writing of native Hebrew words, they are not used for spelling given names, which are frequently written in ktiv haser rather than ktiv male: שלמה‎, יעקב‎, כהן‎.
See also
References
External links
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