List of rulers of China

Qin Shi Huang – the first emperor of China

The list of rulers of China includes rulers of China with various titles. From the Zhou dynasty to the Qin dynasty, rulers usually held the title "king" (Chinese: 王; pinyin: wáng). With the separation of China into different Warring States, this title had become so common that the unifier of China, the first Qin Emperor Qin Shihuang created a new title for himself, that of "emperor" (pinyin: huángdì). The title of emperor of China continued to be used for the remainder of China's imperial history, right down to the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912. While many other monarchs existed in and around China throughout its history, this list covers only those with a quasi-legitimate claim to the majority of China, or those who have traditionally been named in king-lists. The following list of Chinese monarchs is in no way comprehensive. Chinese sovereigns were known by many different names, and how they should be identified is often confusing. Sometimes the same emperor is commonly known by two or three separate names, or the same name is used by emperors of different dynasties. The tables below do not necessarily include all of an emperor's names – for example, posthumous names could run to more than twenty characters and were rarely used in historical writing – but, where possible, the most commonly used name or naming convention has been indicated.

These tables may not necessarily represent the most recently updated information on Chinese monarchs; please check the page for the relevant dynasty for possible additional information.

Follow these links to see how they are related:

Family tree of ancient Chinese emperors → Chinese emperors family tree (early) → Chinese emperors family tree (middle) → Chinese emperors family tree (late)

Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors

Although it is ingrained in Chinese mythology that the earliest mythological rulers of China included three huáng (皇, generally translated "sovereign" or "august one", denoting demigod status) and five dì (帝, generally translated "emperor", but denoting much more reverential status than the modern term "emperor"). Their identities have differed between different sources, with some individuals such as the Yellow Emperor being regarded as either sovereign or emperor, depending on the source. The two characters would later be taken together by Qin Shihuang to form the new title huángdì (皇帝, emperor), thus claiming legendary status for himself. These figures are all legendary, not historical.

Sovereigns/Emperors	Title		Other names	Years of reign
Sovereign^1,4,5 (Empress^3)	Nǚwā	女媧	—	(180,000 Years)
Sovereign (Emperor^3)	Yǒucháo	有巢	—	(110,000 Years)
(Sovereign^4) Emperor^3	Suìrén	燧人	—	(456,000 Years)
Sovereign^1,4,5 (Emperor^2,3)	Fúxī	伏羲	—	2852–2737 BC
Sovereign^1 (Emperor^2,3)	Yán Emperor	炎帝	Shennong (神農)	2737–2699 BC
(Sovereign^5) Emperor^1,2	Yellow Emperor	黃帝	Gongsun Xuanyuan (公孫軒轅)	2699–2588 BC
Emperor^2	Shǎohào	少昊	Jintian-shi (金天氏)	2587–2491 BC
Emperor^1,2	Zhuānxū	顓頊	Gaoyang (高陽)	2490–2413 BC
Emperor^1	Kù	嚳	Gaoxin-shi (高辛氏)	2412–2343 BC
Emperor^1	Zhì	摯	Qingyang-shi (青陽氏)	2343–2333 BC
Emperor^1	Yáo	堯	Tangyao (唐堯)	2333–2234 BC
Emperor^1	Shùn	舜	Youyu (有虞)	2233–2184 BC
1 — According to the Records of the Grand Historian. 2 — According to the Chu Ci. 3 — According to the Book of Rites. 4 — According to the Shangshu dazhuan (尚書大傳) and Baihu tongyi (白虎通義). 5 — According to the Diwang shiji (帝王世紀)				Traditional dates are provided.

Xia dynasty

C. 2070–1600 BCE¹

Reign name²		Given name		Notes
		Yǔ	禹	Also known as: Dà Yǔ, 大禹 (Yǔ the Great)
		Qǐ	啟	Son of Yǔ; beginning of hereditary succession
Tài Kāng	太康	Kāng	康
Zhòng Kāng	仲康	Kāng	康
		Xiāng	相
No king				About 40 years
Shào Kāng	少康	Kāng	康
		Zhù	杼
		Huái	槐
		Máng	芒
		Xiè	洩
		Jiàng	降
		Jiōng	扃
Yìn Jiǎ	胤甲	Jǐn	廑
Kǒng Jiǎ	孔甲
		Gāo	皋
		Fā	發
Lǚ Guǐ	履癸	Jié	桀	Reign ended in Battle of Mingtiao
1 — The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide.
2 — The reign name is sometimes preceded by the name of the dynasty, Xià (夏).

Shang dynasty

C. 1600–1046 BCE¹

Temple name		Regnal name²		Given name³		Reign years^1	Capital
		Tiān Yǐ	天乙	Tāng	湯	1600–1300 BC	Bó 亳
		Wài Bǐng	外丙	Shèng	勝
		Zhòng Rén	仲壬	Yōng	庸
Tàizōng	太宗	Tài Jiǎ	太甲	Zhì	至
		Wò Dīng	沃丁	Xuàn	絢
		Tài Gēng	太庚	Biàn	辯
		Xiǎo Jiǎ	小甲	Gāo	高
		Yōng Jǐ	雍己	Zhòu	伷
		Tài Wù	太戊	Mì	密
		Zhòng Dīng	仲丁	Zhuāng	莊		Áo 隞
		Wài Rén	外壬	Fā	發
		Jiān Jiǎ	戔甲	Zhěng	整		Xiàng 相
Zhōngzōng	中宗	Zǔ Yǐ	祖乙	Téng	滕		Bì 庇
		Zǔ Xīn	祖辛	Dàn	旦
		Wò Jiǎ	沃甲	Yú	踰
		Zǔ Dīng	祖丁	Xīn	新
		Nán Gēng	南庚	Gēng	更		Yǎn 奄
		Yáng Jiǎ	陽甲	Hé	和
		Pán Gēng^4	盤庚	Xún	旬	1300–1251 BC	Yīn 殷
		Xiǎo Xīn	小辛	Sòng	頌
		Xiǎo Yǐ	小乙	Liǎn	斂
Gāozōng	高宗	Wǔ Dīng	武丁	Zhāo	昭	1250–1192 BC
		Zǔ Gēng	祖庚	Yuè	躍	1191–1148 BC
		Zǔ Jiǎ	祖甲	Zài	載
		Lǐn Xīn	廩辛	Xiān	先
		Kāng Dīng	康丁	Xiāo	囂
		Wǔ Yǐ	武乙	Qú	瞿	1147–1113 BC
		Wén Dīng^5	文丁	Tuō	托	1112–1102 BC
		Dì Yǐ	帝乙	Xiàn	羡	1101–1076 BC
		Di Xin (King Zhou of Shang)	帝辛	Shòu	受	1075–1046 BC
1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide.
2 The reign name is sometimes preceded by the name of the dynasty, Shang (商).
3 The Shang royal family name was Zǐ (子).
4 The period of the Shang dynasty starting from Pan Geng is also frequently referred to as the Yin (殷) dynasty. because he changed capital to Yin.
5 Also known as Tai Ding (太丁).

Zhou dynasty

Circa 1046¹–256 BC, traditionally divided into:

• Western Zhou dynasty, c. 1046–771 BC
• Eastern Zhou dynasty, 770–256 BC, which is in turn split into  :
  • the Spring and Autumn period, 770–476 BC
  • the Warring States period, 475–221 BC

Posthumous name		Given name		Reign years^1	Common name
Pinyin	Chinese	Pinyin	Chinese
Wǔ Wáng	武王	Fā	發	1046–1043 BC^1	King Wu of Zhou
Chéng Wáng	成王	Sòng	誦	1042–1021 BC^1	King Cheng of Zhou
Kāng Wáng	康王	Zhāo	釗	1020–996 BC^1	King Kang of Zhou
Zhāo Wáng	昭王	Xiá	瑕	995–977 BC^1	King Zhao of Zhou
Mù Wáng	穆王	Mǎn	滿	976–922 BC^1	King Mu of Zhou
Gōng Wáng	共王	Yīhù	繄扈	922–900 BC^1	King Gong of Zhou
Yì Wáng	懿王	Jiān	囏	899–892 BC^1	King Yi of Zhou (Jian)
Xiào Wáng	孝王	Bìfāng	辟方	891–886 BC^1	King Xiao of Zhou
Yí Wáng	夷王	Xiè	燮	885–878 BC^1	King Yi of Zhou (Xie)
Lì Wáng	厲王	Hú	胡	877–841 BC^1	King Li of Zhou
Gonghe 共和 (regency)				841–828 BC	Gonghe
Xuān Wáng	宣王	Jìng	靜	827–782 BC	King Xuan of Zhou
Yōu Wáng	幽王	Gōngshēng	宮湦	781–771 BC	King You of Zhou
Ping Wang	平王	Yijiu	宜臼	770–720 BC	King Ping of Zhou
Huan Wang	桓王	Lin	林	719–697 BC	King Huan of Zhou
Zhuang Wang	莊王	Tuo	佗	696–682 BC	King Zhuang of Zhou
Xi Wang	釐王	Huqi	胡齊	681–677 BC	King Xi of Zhou
Hui Wang	惠王	Lang	閬	676–652 BC	King Hui of Zhou
Xiang Wang	襄王	Zheng	鄭	651–619 BC	King Xiang of Zhou
Qing Wang	頃王	Renchen	壬臣	618–613 BC	King Qing of Zhou
Kuang Wang	匡王	Ban	班	612–607 BC	King Kuang of Zhou
Ding Wang	定王	Yu	瑜	606–586 BC	King Ding of Zhou
Jian Wang	簡王	Yi	夷	585–572 BC	King Jian of Zhou
Ling Wang	靈王	Xiexin	泄心	571–545 BC	King Ling of Zhou
Jing Wang	景王	Gui	貴	544–521 BC	King Jing of Zhou (Gui)
Dao Wang	悼王	Meng	猛	520 BC	King Dao of Zhou
Jing Wang	敬王	Gai	丐	519–476 BC	King Jing of Zhou (Gai)
Yuan Wang	元王	Ren	仁	475–469 BC	King Yuan of Zhou
Zhending Wang	貞定王	Jie	介	468–442 BC	King Zhending of Zhou
Ai Wang	哀王	Quji	去疾	441 BC	King Ai of Zhou
Si Wang	思王	Shu	叔	441 BC	King Si of Zhou
Kao Wang	考王	Wei	嵬	440–426 BC	King Kao of Zhou
Weilie Wang	威烈王	Wu	午	425–402 BC	King Weilie of Zhou
An Wang	安王	Jiao	驕	401–376 BC	King An of Zhou
Lie Wang	烈王	Xi	喜	375–369 BC	King Lie of Zhou
Xian Wang	顯王	Bian	扁	368–321 BC	King Xian of Zhou
Shenjing Wang	慎靚王	Ding	定	320–315 BC	King Shenjing of Zhou
Nan Wang	赧王	Yan	延	314–256 BC	King Nan of Zhou
1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC, the beginning of the Gonghe regency. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide.

Qin dynasty

Sovereigns of the Qin dynasty 221–207 BC

Title		Given Name		Period of Reign
Qin Shi Huang^1	秦始皇	Zhèng	政	221–210 BC
Qin Er Shi	秦二世	Húhài	胡亥	209–207 BC
Qin San Shi (King Ziying)^2	秦三世	Ziyīng	子嬰	207 BC
1 — Qin Shi Huang became king of the State of Qin in 246 BC, but did not unite China and proclaim himself "Emperor" until 221 BC.
2 — Ziying is often referred to by his personal name and as king, rather than emperor, of Qin (秦王子嬰).

Han dynasty

Han dynasty Sovereigns

Posthumous Name		Personal Name		Period of Reign	Era Name		Range of years
Convention: "Han" + posthumous name, excepting Liu Gong, Liu Hong, Ruzi Ying, the Prince of Changyi, the Marquess of Beixiang, and the Prince of Hongnong.
Western Han dynasty 206 BC – 9 AD
Gao Zu (Emperor Gaozu)	高祖	Liu Bang	劉邦	206–195 BC	Did not exist
Hui Di (Emperor Hui)	惠帝	Liu Ying	劉盈	195–188 BC	Did not exist
Shao Di (Liu Gong, the Emperor Shao/Young Emperor)	少帝	Liu Gong	劉恭	188–184 BC	Did not exist
Shao Di (Liu Hong, the Emperor Shao/Young Emperor)	少帝	Liu Hong	劉弘	184–180 BC	Did not exist
Wen Di (Emperor Wen)	文帝	Liu Heng	劉恆	179–157 BC	Hòuyuán	後元	163–156 BC
Jing Di (Emperor Jing)	景帝	Liu Qi	劉啟	156–141 BC	Zhōngyuán	中元	149–143 BC
					Hòuyuán	後元	143–141 BC
Wu Di (Emperor Wu)	武帝	Liu Che	劉徹	140–87 BC	Jiànyuán	建元	140–135 BC
					Yuánguāng	元光	134–129 BC
					Yuánshuò	元朔	128–123 BC
					Yuánshòu	元狩	122–117 BC
					Yuándǐng	元鼎	116–111 BC
					Yuánfēng	元封	110–105 BC
					Tàichū	太初	104–101 BC
					Tiānhàn	天漢	100–97 BC
					Tàishǐ	太始	96–93 BC
					Zhēnghé	征和	92–89 BC
					Hòuyuán	後元	88–87 BC
Zhao Di (Emperor Zhao)	昭帝	Liu Fuling	劉弗陵	86–74 BC	Shǐyuán	始元	86–80 BC
					Yuánfèng	元鳳	80–75 BC
					Yuánpíng	元平	74 BC
The Prince of Changyi	昌邑王 or 海昏侯	Liu He	劉賀	74 BC	Yuánpíng	元平	74 BC
Xuan Di (Emperor Xuan)	宣帝	Liu Xun	劉詢	73–49 BC	Běnshǐ	本始	73–70 BC
					Dìjié	地節	69–66 BC
					Yuánkāng	元康	65–61 BC
					Shénjué	神爵	61–58 BC
					Wǔfèng	五鳳	57–54 BC
					Gānlù	甘露	53–50 BC
					Huánglóng	黃龍	49 BC
Yuan Di (Emperor Yuan)	元帝	Liu Shi	劉奭	48–33 BC	Chūyuán	初元	48–44 BC
					Yǒngguāng	永光	43–39 BC
					Jiànzhāo	建昭	38–34 BC
					Jìngníng	竟寧	33 BC
Cheng Di (Emperor Cheng)	成帝	Liu Ao	劉驁	32–7 BC	Jiànshǐ	建始	32–28 BC
					Hépíng	河平	28–25 BC
					Yángshuò	陽朔	24–21 BC
					Hóngjiā	鴻嘉	20–17 BC
					Yǒngshǐ	永始	16–13 BC
					Yuányán	元延	12–9 BC
					Suīhé	綏和	8–7 BC
Ai Di (Emperor Ai)	哀帝	Liu Xin	劉欣	6–1 BC	Jiànpíng	建平	6–3 BC
					Yuánshòu	元壽	2–1 BC
Ping Di (Emperor Ping)	平帝	Liu Kan	劉衎	1 BC – 5 AD	Yuánshǐ	元始	1 BC – 5 AD
Ruzi Ying (Child Ying)	孺子嬰	Liu Ying	劉嬰	6–8	Jùshè	居攝	6 – Oct. 8
					Chūshǐ	初始	Nov. 8 – Dec. 8
Xin dynasty (AD 9–23)
Xin dynasty of Wang Mang (王莽)				9–23	Shǐjiànguó	始建國	9–13
					Tiānfēng	天鳳	14–19
					Dìhuáng	地皇	20–23
Continuation of Han dynasty
Geng Shi Emperor	更始帝	Liu Xuan	劉玄	23–25	Gēngshǐ	更始	23–25
Eastern Han dynasty 25–220
Guang Wu Di (Emperor Guangwu)	光武帝	Liu Xiu	劉秀	25–57	Jiànwǔ	建武	25–56
					Jiànwǔzhōngyuán	建武中元	56–57
Ming Di (Emperor Ming)	明帝	Liu Zhuang	劉莊	58–75	Yǒngpíng	永平	58–75
Zhang Di (Emperor Zhang)	章帝	Liu Da	劉炟	76–88	Jiànchū	建初	76–84
					Yuánhé	元和	84–87
					Zhānghé	章和	87–88
He Di (Emperor He)	和帝	Liu Zhao	劉肇	89–105	Yǒngyuán	永元	89–105
					Yuánxīng	元興	105
Shang Di (Emperor Shang)	殤帝	Liu Long	劉隆	106	Yánpíng	延平	9 months in 106
An Di (Emperor An)	安帝	Liu Hu	劉祜	106–125	Yǒngchū	永初	107–113
					Yuánchū	元初	114–120
					Yǒngníng	永寧	120–121
					Jiànguāng	建光	121–122
					Yánguāng	延光	122–125
Shao Di, the Marquess of Beixiang	少帝 or 北鄉侯	Liu Yi	劉懿	125	Yánguāng	延光	125
Shun Di (Emperor Shun)	順帝	Liu Bao	劉保	125–144	Yǒngjiàn	永建	126–132
					Yángjiā	陽嘉	132–135
					Yǒnghé	永和	136–141
					Hàn'ān	漢安	142–144
					Jiànkāng	建康	144
Chong Di (Emperor Chong)	沖帝	Liu Bing	劉炳	144–145	Yōngxī	永嘉	145
Zhi Di	質帝	Liu Zuan	劉纘	145–146	Běnchū	本初	146
Huan Di (Emperor Huan)	桓帝	Liu Zhi	劉志	146–168	Jiànhé	建和	147–149
					Hépíng	和平	150
					Yuánjiā	元嘉	151–153
					Yǒngxīng	永興	153–154
					Yǒngshòu	永壽	155–158
					Yánxī	延熹	158–167
					Yǒngkāng	永康	167
Ling Di (Emperor Ling)	靈帝	Liu Hong	劉宏	168–189	Jiànníng	建寧	168–172
					Xīpíng	熹平	172–178
					Guānghé	光和	178–184
					Zhōngpíng	中平	184–189
Emperor Shao, the Prince of Hongnong	少帝 or 弘農王	Liu Bian	劉辯	189	Guīngxī	光熹	189
					Zhàoníng	昭寧	189
Xian Di (Emperor Xian)	獻帝	Liu Xie (liú xié)	劉協	189–220	Yǒnghàn	永漢	189
					Chūpíng	初平	190–193
					Xīngpíng	興平	194–195
					Jiàn'ān	建安	196–220
					Yánkāng	延康	220

Three Kingdoms Period

Three Kingdoms Sovereigns

Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號)		Personal Names		Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Wei(魏) or [Cao Wei(曹魏)] established by Cao Cao 220–265
Convention: "Wei" + posthumous name, sometimes except Cao Pi who was referred using personal names.
Emperor Wen	文帝	曹丕	Cáo Pī	220–226	Huángchū	黃初	220–226
Emperor Ming	明帝	曹叡	Cáo Ruì	226–239	Tàihé	太和	227–233
					Qīnglóng	青龍	233–237
					Jǐngchū	景初	237–239
Prince Qi	齊王	曹芳	Cáo Fāng	239–254	Zhèngshǐ	正始	240–249
					Jiāpíng	嘉平	249–254
Duke Gaoguixiang	高貴鄉公	曹髦	Cáo Máo	254–260	Zhèngyuán	正元	254–256
					Gānlù	甘露	256–260
Emperor Yuan	元帝	曹奐	Cáo Huàn	260–265	Jǐngyuán	景元	260–264
					Xiánxī	咸熙	264–265
Shu(蜀) or Shu Han(蜀漢) 221–263
Convention: use personal name
Emperor Zhaolie	昭烈帝	劉備	Liú Bèi	221–223	Zhāngwǔ	章武	221–223
Last Emperor (Hòuzhǔ)	後主	劉禪	Liú Shàn	223–263	Jiànxīng	建興	223–237
					Yánxī	延熙	238–257
					Jǐngyào	景耀	258–263
					Yánxīng	炎興	263
Wu(吳) 222–280
Convention: use personal name
Great Emperor (Da Di)	大帝	孫權	Sūn Quán	222–252	Huángwǔ	黃武	222–229
					Huánglóng	黃龍	229–231
					Jiāhé	嘉禾	232–238
					Chìwū	赤烏	238–251
					Tàiyuán	太元	251–252
					Shénfèng	神鳳	252
Prince Kuaiji	會稽王	孫亮	Sūn Liàng	252–258	Jiànxīng	建興	252–253
					Wǔfèng	五鳳	254–256
					Tàipíng	太平	256–258
Emperor Jing	景帝	孫休	Sūn Xiū	258–264	Yǒngān	永安	258–264
Marquis Wucheng (Wūchéng Hóu)	烏程侯	孫皓	Sūn Hào	264–280	Yuánxīng	元興	264–265
					Gānlù	甘露	265–266
					Bǎodǐng	寶鼎	266–269
					Jiànhéng	建衡	269–271
					Fènghuáng	鳳凰	272–274
					Tiāncè	天冊	275–276
					Tiānxǐ	天璽	276
					Tiānjì	天紀	277–280

Jin dynasty

Jin dynasty (265–420) Sovereigns

Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號)		Personal Names		Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: "Jin" + posthumous name in Chinese, or posthumous name of Jin Dynasty in English
Xi (Western) Jin dynasty 西晉/西晋 265–317
Emperor Wu	武帝	Sīmǎ Yán	司馬炎	265–290	Tàishǐ	泰始	265–274
					Xiánníng	咸寧	275–280
					Tàikāng	太康	280–289
					Tàixī	太熙	290
Emperor Hui	惠帝	Sīmǎ Zhōng	司馬衷	290–306	Yǒngxī	永熙	290
					Yǒngpīng	永平	291
					Yuánkāng	元康	291–299
					Yǒngkāng	永康	300–301
					Yǒngníng	永寧	301–302
					Tàiān	太安	302–303
					Yǒngān	永安	304
					Jiànwǔ	建武	304
					Yǒngān	永安	304
					Yǒngxīng	永興	304–306
					Guāngxī	光熙	306
Emperor Huai	懷帝	Sīmǎ Chì	司馬熾	307–313	Yǒngjiā	永嘉	307–313
Emperor Min	愍帝	Sīmǎ Yè	司馬鄴	313–317	Jiànxīng	建興	313–317
Dong (Eastern) Jin dynasty 東晉/东晋 317–420
Emperor Yuan	元帝	Sīmǎ Ruì	司馬睿	317–322	Jiànwǔ	建武	317–318
					Dàxīng	大興	318–321
					Yǒngchāng	永昌	321–322
Emperor Míng	明帝	Sīmǎ Shào	司馬紹	322–325	Yǒngchāng	永昌	322–323
					Tàiníng	太寧	323–325
Emperor Cheng	成帝	Sīmǎ Yǎn	司馬衍	325–342	Tàiníng	太寧	325
					Xiánhé	咸和	326–334
					Xiánkāng	咸康	335–342
Emperor Kang	康帝	Sīmǎ Yuè	司馬岳	342–344	Jiànyuán	建元	343–344
Emperor Mu	穆帝	Sima Dān	司馬聃	345–361	Yǒnghé	永和	345–356
					Shēngpíng	升平	357–361
Emperor Ai	哀帝	Sīmǎ Pī	司馬丕	361–365	Lónghé	隆和	362–363
					Xīngníng	興寧	363–365
Emperor Fei	廢帝	Sīmǎ Yì	司馬奕	365–371	Tàihé	太和	365–371
Emperor Jianwen	簡文帝	Sīmǎ Yù	司馬昱	371–372	Xiánān	咸安	371–372
Emperor Xiaowu	孝武帝	Sīmǎ Yào	司馬曜	372–396	Níngkāng	寧康	373–375
					Tàiyuán	太元	376–396
Emperor An	安帝	Sīmǎ Dézōng	司馬德宗	396–418	Lóngān	隆安	397–401
					Yuánxīng	元興	402–404
					Yìxī	義熙	405–418
Emperor Gong	恭帝	Sīmǎ Déwén	司馬德文	419–420	Yuánxī	元熙	419–420

Sixteen Kingdoms Period

Sovereigns in the Period of Sixteen Kingdoms

Temple Names (Miao Hao 廟號)	Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: use personal name
Han Zhao 漢趙 304–329 (addressed separately in traditional texts as Han 漢 and Former Zhao 前趙)
Han 304–318
Gao Zu 高祖	Emperor Guangwen 光文帝	Liu Yuan 劉淵	304–310	Jiànxīng (建興) 304–307 Yǒngfèng (永鳳) 308 Héruì (河瑞) 309 Guāngxīng (光興) 310
Did not exist	Prince Liang 梁王	Liu He 劉和	7 days in 310	Guāngxīng (光興) 310 (continuation)
Lie Zong 烈宗	Emperor Zhaowu 昭武帝	Liu Cong 劉聰	310–318	Guāngxīng (光興) 310 (continuation) Jiāpíng (嘉平) 311–315 Jiànyuán (建元) 316 Línjiā (麟嘉) 317–318
Did not exist	Emperor Yin 隱帝	Liu Can 劉粲	a month and days in 318	Hànchāng (漢昌) 318 (until renaming as Former Zhao)
Qian (Former) Zhao 前趙 318–329
Did not exist	Last Emperor 後主	Liu Yao 劉曜	318–329	Guāngchū (光初) 318–329 (until conquest by Later Zhao)
Hou (Later) Zhao Empire 后趙 319–351
Gaozu Emperor 高祖	Emperor Ming 明帝	Shi Le 石勒	319–333	Prince Zhao (趙王) 319–327 Tàihé (太和) 328–329 Jiànpíng (建平) 330–332 Yánxī (延熙) 333
Did not exist	Prince Haiyang 海陽王	Shi Hong 石弘	333–334	Yánxī (延熙) 333 (continuation) Jiànwǔ (建武) 334
Taizu Emperor 太祖	Emperor Wu 武帝	Shi Hu 石虎	334–349	Jiànwǔ (建武) 334–348 Taìníng (太寧) 349
Did not exist	Prince Qiao 譙王	Shi Shi 石世	73 days in 349	Taìníng (太寧) 349 (continuation)
Did not exist	Prince Pangcheng 彭城王	Shi Zun 石遵	183 days in 349	Taìníng (太寧) 349 (continuation)
Did not exist	Prince Yiyang 義陽王	Shi Jian 石鑒	103 days within 349–350	Qīnglóng (青龍) (changed mid-year)
Did not exist	Prince Xinxing 新興王	Shi Zhi 石祗	350–351	Yǒngníng (永寧) 350–351 (until Ran Min's coup)
Cheng Han 成漢 303–347 (addressed separately in traditional texts as Cheng and Han)
Cheng 303–338
Shízu Emperor 始祖 or Shìzu Emperor 世祖	Emperor Jing 景帝	Li Te 李特	303	Jiànchū (建初) or Jǐngchū (景初) 303
Did not exist	Prince Qin Wen 秦文王	Li Liu 李流	several months in 303	Jiànchū (建初) or Jǐngchū (景初) 303 (continuation)
Taizong Emperor 太宗	Emperor Wu 武帝	Li Xiong 李雄	303–334	Jiànchū (建初) or Jǐngchū (景初) 303 (continuation) Jiànxīng (建興) 304–305 Yànpīng (晏平) 306–310 Yùhéng (玉衡) 311–334
Did not exist	Emperor Ai 哀帝	Li Ban 李班	7 months in 334	Yùhéng (玉衡) 334 (continuation)
Did not exist	Duke You 幽公	Li Qi 李期	334–338	Yùhéng (玉恆) 334–337 (continuation) Hànxīng (漢興)
Han 338–347
Zhongzong Emperor 中宗	Emperor Zhaowen 昭文帝	Li Shou 李壽	338–343	Hànxīng (漢興) 338–343 (continuation)
Did not exist	Marquis Guiyi 歸義侯	Li Shi 李勢	343–347	Hànxīng (漢興) 343 (continuation) Tàihé (太和) 344–345 Jiāníng (嘉寧) 346–347 (until conquest by Jin)
Qian (Former) Yan 前燕 337–370
Taizu Emperor 太祖	Emperor Wenming 文明帝	Murong Huang 慕容皝	337–348	Yànwáng (燕王) 337–348
Liezong Emperor 烈宗)	Emperor Jingzhao 景昭帝	Murong Jun 慕容俊	348–360	Yànwáng (燕王) 348 (continuation) Yànyuán (燕元) 349–351 Yuánxǐ (元璽) 352–357 Shēngpíng (升平) 357 (as vassal of Jin) Guāngshòu (光壽) 357–359 Jiànxī (建熙) 360
Did not exist	Prince You 幽帝	Murong Wei 慕容暐	360–370	Jiànxī (建熙) 360–365 (continuation) Jiànyuán (建元) 366–370
Hou (Later) Yan 后燕 384–407
Shizu Emperor 世祖	Emperor Wucheng 武成帝	Murong Chui 慕容垂	384–396	Yànwáng (燕王) 384–385 Jianxing (建興) 386–396
Liezong Emperor 烈宗	Emperor Huimin 惠愍帝	Murong Bao 慕容寶	396–398	Yongkang (永康 yǒng kāng) 396–398
Zhongzong Emperor 中宗	Emperor Zhaowu 昭武帝	Murong Sheng 慕容盛	398–401	Jianping (建平) 398 Changle (長樂) 399–401
Did not exist	Emperor Zhaowen 昭文帝	Murong Xi 慕容熙	401–407	Guangshi (光始) 401–406 Jianshi (建始) 407
Nan (Southern) Yan 南燕 398–410
Shi Zong 世宗	Emperor Xianwu 獻武帝	Murong De 慕容德	398–405	Yanwang (燕王) 398–400 Jianping (建平) 400–405
Did not exist	Last Emperor 後主	Murong Chao 慕容超	405–410	Taishang (太上) 405–410
Bei (Northern) Yan 北燕 407–436
Did not exist	Emperor Huiyi 惠懿帝	Gao Yun 高雲	407–409	Zhengshi (正始) 407–409
Taizu 太祖	Emperor Wencheng 文成帝	Feng Ba 馮跋	409–430	Taiping (太平) 409–430
Did not exist	Emperor Zhaocheng 昭成帝	Feng Hong 馮弘	430–436	Daxing (大興) 430–436
Qian (Former) Liang 前凉 320–376
Did not exist	Duke Cheng 成公	Zhang Mao 張茂	320–324	Jianxing (建興) 320–324
Did not exist	Duke Zhongcheng 忠成公	Zhang Jun 張駿	324–346	Jianxing (建興) 324–346
Did not exist	Duke Huan 桓公	Zhang Chonghua 張重華	346–353	Jianxing (建興) 346–353
Did not exist	Duke Ai 哀公	Zhang Yaoling 張曜靈	3 months (the ninth to the twelfth month) in 353	Jianxing (建興) 353
Did not exist	Prince Wei 威王	Zhang Zuo 張祚	353–355	Jianxing (建興) 353–354 Heping (和平) 354–355
Did not exist	Duke Jingdao 敬悼公 or Duke Chong 沖公	Zhang Xuanjing 張玄靖	355–363	Jianxing (建興) 355–361 Shengping (升平) 361–363
Did not exist	Duke Dao 悼公	Zhang Tianxi 張天錫	364–376	Shengping (升平) 364–376
Hou (Later) Liang 后凉 386–403
Taizu 太祖	King Yiwu 懿武王	Lü Guang 呂光	386–399	Taian (太安) 386–389 Linjia (麟嘉 389–396 Longfei (龍飛) 396–399
Did not exist	King Yin 隱王	Lü Shao 呂紹	399	Longfei (龍飛) 399
Did not exist	King Ling 靈王	Lü Zuan 呂纂	399–401	Xianning (咸寧) 399–401
Did not exist	Duke Shangshu 尚書公 or Duke Jiankang 建康公	Lü Long 呂隆	401–403	Shending (神鼎) 401–403
Nan (Southern) Liang 南凉 397–414
Lie Zu 烈祖	King Wu 武王	Tufa Wugu 禿髮烏孤	397–399	Taichu (太初) 397–399
Did not exist	King Kang 康王	Tufa Lilugu 禿髮利鹿孤	399–402	Jianhe (建和) 399–402
Did not exist	King Jǐng 景王 or King Jìng 敬王	Tufa Rutan 禿髮傉檀	402–414	Hongchang (弘昌) 402–404 Jiaping (嘉平) 409–414
Bei (Northern) Liang 北凉 397–439 (as Kings of Gaochang 442–460)
Did not exist	Did not exist	Duan Ye 段業	397–401	Shenxi (神璽) 397–399 Tianxi (天璽) 399–401
Tai zu 太祖	King Wuxuan 武宣王	Juqu Mengxun 沮渠蒙遜	401–433	Yongan (永安) 401–412 Xuanshi (玄始) 412–428 Chengxuan (承玄) 428–430 Yihe (義和) 430–433
Did not exist	King Ai 哀王	Juqu Mujian 沮渠牧犍	433–439	Yonghe (永和) 433–439
Did not exist	Did not exist	Juqu Wuhui 沮渠無諱	442–444	Chengping (承平) 442–443 Qianshou (乾壽) 443–444
Did not exist	Did not exist	Juqu Anzhou 沮渠安周	444–460	Chengping (承平) 444–460
Xi (Western) Liang 西凉 400–421
Tai zu 太祖	King Wuzhao 武昭王	Li Gao 李暠	400–417	Gengzi (庚子) 400–405 Jianchu (建初) 406–416
Did not exist	Later King 後主	Li Xin 李歆	417–420	Jiaxing (嘉興) 417–420
Did not exist	Last King 後主	Li Xun 李恂	420–421	Yongjian (永建) 420–421
Qian Former Qin Empire 前秦 351–394
Gao Zu 高祖	Emperor Jing Ming 景明帝	Fu Jian 苻健	351–355	Huangshi (皇始) 351–355
Did not exist	King Li 厲王	Fu Sheng 苻生	355–357	Shouguang (壽光) 355–357
Shi Zu 世祖	Emperor Xuan Zhao 宣昭帝	Fu Jian 苻堅	357–385	Yongxing (永興) 357–359 Ganlu (甘露) 359–364 Jianyuan (建元) 365–385
Did not exist	Emperor Ai Ping 哀平帝	Fu Pi 苻丕	385–386	Taian (太安) 385–386
Tai Zong 太宗	Emperor Gao 高帝	Fu Deng 苻登	386–394	Taichu (太初) 385–394
Did not exist	Last Emperor 後主	Fu Chong 苻崇	several months in 394	Yanchu (延初) 394
Hou (Later) Qin 后秦 384–417
Tai zu 太祖	Emperor Wu Zhao 武昭帝	Yao Chang 姚萇	384–393	Baique (白雀) 384–386 Jianchu (建初) 386–393
Gao Zu 高祖	Emperor Wen Huan 文桓帝	Yao Xing 姚興	394–416	Huangchu (皇初) 394–399 Hongshi (弘始) 399–416
Did not exist	Last Emperor 後主	Yao Hong 姚泓	416–417	Yonghe (永和) 416–417
Xi (Western) Qin 西秦 385–400, 409–431
Lie Zu 烈祖	King Xuanlie 宣烈王	Qifu Guoren 乞伏國仁	385–388	Jianyi (建義) 385–388
Gao Zu 高祖	King Wu Yuan 武元王	Qifu Gangui 乞伏乾歸	388–400, 409–412	Taichu (太初) 388–400 Gengshi (更始) 409–412
Tai Zu 太祖	King Wen Zhao 文昭王	Qifu Chipan 乞伏熾磐	412–428	Yongkang (永康) 412–419 Jianhong (建弘) 420–428
Did not exist	Last King 後主	Qifu Mumo 乞伏暮末	428–431	Yonghong (永弘) 428–431
Xia 夏 407–431
Shi Zu 世祖	Emperor Wulie 武烈帝	Helian Bobo 赫連勃勃	407–425	Longsheng (龍升) 407–413 Fengxiang (鳳翔) 413–418 Changwu (昌武) 418–419 Zhenxing (真興) 419–425
Did not exist	Prince Qin 秦王	Helian Chang 赫連昌	425–428	Chengguang (承光) 425–428
Did not exist	Prince Pingyuan 平原王	Helian Ding 赫連定	428–431	Shengguang (勝光) 425–428

Other sovereignties traditionally not counted in the Sixteen Kingdoms

Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: use personal name
Ran Wei 冉魏 350–352 (addressed as Wei in traditional texts)
Wudao Tianwang (Wudao Heavenly King) 武悼天王	Ran Min 冉閔	350–352	Yongxing (永興) 350–352
Xi (Western) Yan 西燕 384–394
Emperor Wei 威帝	Murong Hong 慕容泓	384	Yanxing (燕興) 384
Did not exist	Murong Chong 慕容沖	384–386	Yanxing (燕興) 384–385 Gengshi (更始) 385–386
Did not exist	Duan Sui 段隨	386	Changping (昌平) 386
Did not exist	Murong Yi 慕容顗	386	Jianming (建明) 386
Did not exist	Murong Yao 慕容瑤	386	Jianping (建平) 386
Did not exist	Murong Zhong 慕容忠	386	Jianwu (建武) 386
Did not exist	Murong Yong 慕容永	386–394	Zhongxing (中興) 386–394
Shu 蜀 405–413
King Chengdu 成都王	Qiao Zong 譙縱	405–413	Did not exist
Chieftains of Tiefu Tribe 匈奴支系鐵弗部首領 (mid-3rd century – 391)
Did not exist	Liu Qubei 劉去卑	mid-3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	Liu Gaoshengyuan 劉誥升爰	mid-3rd century – late 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	Liu Hu 劉虎	early 4th century (309?) – 341	Did not exist
Did not exist	Liu Wuheng 劉務恒	341–356	Did not exist
Did not exist	Liu Eloutou 劉閼陋頭	356–358	Did not exist
Did not exist	Liu Xiwuqi 劉悉勿祈	358–359	Did not exist
Did not exist	Liu Weichen 劉衛辰	359–391	Did not exist
Chieftains of Yuwen Tribe 宇文部鮮卑首領 (late-3rd century – 345)
Did not exist	Yuwen Mohuai 宇文莫槐	late 3rd century – 293	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yuwen Puhui 宇文普回 or Yuwen Pubo 宇文普撥	293 – late 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yuwen Qiubuqin 宇文丘不勤	late 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yuwen Mogui 宇文莫圭	late 3rd century (299?)- early 4th century (302?)	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yuwen Xiduguan 宇文悉獨官	early 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yuwen Qidegui 宇文乞得歸	early 3rd century – 333	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yuwen Yidougui 宇文逸豆歸	333–345	Did not exist
Dukes of Liaoxi 遼西公 303–338
Did not exist	Duan Wuwuchen 段務勿塵	303 – 310 or 311	Did not exist
Did not exist	Duan Jilujuan 段疾陸眷	310 or 311 – 318	Did not exist
Did not exist	Duan Shefuchen 段涉復辰	318	Did not exist
Did not exist	Duan Pidi 段匹磾	318–321	Did not exist
Did not exist	Duan Mopei 段末柸	318–325	Did not exist
Did not exist	Duan Ya 段牙	325	Did not exist
Did not exist	Duan Liao 段遼	326–338	Did not exist
Chieftains, Dukes and Kings of Chouchi, Wuxing and Yinping (late 2nd century- mid-6th century (555?))
First Phase of Chouchi 前仇池 (late 2nd century – 371)
Did not exist	Yang Teng 楊騰	late 2nd century- early 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Ju 楊駒	early 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Qianwan 楊千萬	early 3rd century – mid-3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Feilong 楊飛龍	mid-3rd century – late 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Maosou 楊茂搜	late 3rd century – 317	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Nandi 楊難敵	317–334	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Yi 楊毅	334–337	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Chu 楊初	337–355	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Guo 楊國	355–356	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Jun 楊俊	356–360	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Shi 楊世	360–370	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Cuan 楊篡	370–371	Did not exist
Second Phase of Chouchi 后仇池 385–473
King Wǔ 武王	Yang Ding 楊定	385–394	Did not exist
King Huìwén 惠文王	Yang Sheng 楊盛	394–425	Did not exist
King Xiàozhāo 孝昭王	Yang Xuan 楊玄	425–429	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Baozong 楊保宗	429 and 443	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Nandang 楊難當	429–441	Jianyi (建義) 436–440
Did not exist	Yang Baochi 楊保熾	442–443	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Wende 楊文德	443–454	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Yuanhe 楊元和	455–466	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Sengsi 楊僧嗣	466–473	Did not exist
Kings of Wuxing 武興王 473–506 and 534–555
Did not exist	Yang Wendu 楊文度	473–477	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Wenhong 楊文弘	477–482	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Houqi 楊後起	482–486	Did not exist
An Wang 安王	Yang Jishi 楊集始	482–503	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Shaoxian 楊紹先	503–506, 534–535	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Zhihui 楊智慧	535–545	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Bixie 楊辟邪	545–553	Did not exist
Note: Yang Zhihui and Yang Bixie could be the same person
Kings of Yinping 陰平王 477 – mid-6th century
Did not exist	Yang Guangxiang 楊廣香	477–483?	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Jiong 楊炯	483–495	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Chongzu 楊崇祖	495-before 502	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Mengsun 楊孟孫	before 502–511	Did not exist
Did not exist	Yang Ding 楊定	511- ?	Did not exist
Chieftains of Tuoba Tribe 索頭部鮮卑族首領 219–377 (as Kings of Dai 代王 305?–377)
The Tuoba clan was the ruling family of Northern Wei dynasty, founded by Tuoba Gui. Hence the Table of Northern Wei dynasty will start with him, not as a continuation of this table.
Note: All chieftains were revered as emperors in Weishu and Beishi which they never were. They were denoted here as 王(wáng) which was inherited by all successors of Tuoba Yi Lu.
King Shényuán 神元王	Tuoba Liwei 拓拔力微	219–277	Did not exist
Note: His temple name was Shi Zu 始祖. He was the only chieftain before Tuoba Gui revered with a temple name
King Zhāng 章王	Tuoba Xilu 拓拔悉鹿	277–286	Did not exist
King Píng 平王	Tuoba Chuo 拓拔綽	286–293	Did not exist
King Sī 思王	Tuoba Fu 拓拔弗	293–294	Did not exist
King Zhāo 昭王	Tuoba Luguan 拓拔祿官	294–307	Did not exist
Emperor Huán 桓帝	Tuoba Yituo 拓拔猗㐌	295–305	Did not exist
King Mù 穆王	Tuoba Yilu 拓拔猗盧	295–316	Did not exist
Did not exist	Tuoba Pugen 拓拔普根	316	Did not exist
Did not exist	? 拓拔?	316	Did not exist
King Píngwén 平文王	Tuoba Yulü 拓拔鬱律	316–321	Did not exist
King Huì 惠王	Tuoba Heru 拓拔賀傉	321–325	Did not exist
King Yáng 煬王	Tuoba Hena 拓拔紇那	325–329 and 335–337	Did not exist
King Liè 烈王	Tuoba Yihuai 拓拔翳槐	329–335 and 337–338	Did not exist
King Zhāochéng 昭成王	Tuoba Shiyijian 拓拔什翼健	338–377	Jianguo (建國) 338–377

Northern and Southern Dynasties

Sovereigns in the Northern and Southern Dynasties Period

Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Northern dynasties 北朝
Bei (Northern) Wei dynasty 北魏 386–535
Convention: Bei (Northern) Wei + posthumous name in Chinese, or posthumous name of Northern Wei in English
The Tuoba family changed their family name to 元 (yuán) during the reign of Xiaowen Di in 496 so that is reflected in the table as well.
Emperor Daowu 道武帝	Tuoba Gui 拓拔珪	386–409	Dengguo (登國) 386–396 Huangshi (皇始) 396–398 Tianxing (天興) 398–404 Tianci (天賜) 404–409
Emperor Mingyuan 明元帝	Tuoba Si 拓拔嗣	409–423	Yongxing (永興) 409–413 Shenrui (神瑞) 414–416 Taichang (泰常) 416–423
Emperor Taiwu 太武帝	Tuoba Tao 拓拔燾	424–452	Shiguang (始光) 424–428 Shenjia (神䴥) 428–431 Yanhe (延和) 432–434 Taiyan (太延) 435–440 Taipingzhenjun (太平真君) 440–451 Zhengping (正平) 451–452
Prince Nan'an 南安王	Tuoba Yu 拓拔余	452	Chengping (承平) 452
Emperor Wencheng 文成帝	Tuoba Jun 拓拔濬	452–465	Xingan (興安) 452–454 Xingguang (興光) 454–455 Tai'an (太安) 455–459 Heping (和平) 460–465
Emperor Xianwen 獻文帝	Tuoba Hong 拓拔弘	466–471	Tian'an (天安) 466–467 Huangxing (皇興) 467–471
Emperor Xiaowen 孝文帝	Yuan Hong (Tuoba Hong) 元宏 (拓跋宏)	471–499	Yanxing (延興) 471–476 Chengming (承明) 476 Taihe (太和) 477–499
Emperor Xuanwu 宣武帝	Yuan Ke 元恪	499–515	Jingming (景明) 500–503 Zhengshi (正始) 504–508 Yongping (永平) 508–512 Yanchang (延昌) 512–515
Emperor Xiaoming 孝明帝	Yuan Xu 元詡	516–528	Xiping (熙平) 516–518 Shengui (神龜) 518–520 Zhengguang (正光) 520–525 Xiaochang (孝昌) 525–527 Wutai (武泰) 528
The Young Emperor 幼主	Yuan Zhao 元釗	528	None
Emperor Xiaozhuang 孝莊帝	Yuan Ziyou 元子攸	528–530	Jianyi (建義) 528 Yong'an (永安) 528–530
Prince Changguang 長廣王	Yuan Ye 元曄	530–531	Jianming (建明) 530–531
Emperor Jianmin 節閔帝	Yuan Gong 元恭	531–532	Putai (普泰) 531–532
Prince Anding 安定王	Yuan Lang 元朗	531–532	Zhongxing (中興) 531–532
Emperor Xiaowu 孝武帝 or Emperor Chu 出帝	Yuan Xiu 元脩	532–535	Taichang (太昌) 532 Yongxing (永興) 532 Yongxi (永熙) 532–535
Dong (Eastern) Wei dynasty 東魏 534–550
Convention: Dong (Eastern) Wei + posthumous name in Chinese, or posthumous name of Eastern Wei in English
Emperor Xiaojing 孝靜帝	Yuan Shanjian 元善見	534–550	Tianping (天平) 534–537 Yuanxiang (元象) 538–539 Xinghe (興和) 539–542 Wuding (武定) 543–550
Bei (Northern) Qi dynasty 北齊 550–577
Convention: Bei (Northern) Qi + posthumous name in Chinese, or posthumous name of Northern Qi in English
Emperor Wenxuan 文宣帝	Gao Yang 高洋	550–559	Tianbao (天保) 550–559
Emperor Fei 廢帝	Gao Yin 高殷	559–560	Qianming (乾明) 560
Emperor Xiaozhao 孝昭帝	Gao Yan 高演	560–561	Huangjian (皇建) 560–561
Emperor Wucheng 武成帝	Gao Zhan 高湛	561–565	Taining (太寧) 561–562 Heqing (河清) 562–565
Last Emperor 後主	Gao Wei 高緯	565–577	Tiantong (天統) 565–569 Wuping (武平) 570–576 Longhua (隆化) 576
The Young Emperor 幼主	Gao Heng 高恆	577	Chengguang (承光) 577
Prince Fanyang 范陽王	Gao Shaoyi 高紹義	577–579?	Did not exist
Xi (Western) Wei dynasty 西魏 535–556
Convention: Xi (Western) Wei + posthumous name in Chinese, or posthumous name of Western Wei in English
Emperor Wen 文帝	Yuan Baoju 元寶炬	535–551	Datong (大統) 535–551
Emperor Fei 廢帝	Yuan Qin 元欽	552–554	Did not exist
Emperor Gong 恭帝	Tuoba Kuo 拓拔廓	554–556	Did not exist
Bei (Northern) Zhou dynasty 北周 557–581
Convention: Bei (Northern) Zhou + posthumous name in Chinese, or posthumous name of Northern Zhou in English
Emperor Xiaomin 孝閔帝	Yuwen Jue 宇文覺	557	Did not exist
Emperor Ming 明帝 or Emperor Xiaoming 孝明帝	Yuwen Yu 宇文毓	557–560	Wucheng (武成) 559–560
Emperor Wu 武帝	Yuwen Yong 宇文邕	561–578	Baoding (保定) 560–565 Tianhe (天和) 566–572 Jiande (建德) 572–578 Xuanzheng (宣政) 578
Emperor Xuan 宣帝	Yuwen Yun 宇文贇	578–579	Dacheng (大成 dà chéng) 579
Emperor Jing 靜帝	Yuwen Chan 宇文闡	579–581	Daxiang (大象) 579–581 Dading (大定) 581
Southern dynasties 南朝 420–589
Liu Song dynasty 劉宋 (420–479)
Convention: Song + posthumous name in Chinese, or posthumous name of Liu Song in English. Liu Yu is sometimes referred using personal name.
Emperor Wu 武帝	Liu Yu 劉裕	420–422	Yongchu (永初) 420–422
Emperor Shao 少帝	Liu Yifu 劉義符	423–424	Jingping (景平) 423–424
Emperor Wen 文帝	Liu Yilong 劉義隆	424–453	Yuanjia (元嘉) 424–453
Emperor Xiaowu 孝武帝	Liu Jun 劉駿	454–464	Xiaojian (元嘉) 454–456 Daming (大明) 457–464
Emperor Qian Fei 前廢帝	Liu Ziye 劉子業	465	Yongguang (永光) 465 Jinghe (景和) 465
Emperor Ming 明帝	Liu Yu 劉彧	465–472	Taishi (泰始) 465–471 Taiyu (泰豫) 472
Emperor Hou Fei 後廢帝 orPrince Cangwu 蒼梧王	Liu Yu 劉昱	473–477	Yuanhui (元徽) 473–477
Emperor Shun 順帝	Liu Zhun 劉準	477–479	Shengming (昇明) 477–479
Southern Qi dynasty 南齊 479–502
Convention: Qi + posthumous name in Chinese, or posthumous name of Southern Qi in English
Emperor Gao of Southern Qi Gao Di 高帝	Xiao Daocheng 蕭道成	479–482	Jianyuan (建元) 479–482
Emperor Wu of Southern Qi Wu Di 武帝	Xiao Ze 蕭賾	482–493	Yongming (永明) 483–493
Prince of Yulin Yulin Wang 鬱林王	Xiao Zhaoye 蕭昭業	493–494	Longchang (隆昌) 494
Prince of Hailing Hailing Wang 海陵王	Xiao Zhaowen 蕭昭文	494	Yanxing (延興) 494
Emperor Ming of Southern Qi Ming Di 明帝	Xiao Luan 蕭鸞	494–498	Jianwu (建武) 494–498 Yongtai (永泰) 498
Marquess of Donghun Donghun Hou 東昏侯	Xiao Baojuan 蕭寶卷	499–501	Yongyuan (永元) 499–501
Emperor He of Southern Qi He Di 和帝	Xiao Baorong 蕭寶融	501–502	Zhongxing (中興) 501–502
Liang dynasty 梁 (502–557)
Convention: Liang + posthumous name in Chinese, or posthumous name of Liang in English
Emperor Wu of Liang Wu Di 武帝	Xiao Yan 蕭衍	502–549	Tianjian (天監) 502–519 Putong (普通) 520–527 Datong (大通) 527–529 Zhongdatong (中大通) 529–534 Datong (大同) 535–546 Zhongdatong (中大同) 546–547 Taiqing (太清) 547–549
Emperor Jianwen of Liang Jianwen Di 簡文帝	Xiao Gang 蕭綱	549–551	Dabao (大寶) 550–551
Prince of Yuzhang Yuzhang Wang 豫章王	Xiao Dong 蕭棟	551–552	Tianzheng (天正) 551–552
Emperor Yuan of Liang Yuan Di 元帝	Xiao Yi 蕭繹	552–555	Chengsheng (承聖) 552–555
Marquess of Zhenyang Zhenyang Hou 貞陽侯	Xiao Yuanming 蕭淵明	555	Tiancheng (天成) 555
Emperor Jing of Liang Jing Di 敬帝	Xiao Fangzhi 蕭方智	555–557	Shaotai (紹泰) 555–556 Taiping (太平) 556–557
Chen dynasty 陳 557–589
Convention: Chen + posthumous name in Chinese, or posthumous name of Chen in English
Emperor Wu of Chen Wu Di 武帝	Chen Baxian 陳霸先	557–559	Yongding (永定) 557–559
Emperor Wen of Chen Wen Di 文帝	Chen Qian 陳蒨	559–566	Tianjia (天嘉) 560–566 Tiankang (天康) 566
Emperor Fei of Chen Fei Di 廢帝	Chen Bozong 陳伯宗	566–568	Guangda (光大) 566–568
Emperor Xuan of Chen Xuan Di 宣帝	Chen Xu 陳頊	569–582	Taijian (太建) 569–582
Houzhu 後主	Chen Shubao 陳叔寶	583–589	Zhide (至德) 583–586 Zhenming (禎明) 587–589

Nan (Southern) Liang dynasty 南梁 555–587

Temple Names (Miao Hao 廟號)	Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: Nan (Southern)/Xi (Western) Liang + posthumous name in Chinese, or posthumous name of Western Liang in English
Note: some historians set Nan Liang as a continuation of the Liang dynasty since it was founded by descendants of the Xiao's, the ruling family of the Liang dynasty.
Zhong Zong 中宗	Emperor Xuan 宣帝	Xiao Cha 蕭詧	555–562	Dading (大定) 555–562
Shi Zong 世宗	Emperor Xiaoming 孝明帝	Xiao Kui 蕭巋	562–585	Tianbao (天保) 562–585
Did not exist	Emperor XIaojing 孝靖帝 or Duke Ju 莒公	Xiao Cong 蕭琮	585–587	Guangyun (廣運) 562–585

Sui dynasty

Sui dynasty 隋 581–618

Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號)		Personal Names		Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號)		Range of years
Convention: "Sui" + posthumous name in Chinese, or posthumous name of Sui Dynasty in English
Emperor Wen	文帝(Wén Dì)	楊堅	Yáng Jiān	581–604	Kāihuáng	開皇	581–600
					Rénshòu	仁壽	601–604
Emperor Yang	煬帝 (Yáng Dì)	楊廣	Yáng Guǎng	605–617	Dàyè	大業	605–617
Emperor Gong^1	恭帝	楊侑	Yáng Yòu	617–618	Yìníng	義寧	617–618
Prince Qin^2		楊浩	Yáng Hào	618
Huangtai Lord^3	恭帝 (皇泰主)	楊侗	Yáng Tóng	618–619	Huángtài	皇泰	618–619
1 Declared emperor by Li Yuan (the later Emperor Gaozu of Tang), implying a retirement for Emperor Yang (whom he "honoured" as Taishang Huang, or retired emperor) at the western capital Daxing (Chang'an), but only the commanderies under Li's control recognized this change; for the other commanderies under Sui control, Emperor Yang was still regarded as emperor, not as retired emperor. Now generally regarded as a legitimate emperor, due to his recognition by Li Yuan.
2 Declared emperor by Yuwen Huaji, the general under whose leadership the plot to kill Emperor Yang was carried out, but killed by him later in 618; Yuwen Huaji then declared himself emperor of a brief Xu (許) state. As Yang Hao was completely under Yuwen's control and only "reigned" briefly, he is not usually regarded as a legitimate emperor.
3 After news of Emperor Yang's death in 618 reached Daxing and the eastern capital Luoyang, Li Yuan deposed Emperor Gong and took the throne himself, establishing Tang dynasty, but the Sui officials at Luoyang declared Emperor Gong's brother Yang Tong (later also known as Emperor Gong) emperor. The legitimacy of his reign is disputed.

Tang dynasty

Tang dynasty 唐 618–690, 705–907

Temple Names (Miao Hao 庙号)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年号) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: "Tang" + temple name in Chinese, or temple name + of Tang Dynasty in English, except for Emperor Shang and Emperor Ai; Emperor Xuanzong (唐玄宗) is sometimes referred as Emperor Ming of Tang Dynasty (唐明皇)
Emperor Gaozu (高祖)	Lǐ Yuān 李渊	618–626	Wude (武德) 618–626
Emperor Taizong (太宗)	Lǐ Shìmín 李世民	627–649	Zhenguan (貞觀) 627–649
Emperor Gaozong (高宗)	Lǐ Zhì 李治	650–683	Yonghui (永徽) 650–655 Xianqing (顯慶) 656–661 Longshuo (龍朔) 661–663 Linde (麟德) 664–665 Qianfeng (乾封) 666–668 Zongzhang (總章) 668–670 Xianheng (咸亨) 670–674 Shangyuan (上元) 674–676 Yifeng (儀鳳) 676–679 Tiaolu (調露) 679–680 Yonglong (永隆) 680–681 Kaiyao (開耀) 681–682 Yongchun (永淳) 682–683 Hongdao (弘道) 683
Emperor Zhongzong (中宗)	Li Xian 李显 or Li Zhe 李哲	684, 705–710	Sisheng (嗣聖) 684 Shenlong (神龍) 705–707 Jinglong (景龍) 707–710
Emperor Ruizong (睿宗)	Li Dan 李旦	684–690, 710–712	Wenming (文明) 684–690 Jingyun (景雲) 710–711 Taiji (太極) 712 Yanhe (延和) 712
Wu Zhou Period (690 - 705) 周
Convention: family name + posthumous name
Wu Zetian (武则天) (no official temple name)	Wǔ Zhào 武曌	690–705	Tianshou (天授) 690–692 Ruyi (如意) 692 Changshou (長壽) 692–694 Yanzai (延載) 694 Zhengsheng (證聖) 695 Tiancewansui (天冊萬歲) 695–696 Wansuidengfeng (萬歲登封) 696 Wansuitongtian (萬歲通天) 696–697 Shengong (神功) 697 Shengli (聖曆) 698–700 Jiushi (久視) 700 Dazu (大足) 701 Chang'an (長安) 701–705
Continuation of Tang dynasty 唐
Emperor Shang (殤帝)^1	Li Chongmao 李重茂	710	Tanglong (唐隆) 710
Emperor Xuanzong (玄宗)	Li Longji 李隆基	712–756	Xiantian (先天) 712–713 Kaiyuan (開元) 713–741 Tianbao (天寶) 742–756
Emperor Suzong (肅宗)	Li Heng 李亨	756–762	Jide (至德) 756–758 Qianyuan (乾元) 758–760 Shangyuan (上元) 760–761
Emperor Daizong (代宗)	Li Yu 李豫	762–779	Baoying (寶應) 762–763 Guangde (廣德) 763–764 Yongtai (永泰) 765–766 Dali (大曆) 766–779
Emperor Dezong (德宗)	Li Gua 李适	780–805	Jianzhong (建中) 780–783 Xingyuan (興元) 784 Zhenyuan (貞元) 785–805
Emperor Shunzong (順宗)	Li Song 李誦	805	Yongzhen (永貞) 805
Emperor Xianzong (憲宗)	Li Chun 李純	806–820	Yuanhe (元和) 806–820
Emperor Muzong (穆宗)	Li Heng 李恆	821–824	Changqing (長慶) 821–824
Emperor Jingzong (敬宗)	Li Zhan 李湛	824–826	Baoli (寶曆) 824–826
Emperor Wenzong (文宗)	Li Ang 李昂	826–840	Baoli (寶曆) 826 Dahe (大和) or Taihe (太和) 827–835 Kaicheng (開成) 836–840
Emperor Wuzong (武宗)	Li Yan 李炎	840–846	Huichang (會昌) 841–846
Emperor Xuanzong (宣宗)	Li Chen 李忱	846–859	Dachong (大中) 847–859
Emperor Yizong (懿宗)	Li Cui 李漼	859–873	Dachong (大中) 859 Xiantong (咸通) 860–873
Emperor Xizong (僖宗)	Li Xuan 李儇	873–888	Xiantong (咸通) 873–874 Qianfu (乾符) 874–879 Guangming (廣明) 880–881 Zhonghe (中和) 881–885 Guangqi (光啟) 885–888 Wende (文德) 888
Emperor Zhaozong (昭宗)	Li Ye 李曄	888–904	Longji (龍紀) 889 Dashun (大順) 890–891 Jingfu (景福) 892–893 Qianning (乾寧) 894–898 Guanghua (光化) 898–901 Tianfu (天復) 901–904 Tianyou (天佑) 904
Emperor Ai (哀帝)^1 or Emperor Zhaoxuan (昭宣帝)^1	Li Zhu 李柷	904–907	Tianyou (天佑) 904–907
1 Shao Di 少帝, Ai Di >哀帝 and Zhaoxuan Di 昭宣帝 are posthumous names, not temple names. A new column for only three commonly used posthumous names was not be created since other Tang emperors are commonly referred using temple names.

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

Sovereigns in Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 五代十国 907–960

Temple Names (Miao Hao 廟號)	Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
the Five Dynasties 五代
Convention: name of dynasty + temple name or posthumous name
Hou (Later) Liang dynasty 后梁 907–923
Taizu 太祖	Emperor Xianwu (獻武)	Zhū Wēn (朱溫)	907–912	Kaīpíng (開平) 907–911 Qiánhuà (乾化) 911–912
		Zhu Yougui 朱友珪	912–913	Qiánhuà (乾化) 912–913 Fengli 913
Did not exist	Final Emperor (末帝)	Zhū Zhèn (朱瑱)	913–923	Qiánhuà (乾化) 913–915 Zhēnmíng (貞明) 915–921 Lóngdé (龍德) 921–923
Hou (Later) Tang dynasty 后唐 923–936
Emperor Zhuangzong 莊宗	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Lǐ Cúnxù (李存勗)	923–926	Tongguang (同光) 923–926
Emperor Mingzong 明宗	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Lǐ Sìyuán (李嗣源) or Lǐ Dǎn (李亶)	926–933	Tiancheng (天成) 926–930 Changxing (長興) 930–933
Did not exist	Emperor Min 閔帝	Lǐ Cónghòu (李從厚)	933–934	Yingshun (應順) 913–915
Did not exist	Final Emperor 末帝	Lǐ Cóngkē (李從珂)	934–936	Qingtai (清泰) 934–936
Hou (Later) Jin dynasty 后晋 936–947
Emperor Gaozu 高祖	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Shi Jingtang (石敬瑭)	936–942	Tianfu (天福) 936–942
Did not exist	Emperor Chu 出帝	Shi Chonggui (石重貴)	942–947	Tianfu (天福) 942–944 Kaiyun (開運) 944–947
Hou (Later) Han dynasty 后汉 947–950
Emperor Gaozu 高祖	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Liu Zhiyuan (劉知遠)	947–948	Tianfu (天福) 947 Qianyou (乾祐) 948
Did not exist	Emperor Yin (隱帝)	Liu Chengyou (劉承祐)	948–950	Qianyou (乾祐) 948–950
Hou (Later) Zhou dynasty 后周 951–960
Emperor Taizu 太祖	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Guo Wei (郭威)	951–954	Guangshun (廣順) 951–954 Xiande (顯德) 954
Emperor Shizong 世宗	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Chai Rong (柴榮)	954–959	Xiande (顯德) 954–959
Did not exist	Emperor Gong (恭帝	Chai Zongxun (柴宗訓)	959–960	Xiande (顯德) 959–960
the Ten Kingdoms 十国
Convention: use personal names, noticed otherwise
Wu Yue Kingdom 吳越 904–978
Emperor Tai Zu 太祖	King Wusu 武肅王	Qian Liu 錢鏐	904–932	Tianbao (天寶) 908–923 Baoda (寶大) 923–925 Baozheng (寶正) 925–932
Emperor Shi Zong 世宗	King Wenmu 文穆王	Qian Yuanguan 錢元瓘	932–941	Did not exist
Cheng Zong 成宗	King Zhongxian 忠獻王	Qian Zuo 錢佐	941–947	Did not exist
Did not exist	King Zhongxun 忠遜王	Qian Zong 錢倧	947	Did not exist
Did not exist	King Zhongyi 忠懿王	Qian Chu 錢俶	947–978	Did not exist
Min Kingdom 閩 909–945 including Yin Kingdom 殷 943–945
Emperor Taizu 太祖	King Zhongyi 忠懿王	Wang Shenzhi 王審知	909–925	Did not exist
Did not exist	Did not exist	Wang Yanhan 王延翰	925–926	Did not exist
Emperor Tai Zong 太宗	Emperor Hui 惠帝	Wang Yanjun 王延鈞	926–935	Longqi (龍啟) 933–935 Yonghe (永和) 935
Emperor Kang Zong 康宗	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Wang Jipeng 王繼鵬	935–939	Tongwen (通文) 936–939
Emperor Jing Zong 景宗	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Wang Yanxi 王延羲	939–944	Yonglong (永隆) 939–944
Did not exist	Emperor Tiande 天德帝 (as Emperor of Yin)	Wang Yanzheng 王延政	943–945	Tiande (天德) 943–945
Jingnan 荆南 or Nanping Kingdom 南平 906–963
Did not exist	King Wuxin 武信王	Gao Jixing 高季興	909–928	Did not exist
Did not exist	King Wenxian 文獻王	Gao Conghui 高從誨	928–948	Did not exist
Did not exist	King Zhenyi 貞懿王	Gao Baorong 高寶融	948–960	Did not exist
Did not exist	Emperor Shizhong 侍中	Gao Baoxu 高寶勗	960–962	Did not exist
Did not exist	Did not exist	Gao Jichong 高繼沖	962–963	Did not exist
Chu Kingdom 楚 897–951
Did not exist	King Wumu 武穆王	Ma Yin 馬殷	897–930	Did not exist
Did not exist	King Hengyang 衡陽王	Ma Xisheng 馬希聲	930–932	Did not exist
Did not exist	King Wenzhao 文昭王	Ma Xifan 馬希範	932–947	Did not exist
Did not exist	King Fei 廢王	Ma Xiguang 馬希廣	947–950	Did not exist
Did not exist	King Gongxiao 恭孝王	Ma Xi'e 馬希萼	950	Did not exist
Did not exist	Did not exist	Ma Xichong 馬希崇	950–951	Did not exist
Wu Kingdom 吳 904–937
Emperor Taizu 太祖	Emperor Xiaowu 孝武帝	Yang Xingmi 楊行密	904–905	Tianyou (天祐) 904–905
Liezong 烈宗	Emperor Jing 景帝	Yang Wo 楊渥	905–908	Tianyou (天祐) 905–908
Gaozu 高祖	Emperor Xuan 宣帝	Yang Longyan 楊隆演	908–921	Tianyou (天祐) 908–919 Wuyi (武義) 919–921
Did not exist	Emperor Rui 睿帝	Yang Pu 楊溥	921–937	Shunyi (順義) 921–927 Qianzhen (乾貞) 927–929 Dahe (大和) 929–935 Tianzuo (天祚) 935–937
Nan (Southern) Tang Kingdom 南唐 937–975
Convention for this kingdom only : Nan (Southern) Tang + posthumous names. Hou Zhu was referred to as Li Houzhu (李後主).
Emperor Xianzhu 先主 or Emperor Lie Zu 烈祖	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Li Bian 李昪	937–943	Shengyuan (昇元) 937–943
Emperor Zhongzhu 中主 or Emperor Yuanzong 元宗	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Li Jing 李璟	943–961	Baoda (保大) 943–958 Jiaotai (交泰) 958 Zhongxing (中興) 958
Emperor Houzhu of Southern Tang 後主	King Wu 武王	Li Yu 李煜	961–975	Did not exist
Nan (Southern) Han Kingdom 南漢 917–971
Gaozu 高祖	Tianhuang Dadi 天皇大帝	Liú Yán 劉巖 or Liú Yǎn 劉龑	917–925	Qiánhēng (乾亨) 917–925 Báilóng (白龍) 925–928 Dàyǒu (大有) 928–941
Did not exist	Emperor Shang 殤帝	Liú Bīn 劉玢	941–943	Guāngtiān (光天) 941–943
Zhongzong 中宗	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Liú Shèng 劉晟	943–958	Yìngqián (應乾) 943 Qiánhé (乾和) 943–958
Hou Zhu 後主	Did not exist	Liú Chǎng 劉鋹	958–971	Dàbǎo (大寶) 958–971
Bei (Northern) Han Kingdom 北漢 951–979
Emperor Shizu 世祖	Emperor Shenwu 神武帝	Liu Min 劉旻	951–954	Qianyou (乾祐) 951–954
Emperor Ruizong 睿宗	Xiaohe Di 孝和帝	Liu Chengjun 劉承鈞	954–970	Qianyou (乾祐) 954–957 Tianhui (天會) 957–970
Emperor Shaozhu 少主	Did not exist	Liu Jien 劉繼恩	970	Did not exist
Did not exist	Emperor Yingwu 英武帝	Liu Jiyuan 劉繼元	970–982	Guangyun (廣運) 970–982
Qian (Former) Shu Kingdom 前蜀 907–925
Emperor Gaozu 高祖	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Wang Jian 王建	907–918	Tianfu (天復) 907 Wucheng (武成) 908–910 Yongping (永平) 911–915 Tongzheng (通正) 916 Tianhan (天漢) 917 Guangtian (光天) 918
Last Emperor 後主	Did not exist	Wang Yan 王衍	918–925	Qiande (乾德) 918–925 Xiankang (咸康) 925
Hou (Later) Shu Kingdom 后蜀 934–965
Emperor Gaozu 高祖	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Meng Zhixiang 孟知祥	934	Mingde (明德) 934
Last Emperor 後主	Did not exist	Meng Chang 孟昶	938–965	Mingde (明德) 934–938 Guangzheng (廣政) 938–965

Independent Regimes during Ten Kingdoms

local independent regimes during Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period but traditionally not counted in the Ten Kingdoms

Name of Posts	Personal Names	Period on post
Military Commissioner of Wuping/Hunan (武平/湖南節度使)
Military Commissioner of Wuping 武平節度使	Liu Yan 劉言	950–953
Military Commissioner of Wuping 武平節度使	Wang Kui 王逵 or Wang Jinkui 王進逵	953–956
Military Commissioner of Hunan 湖南節度使	Zhou Xingfeng 周行逢	956–962
Military Commissioner of Hunan 湖南節度使	Zhou Baoquan 周保權	962–963
Military Commissioner of Quanzhang (泉漳節度使)
Commader-in-Chief of Quanzhang 泉漳都指揮使	Liu Congxiao 留從效	945–962
Regent of Quanzhang 泉漳留守	Liu Shaozi 留紹鎡	962
Military Commissioner of Quanzhang 泉漳節度使	Zhang Hansi 張漢思	962–963
Military Commissioner of Quanzhang 泉漳節度使	Chen Hongjin 陳洪進	963–978

Liao dynasty

Liao dynasty 907–1125

Temple Names (Miao Hao 廟號)	Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號)	Born Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: "Liao" + temple name except Liao Tianzuodi who is referred using "Liao" + posthumous name
Emperor Taizu太祖	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Yēlǜ Ābǎojī 耶律阿保機	907–926	Shence (神冊) 916–922 Tianzan (天贊) 922–926 Tianxian (天顯) 926
Emperor Taizong太宗	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Yēlǜ Déguāng 耶律德光	926–947	Tianxian (天顯) 927–938 Huitong (會同) 938–947 Datong (大同) 947
Emperor Shizong世宗	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Yēlǜ Ruǎn 耶律阮	947–951	Tianlu (天祿) 947–951
Emperor Muzong穆宗	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Yēlǜ Jǐng 耶律璟	951–969	Yingli (應曆) 951–969
Emperor Jingzong景宗	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Yēlǜ Xián 耶律賢	969–982	Baoning (保寧) 969–979 Qianheng (乾亨) 979–982
Emperor Shengzong聖宗	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Yēlǜ Lóngxù 耶律隆緒	982–1031	Qianheng (乾亨) 982 Tonghe (統和) 983–1012 Kaitai (開泰) 1012–1021 Taiping (太平) 1021–1031
Emperor Xingzong興宗	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Yēlǜ Zōngzhēn 耶律宗真	1031–1055	Jingfu (景福) 1031–1032 Chongxi (重熙) 1032–1055
Emperor Daozong道宗	Not used when referring to this sovereign	Yēlǜ Hóngjī 耶律洪基	1055–1101	Qingning (清寧) 1055–1064 Xianyong (咸雍) 1065–1074 Taikang (太康) or Dakang (大康) 1075–1084 Da'an (大安) 1085–1094 Shouchang (壽昌) or Shoulong (壽隆) 1095–1101
Did not exist	Emperor Tianzuo天祚帝	Yēlǜ Yánxǐ 耶律延禧	1101–1125	Qiantong (乾統) 1101–1110 Tianqing (天慶) 1111–1120 Baoda (保大) 1121–1125

(Continued as Western Liao in Central Asia)

Song dynasty

Song dynasty 宋 960–1279

Temple Names (Miao Hao 廟號)	Posthumous Names (short form)(Shi Hao 諡號)	Born Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: "Song" + temple name or posthumous name except last emperor who was revered as Song Di Bing (宋帝昺 Sòng Dì Bǐng)
Bei (Northern) Song dynasty 北宋, 960- 1127
Emperor Taizu 太祖	Xiao Di 孝帝	Zhao Kuangyin 趙匡胤	960–976	Jianlong (建隆) 960–963 Qiande (乾德) 963–968 Kaibao (開寶) 968–976
Emperor Taizong 太宗	De Di 德帝	Zhao Kuangyi 趙匡義 or Zhao Guangyi 趙光義 or Zhao Jiong 趙炅	976–997	Taipingxingguo (太平興國) 976–984 Yongxi (雍熙) 984–987 Duangong (端拱) 988–989 Chunhua (淳化) 990–994 Zhidao (至道) 995–997
Emperor Zhenzong 真宗	Zhang Di 章帝	Zhao Heng 趙恆	997–1022	Xianping (咸平) 998–1003 Jingde (景德) 1004–1007 Dazhongxiangfu (大中祥符) 1008–1016 Tianxi (天禧) 1017–1021 Qianxing (乾興) 1022
Emperor Renzong 仁宗	Wen Di 文帝	Zhao Zhen 趙禎	1022–1063	Tiansheng (天聖) 1023–1032 Mingdao (明道) 1032–1033 Jingyou (景祐) 1034–1038 Baoyuan (寶元) 1038–1040 Kangding (康定) 1040–1041 Qingli (慶曆) 1041–1048 Huangyou (皇祐) 1049–1054 Zhihe (至和) 1054–1056 Jiayou (嘉祐) 1056–1063
Emperor Yingzong 英宗	Xuan Di 宣帝	Zhao Shu 趙曙	1063–1067	Zhiping (治平) 1064–1067
Emperor Shenzong 神宗	Qin Di 欽帝	Zhao Xu 趙頊	1067–1085	Xining (熙寧) 1068–1077 Yuanfeng (元豐) 1078–1085
Emperor Zhezong 哲宗	Zhao Di 昭帝	Zhao Xu 趙煦	1085–1100	Yuanyou (元祐) 1086–1094 Shaosheng (紹聖) 1094–1098 Yuanfu (元符) 1098–1100
Emperor Huizong 徽宗	Xian Di 顯帝	Zhao Ji 趙佶	1100–1125	Jianzhongjingguo (建中靖國) 1101 Chongning (崇寧) 1102–1106 Daguan (大觀) 1107–1110 Zhenghe (政和) 1111–1118 Chonghe (重和) 1118–1119 Xuanhe (宣和) 1119–1125
Emperor Qinzong 欽宗	Ren Di 仁帝	Zhao Huan 趙桓	1126–1127	Jingkang (靖康) 1125–1127
Nan (Southern) Song dynasty 南宋, 1127–1279
Emperor Gaozong 高宗	Xian Di 憲帝	Zhao Gou 趙構	1127–1162	Jianyan (建炎) 1127–1130 Shaoxing (紹興) 1131–1162
Emperor Xiaozong 孝宗	Cheng Di 成帝	Zhao Shen 趙昚	1162–1189	Longxing (隆興) 1163–1164 Qiandao (乾道) 1165–1173 Chunxi (淳熙) 1174–1189
Emperor Guangzong 光宗	Ci Di 慈帝	Zhao Dun 趙惇	1189–1194	Shaoxi (紹熙) 1190–1194
Emperor Ningzong 寧宗	Gong Di 恭帝	Zhao Kuo 趙擴	1194–1224	Qingyuan (慶元) 1195–1200 Jiatai (嘉泰) 1201–1204 Kaixi (開禧) 1205–1207 Jiading (嘉定) 1208–1224
Emperor Lizong 理宗	An Di 安帝	Zhao Yun 趙昀	1224–1264	Baoqing (寶慶) 1225–1227 Shaoding (紹定) 1228–1233 Duanping (端平) 1234–1236 Jiaxi (嘉熙) 1237–1240 Chunyou (淳祐) 1241–1252 Baoyou (寶祐) 1253–1258 Kaiqing (開慶) 1259 Jingding (景定) 1260–1264
Emperor Duzong 度宗	Jing Di 景帝	Zhao Qi 趙禥	1264–1274	Xianchun (咸淳) 1265–1274
Emperor Gongzong 恭宗	Gong Di 恭帝	Zhao Xian 趙顯	1274–1276	Deyou (德祐) 1275–1276
Emperor Duanzong 端宗	not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Shi 趙昰	1276–1278	Jingyan (景炎) 1276–1278
did not exist	Di 帝 (The Emperor) or Prince Wei 衛王	Zhao Bing 趙昺	1278–1279	Xiangxing (祥興) 1278–1279

Western Xia

Western Xia 1032–1227

Temple names	Posthumous names	Chinese family name and first names	Reigns	Era names and their according durations
Chinese convention: "Western Xia" + temple name or "family name + first names"
Emperor Jǐngzōng 景宗	Wǔlièdì 武烈帝	Lǐ Yuánhào 李元昊	1032–1048	Xiǎndào (顯道) 1032–1034 Kāiyùn (開運) 1034 Guǎngpíng (廣平) 1035–1036 Dàqìng (大慶) 1036–1038 Tiānshòulǐfǎyánzuò (天授禮法延祚) 1038–1048
Emperor Yìzōng 毅宗	Zhāoyīngdì 昭英帝	Lǐ Liàngzuò 李諒祚	1048–1067	Yánsìníngguó (延嗣寧國) 1048–1049 Tiānyòuchuíshèng (天祐垂聖) 1050–1052 Fúshèngchéngdào (福聖承道) 1053–1056 Duǒdū (奲都) 1036–1038 Gǒnghuà (拱化) 1063–1067
Emperor Huìzōng 惠宗	Kāngjìngdì 康靖帝	Lǐ Bǐngcháng 李秉常	1067–1086	Qiándào (乾道) 1067–1069 Tiāncìlǐshèngguóqìng (天賜禮盛國慶) 1070–1074 Dà'ān (大安) 1075–1085 Tiān'ānlǐdìng (天安禮定) 1085–1086
Emperor Chóngzōng 崇宗	Shèngwéndì 聖文帝	Lǐ Qiánshùn 李乾順	1086–1139	Tiānyízhìpíng (天儀治平) 1086–1089 Tiānyòumín'ān (天祐民安) 1090–1097 Yǒng'ān (永安) 1098–1100 Zhēnguān (貞觀) 1101–1113 Yōngníng (雍寧) 1114–1118 Yuándé (元德) 1119–1127 Zhèngdé (正德) 1127–1134 Dàdé (大德) 1135–1139
Emperor Rénzōng 仁宗	Shèngzhēndì 聖禎帝	Lǐ Rénxiào 李仁孝	1139–1193	Dàqìng (大慶) 1139–1143 Rénqìng (人慶) 1144–1148 Tiānshèng (天盛) 1149–1170 Qiányòu (乾祐) 1170–1193
Emperor Huánzōng 桓宗	Zhāojiǎnjì 昭簡帝	Lǐ Chúnyòu 李純佑	1193–1206	Tiānqìng (天慶) 1193–1206
Emperor Xiāngzōng 襄宗	Jǐngwǔdì 景武帝	Lǐ Ānquán 李安全	1206–1211	Qìngtiān (慶天) 1206–1209 Huángjiàn (皇建) 1210–1211
Emperor Shénzōng 神宗	Yīngwéndì 英文帝	Lǐ Zūnxū 李遵頊	1211–1223	Guāngdìng (光定) 1211–1223
Emperor Xiànzōng 獻宗	Did not exist	Lǐ Déwàng 李德旺	1223–1226	Qiándìng (乾定) 1223–1226
Emperor Mòzhǔ 末主	Did not exist	Lǐ Xiàn 李晛	1226–1227	Bǎoyì (寶義) 1226–1227

Jin dynasty

Jin dynasty 1115–1234

Temple Names (Miao Hao 廟號 Miào Hào)	Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號)	Born Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: "Jin" + temple name or posthumous name in Chinese, or "temple name or posthumous name of Jurchen Jin Dynasty
Emperor Tàizǔ 太祖	(1)	Āgǔdǎ 阿骨打 or Wányán Mǐn 完顏旻	1115–1123	Shōuguó 收國 1115–1116   Tiānfǔ 天輔 1117–1123
Emperor Tàizōng 太宗	(1)	Wúqǐmǎi 吳乞買 or Wányán Shèng 完顏晟	1123–1134	Tiānhuì 天會 1123–1134
Emperor Xīzōng 熙宗	(1)	Hélá 合剌 or Wányán Dǎn 完顏亶	1135–1149	Tiānhuì 天會 1135–1138   Tiānjuàn 天眷 1138–1141   Huángtǒng 皇統 1141–1149
(2)	Prince Yáng of Hǎilíng 海陵煬王 or Prince of Hǎilíng 海陵王	迪古乃 Dígǔnǎi or Wányán Liàng 完顏亮	1149–1161	Tiāndé 天德 1149–1153   Zhènyuán 貞元 1153–1156   Zhènglóng 正隆 1156–1161
Emperor Shìzōng 世宗	(1)	Wūlù 烏祿 or Wányán Yōng 完顏雍	1161–1189	Dàdìng 大定 1161–1189
Emperor Zhāngzōng 章宗	(1)	Mádágě 麻達葛 or Wányán Jǐng 完顏璟	1190–1208	Míngchāng 明昌 1190–1196   Chéng'ān 承安 1196–1200   Tàihé 泰和 1200–1208
(2)	Prince Shào of Weì 衛紹王 or Prince of Weì 衛王	Wányán Yǒngjì 完顏永濟	1209–1213	Dà'ān 大安 1209–1212   Chóngqìng 崇慶 1212–1213   Zhìníng 至寧 1213
Emperor Xuānzōng 宣宗	(1)	Wúdúbǔ 吾睹補 or Wányán Xún 完顏珣	1213–1223	Zhēnyòu 貞祐 1213–1217   Xīngdìng 興定 1217–1222   Yuánguāng 元光 1222–1223
Emperor Āizōng 哀宗	(1)	Níngjiǎsù 寧甲速 or Wányán Shǒuxù 完顏守緒	1224–1234	Zhèngdà 正大 1224–1232   Kāixīng 開興 1232   Tiānxīng 天興 1232–1234
(2)	Emperor Mò (Last Emperor) 末帝	Hūdūn 呼敦 or Wányán Chénglín 完顏承麟	1234	(2)
^(1) Quite long and thus not used when referring to this sovereign. ^(2) Did not exist.

Yuan dynasty

Yuan dynasty 元 1271–1368

Temple names	Posthumous names	Khan Names	Given names	Period of Reigns	Era names and their corresponding range of years
Convention: use first name (e.g. Temüjin) or Khan names for khans before Kublai Khan. Use "Yuan" + temple name or posthumous name after. A mix of the three for Kublai Khan.
Note: 1) The Mongol Great Khans before Khubilai were only declared Yuan emperors after the creation of Yuan dynasty in 1271 2) To non-Chinese readers, usually the khan names are the most familiar names. 3) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with Timur the lame, or Tamerlane.
Emperor Tàizǔ 太祖	not used when referring to this sovereign	Genghis Khan	Borjigin Temüjin 孛兒只斤鐵木真 (Bóérzhījīn Tiěmùzhēn)	1206–1227	did not exist
Emperor Ruìzōng 睿宗	not used when referring to this sovereign	Tolui	Borjigin Tolui 孛兒只斤拖雷 (Bóérzhījīn Tuōléi)	1228	did not exist
Emperor Tàizōng 太宗	not used when referring to this sovereign	Ögedei Khan	Borjigin Ögedei 孛兒只斤窩闊台 (Bóérzhījīn Wōkuòtái)	1229–1241	did not exist
Emperor Dìngzōng 定宗	not used when referring to this sovereign	Güyük Khan	Borjigin Güyük 孛兒只斤貴由 (Bóérzhījīn Guìyóu)	1246–1248	did not exist
Emperor Xiànzōng 憲宗	not used when referring to this sovereign	Möngke Khan	Borjigin Möngke 孛兒只斤蒙哥 (Bóérzhījīn Ménggē)	1251–1259	did not exist
Emperor Shìzǔ 世祖	not used when referring to this sovereign	Kublai Khan	Borjigin Kublai 孛兒只斤忽必烈 (Bóérzhījīn Hūbìliè)	1260–1294	Zhōngtǒng (中統) 1260–1264 Zhìyuán (至元) 1264–1294
Emperor Chéngzōng 成宗	not used when referring to this sovereign	Temür Khan	Borjigin Temür 孛兒只斤鐵穆耳 (Bóérzhījīn Tiěmù'ěr)	1294–1307	Yuánzhēn (元貞) 1295–1297 Dàdé (大德) 1297–1307
Emperor Wǔzōng 武宗	not used when referring to this sovereign	Külüg Khan	Borjigin Qayshan 孛兒只斤海山 (Bóérzhījīn Hǎishān)	1308–1311	Zhìdà (至大) 1308–1311
Emperor Rénzōng 仁宗	not used when referring to this sovereign	Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan	Borjigin Ayurparibhadra 孛兒只斤愛育黎拔力八達 (Bóérzhījīn Àiyùlíbálìbādá)	1311–1320	Huángqìng (皇慶) 1312–1313 Yányòu (延祐) 1314–1320
Emperor Yīngzōng 英宗	not used when referring to this sovereign	Gegeen Khan	Borjigin Suddhipala 孛兒只斤碩德八剌 (Bóérzhījīn Shuòdébālá)	1321–1323	Zhìzhì (至治) 1321–1323
did not exist (1)	Tàidìng Emperor 泰定帝 (2)	Yesün Temür	Borjigin Yesün-Temür 孛兒只斤也孫鐵木兒 (Bóérzhījīn Yěsūntiěmùér)	1323–1328	Tàidìng (泰定) 1321–1328 Zhìhé (致和) 1328
did not exist (1)	Tiānshùn Emperor 天順帝 (2)	Ragibagh Khan	Borjigin Arigaba 孛兒只斤阿速吉八 (Bóérzhījīn Āsùjíbā)	1328	Tiānshùn (天順) 1328
Emperor Wénzōng 文宗	not used when referring to this sovereign	Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür	Borjigin Toq-Temür 孛兒只斤圖帖睦爾 (Bóérzhījīn Tútiěmùér)	1328–1329 and 1329–1332	Tiānlì (天曆) 1328–1330 Zhìshùn (至順) 1330–1332
Emperor Míngzōng 明宗	not used when referring to this sovereign	Khutughtu Khan Kusala	Borjigin Qoshila 孛兒只斤和世剌 (Bóérzhījīn Héshìlà)	1329	did not exist
Emperor Níngzōng 寧宗	not used when referring to this sovereign	Rinchinbal Khan	Borjigin Irinchibal 孛兒只斤懿璘質班 (Bóérzhījīn Yìlínzhìbān)	1332	Emperor Zhìshùn (至順) 1332
Emperor Huìzōng 惠宗 (1)	Emperor Shun 順帝	Toghon Temür	Borjigin Toghan-Temür 孛兒只斤妥懽帖睦爾 (Bóérzhījīn Tuǒhuān Tiěmùér)	1333–1370	Zhìshùn (至順) 1333 Yuántǒng (元統) 1333–1335 Zhìyuán (至元) 1335–1340 Zhìzhèng (至正) 1341–1368 Zhìyuán (至元) 1368–1370
(1) Convention: for these sovereigns only, use "yuan" + posthumous name, i.e. 元泰定帝 Yuán Tàidìng Dì. (2) Not actually a posthumous name, but adopted from era name.

Northern Yuan dynasty 北元 (after overthrown by the Ming dynasty in China in 1368) 1368 – early 15th century

Temple Names (Miao Hao 廟號 Miào Hào)	Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號)	Khan Names	Born Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: use khan names or born names.
Note: 1) To non-Chinese readers, usually the khan names are the most familiar names. 2) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with the Timur (Timurlane or Tamerlane) who attempted to restore the Mongolian Empire in Central Asia.
Convention: for the following sovereign only, use "yuan" + posthumous name.
Emperor Huìzōng 惠宗 (same person as the last Yuan emperor in China)	Emperor Shundi 順帝	Toghon Temür	Borjigin Toghan-Temür 孛兒只斤妥懽帖睦爾 (Bóérzhījīn Tuǒhuān Tiěmùér)	1333–1370	Zhìshùn (至順) 1333 Yuántǒng (元統) 1333–1335 Zhìyuán (至元) 1335–1340 Zhìzhèng (至正) 1341–1368 Zhìyuán (至元) 1368–1370
Emperor Zhàozōng 昭宗	did not exist	Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara	Ayushiridara of the Borjigin clan 孛兒只斤愛猷識里達臘 (Bóérzhījīn Àiyùshílǐdálà)	1370–1378	Xuānguāng (宣光) 1371–1378
did not exist	did not exist	Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür	Tögüs Temür of the Borjigin clan 孛兒只斤脫古思鐵木兒 (Bóérzhījīn Tuōgǔsī Tiěmùér)	1378–1387	Tiānguāng (天光) 1378–1387
(1) Convention: for these souvereigns only, use "yuan" + posthumous name, i.e. 元泰定帝 Yuán Tài Dìng Dì. For the later Mongol rulers, see List of Mongol rulers

Ming dynasty

Personal Name	Posthumous name^1 (short form)	Temple name^1	Era name	Reign years	Name by which most commonly known
Zhū Yuánzhāng 朱元璋	Emperor Gāodì 高帝	Tàizǔ 太祖	Hóngwǔ 洪武	1368–1398	Hongwu Emperor
Zhū Yǔnwén 朱允炆	Emperor Huìdì 惠帝	Huizong²	Jiànwén 建文	1398–1402	Jianwen Emperor
Zhū Dì 朱棣	Wēndì 文帝	Chéngzǔ, 成祖 or Tàizōng, 太宗	Yǒnglè 永樂	1402–1424	Yongle Emperor
Zhū Gāochì 朱高熾	Zhāodì 昭帝	Rénzōng 仁宗	Hóngxī 洪熙	1424–1425	Hongxi Emperor
Zhū Zhānjī 朱瞻基	Zhāngdì 章帝	Xuānzōng 宣宗	Xuāndé 宣德	1425–1435	Xuande Emperor
Zhū Qízhèn 朱祁鎮	Ruìdì 睿帝	Yīngzōng 英宗	Zhèngtǒng, 正統 1436–1449; Tiānshùn, 天順 1457–1464	1435–1449; 1457–1464³	Zhengtong Emperor
Zhū Qíyù 朱祁鈺	Jǐngdì 景帝	Dàizōng 代宗	Jǐngtài 景泰	1449–1457	Jingtai Emperor
Zhū Jiànshēn 朱見深	Chúndì 純帝	Xiànzōng 憲宗	Chénghuà 成化	1464–1487	Chenghua Emperor
Zhū Yòutáng 朱祐樘	Jìngdì 敬帝	Xiàozōng 孝宗	Hóngzhì 弘治	1487–1505	Hongzhi Emperor
Zhū Hòuzhào 朱厚照	Yìdì 毅帝	Wǔzōng 武宗	Zhèngdé 正德	1505–1521	Zhengde Emperor
Zhū Hòucōng 朱厚熜	Sùdì 肅帝	Shìzōng 世宗	Jiājìng 嘉靖	1521–1566	Jiajing Emperor
Zhū Zǎihòu 朱載垕	Zhuāngdì 莊帝	Mùzōng 穆宗	Lóngqìng 隆慶	1566–1572	Longqing Emperor
Zhū Yìjūn 朱翊鈞	Xiǎndì 顯帝	Shénzōng 神宗	Wànlì 萬曆	1572–1620	Wanli Emperor
Zhū Chángluò 朱常洛	Zhēndì 貞帝	Guāngzōng 光宗	Tàichāng 泰昌	1620	Taichang Emperor
Zhū Yóujiào 朱由校	Zhédì 悊帝	Xīzōng 熹宗	Tiānqǐ 天啓	1620–1627	Tianqi Emperor
Zhū Yóujiǎn 朱由檢	Zhuānglièmǐnhuángdì 莊烈愍皇帝	Sīzōng, 思宗 or Yìzōng, 毅宗	Chóngzhēn 崇禎	1627–1644	Chongzhen Emperor
1 As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Ming, to avoid confusion. For example, the Hongwu emperor is frequently referred to as Ming Taizu.
2 The Yongle emperor assumed the throne of his nephew the Jianwen emperor, who was officially said to have died in a palace fire but who was suspected of escaping to live as a recluse. The Yongle emperor wiped out the record of his nephew's reign and no temple name was given him. In 1644 the Prince of Fu (福王), the new self-proclaimed emperor of the Southern Ming, conferred on Emperor Jianwen the temple name Huizong
3 After listening to the poor advice of his eunuch advisers, the Zhengtong emperor personally led a campaign in 1449 against the Mongols and was captured. His brother, the Jingtai emperor, assumed the throne and, a hostage no longer of any value, the Mongols released the Zhengtong emperor who returned to live in seclusion. However, the Zhengtong emperor was able to reclaim his position, choosing the reign name Tianshun.

Shun dynasty

The Shun dynasty was an imperial dynasty created in the brief lapse from Ming to Qing rule in China. It was a state set up by the peasants' rebellion, in which they defeated the Ming forces, but former Ming general Wu Sangui led the Qing forces into Beijing and the Qing forces defeated the rebels.

Personal Name	Temple name	Era name	Reign years
Li Zicheng 李自成	Chuǎng Wáng (The Daring King) 闖王	Yongchang 永昌	1644

Southern Ming dynasty

The Southern Ming dynasty refers to the Ming loyalist regimes that existed in Southern China from 1644 to 1662. The regime was established by the princes of the already destroyed Ming dynasty. All of these monarchs had their regimes crushed by the Qing forces very quickly. Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) used the Ming dynasty's name and gathered forces before fleeing to Taiwan.

Personal Name	Temple name	Era name	Reign years	Name by which most commonly known
Zhū Yóusōng 朱由崧	Ānzōng 安宗	Hóngguāng 弘光	1644–1645	Prince of Fu 福王 Fú Wáng
Zhū Yùjiàn 朱聿鍵	Shàozōng 紹宗	Lóngwǔ 隆武	1645–1646	Prince of Tang 唐王 Táng Wáng
Zhū Chángfāng 朱常淓	None given	None given, but sometimes referred to as the Regency of the Prince of Lu (Luh) 潞王臨國 Lù Wáng Lín Guó	1645	Prince of Lu (Luh*) 潞王 Lù Wáng
Zhū Yǐhǎi 朱以海	None given	None given, but sometimes referred to as the Regency of the Prince of Lu (Lou) 魯王臨國 Lǔ Wáng Lín Guó	1645–1653	Prince of Lu (Lou*) 魯王 Lǔ Wáng
Zhū Yùyuè 朱聿𨮁	Wénzōng 文宗	Shàowǔ 紹武	1646	Prince of Tang (Shaowu) 唐王 Táng Wáng
Zhū Yóuláng 朱由榔	Zhāozōng 昭宗	Yǒnglì 永曆	1646–1662	Prince of Gui 桂王 Guì Wáng

• The two characters are homonyms, both pronounced Lu; to distinguish them, one is usually kept as Lu and the other spelled differently. Luh is from Cambridge History of China; Lou is from A.C. Moule's Rulers of China (1957). When one irregular spelling is used, the other is kept as regular (Lu). The two systems are distinct and not used simultaneously.

Qing dynasty

Given name^1	Posthumous name² (short form)	Temple name²	Reign name Chinese, Manchu	Reign years	Name by which most commonly known
Nurhaci 努爾哈赤 pinyin: Nǔ'ěrhāchì	Gāodì 高帝	Tàizǔ 太祖	Tiānmìng 天命 Abkai fulingga	1616–1626³	Nurhaci
Hong Taiji^4 皇太極 pinyin: Huángtàijí	Wéndì 文帝	Tàizōng 太宗	Tiāncōng 天聰 Abkai sure 1627–1636; Chóngdé 崇德 Wesihun erdemungge 1636–1643	1626–1643	Huang Taiji
Fúlín 福臨	Zhāngdì 章帝	Shìzǔ 世祖	Shùnzhì 順治 Ijishūn dasan	1643–1661^5	Shunzhi Emperor
Xuányè 玄燁	Réndì 仁帝	Shèngzǔ 聖祖	Kāngxī 康熙 Elhe taifin	1661–1722	Kangxi Emperor
Yìnzhēn 胤禛	Xiàndì 憲帝	Shìzōng 世宗	Yōngzhèng 雍正 Hūwaliyasun tob	1722–1735	Yongzheng Emperor
Hónglì 弘曆	Chúndì 純帝	Gāozōng 高宗	Qiánlóng 乾隆 Abkai wehiyehe	1735–1796 (died 1799)^6	Qianlong Emperor
Yóngyǎn 顒琰	Ruìdì 睿帝	Rénzōng 仁宗	Jiāqìng 嘉慶 Saicungga fengšen	1796–1820	Jiaqing Emperor
Mínníng 旻寧	Chéngdì 成帝	Xuānzōng 宣宗	Dàoguāng 道光 Doro eldengge	1820–1850	Daoguang Emperor
Yìzhǔ 奕詝	Xiǎndì 顯帝	Wénzōng 文宗	Xiánfēng 咸豐 Gubci elgiyengge	1850–1861	Xianfeng Emperor
Zǎichún 載淳	Yìdì 毅帝	Mùzōng 穆宗	Tóngzhì 同治 Yooningga dasan	1861–1875^7	Tongzhi Emperor
Zǎitián 載湉	Jǐngdì 景帝	Dézōng 德宗	Guāngxù 光緒 Badarangga doro	1875–1908^7	Guangxu Emperor
Pǔyí 溥儀 also known as Henry	Xùndì ^8 遜帝	Gongzōng ^9 恭宗	Xuāntǒng 宣統 Gehungge yoso	1908–1911^10 (died 1967)	Xuantong Emperor
1 The Qing imperial family name was Aisin Gioro (愛新覺羅 aixin jueluo), but it was not common Manchu practice to include the family or clan name in an individual's personal name.
2 As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Qing, to avoid confusion. For example, the Qianlong emperor is frequently referred to as Qing Gaozong.
3 Nurhaci founded the Jin (金) or Later Jin (後金) dynasty in 1616, but it was his son Hong Taiji who changed the name of the dynasty to Qing in 1636. Nurhaci adopted the reign name Tianming but his Qing titles were all conferred posthumously.
4 Hong Taiji is referred to erroneously in some historical literature as Abahai (阿巴海).
5 The Shunzhi emperor was the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper following the occupation of Beijing in 1644.
6 The Qianlong emperor officially retired in 1796, taking the title Emperor Emeritus (太上皇帝). This was an act of filial piety to ensure that he would not reign longer than his illustrious grandfather, the Kangxi emperor. However, he remained the ultimate authority until his death in 1799, at which point his son, the Jiaqing emperor, began to exercise the power that had been his in name only from 1796.
7 The Empress Dowager Cixi, concubine of the Xianfeng emperor, mother of the Tongzhi emperor, and adoptive mother of the Guangxu emperor, used her considerable skills of political manipulation to act as the power behind the throne or on the throne from 1861 until her death in 1908. She acted as a regent during the minorities of the two young emperors and confined the Guangxu emperor in the Summer Palace after he attempted to introduce reforms in 1898. The death of the Guangxu emperor was announced the day before her own.
8 Xundi ("The Abdicated Emperor") is the posthumous name given by mainland China and Taiwan's history books to Pu-yi.
9 In 2004 the descendants of the Qing imperial family have conferred a posthumous name and temple name upon the late Puyi. Posthumous name: Mindi (愍帝). Temple name: Gongzong (恭宗). It remains to be seen whether these names will be accepted by the Chinese public.
10 The Qing dynasty was overthrown in 1911, and the last emperor, Puyi, abdicated officially on February 12, 1912. However, that same day the Republic of China granted the "Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Emperor of the Great Qing after his Abdication" (清帝退位優待條件) which allowed Puyi to retain his imperial title and stated that he should be treated by the government of the Republic with the protocol attached to a foreign monarch. These articles were revised on November 5, 1924, after the coup by General Feng Yuxiang: the revised articles stated that Puyi was losing his imperial title and henceforth becoming a regular citizen of the Republic of China. Puyi was expelled from the Forbidden City that same day. Thus, Puyi was ruling emperor until February 12, 1912 (and also briefly between July 1 and July 12, 1917), and non-ruling emperor between February 12, 1912 and November 5, 1924. Puyi also later became the puppet leader of Japanese-controlled Manchukuo under the reign name Datong (大同) (1932–1934), then the puppet emperor of the same under the reign name Kangde (康德) (1934–1945).

Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

Personal name	Reign name 年號 (nian hao)	Reign years	Name by which most commonly known
Hong Xiuquan 洪秀全	Yuánnián 元年	11 January 1851 – 1 June 1864	Hong Xiuquan
Hong Tianguifu 洪天貴福	None given	6 June 1864 – 18 November 1864	Hong Tianguifu

Empire of China

A short-lived attempt by statesman and general Yuan Shikai who attempted to establish himself as emperor in 1915, but his rule is universally accepted as inauthentic. After 83 days, the reign collapsed.

Personal name	Reign name 年號 (nian hao)	Reign years	Name by which most commonly known
Yuan Shikai 袁世凱	Hóngxiàn 洪憲	22 December 1915 – 22 March 1916 (10 March 1912 – 22 December 1915 as the President of the Republic of China)	Yuan Shikai

See also

• Timeline of Chinese history

References

External links

• LIST OF CHINESE RULERS