List of Jewish American politicians

This is a list of notable Jewish American politicians, arranged chronologically. For other notable Jewish Americans, see List of Jewish Americans.

Federal Government

Senators

Current senators

	State	Class	Senator	Name	Party	Prior Public Office/Position	Education	Assumed Office	Date of Birth	Term Expires
	California	1		Feinstein, DianneDianne Feinstein	Democratic	Mayor of San Francisco, San Francisco Board of Supervisors	Stanford University (B.A.)	November 10, 1992	June 22, 1933	January 3, 2019
	California	3		Boxer, BarbaraBarbara Boxer	Democratic	U.S. House, Marin County Board of Supervisors	Brooklyn College (B.A.)	January 3, 1993	November 11, 1940	January 3, 2017
	Colorado	3		Bennet, MichaelMichael Bennet	Democratic	Denver Public Schools Superintendent	Wesleyan University (B.A.) Yale University (J.D.)	January 21, 2009	November 28, 1964	January 3, 2017
	Connecticut	3		Blumenthal, RichardRichard Blumenthal	Democratic	Connecticut Attorney General, Connecticut Senate, Connecticut House of Representatives	Harvard University (B.A.) Trinity College, Cambridge (attended) Yale University (J.D.)	January 5, 2011	February 13, 1946	January 3, 2017
	Hawaii	3		Schatz, BrianBrian Schatz	Democratic	Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii, Hawaii House of Representatives	Pomona College (B.A.)	December 26, 2012	October 20, 1972	January 3, 2017
	Maryland	1		Cardin, BenBen Cardin	Democratic	U.S. House, Maryland House of Delegates	University of Pittsburgh (B.A.) University of Maryland, Baltimore (J.D.)	January 3, 2007	October 5, 1943	January 3, 2019
	Minnesota	2		Franken, AlAl Franken	Democratic-Farmer-Labor	None (Entertainer)	Harvard University (B.A.)	July 7, 2009	May 21, 1951	January 3, 2021
	New York	3		Schumer, ChuckChuck Schumer	Democratic	U.S. House, New York State Assembly	Harvard University (A.B.; J.D.)	January 3, 1999	November 23, 1950	January 3, 2017
	Oregon	3		Wyden, RonRon Wyden	Democratic	U.S. House	University of California, Santa Barbara (attended) Stanford University (B.A.) University of Oregon (J.D.)	February 6, 1996	May 3, 1949	January 3, 2017
	Vermont	1		Sanders, BernieBernie Sanders	Democratic[1][2]	Mayor of Burlington, U.S. House	Brooklyn College (attended) University of Chicago (B.A.)	January 3, 2007	September 8, 1941	January 3, 2019

Former senators

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

• Rudy Boschwitz (R-MN: 1978–1991)^[3][4]
• Norm Coleman (R-MN: 2003–2009)^[5]
• Russell Feingold (D-WI: 1993–2011)
• Ernest Gruening (D-AK: 1959-1969)
• Chic Hecht (R-NV: 1983–1989)^[4]
• Jacob K. Javits (R-NY: 1957–1981)^[4]
• Herbert Kohl (D-WI: 1988–2013)
• Joe Lieberman (D-CT: 1989–2013)^[6]
• Frank Lautenberg (D-NJ: 1982–2001; 2003–2013)^[7]
• Howard Metzenbaum (D-OH: 1974 1976–1995)
• Abraham A. Ribicoff (D-CT: 1962–1980)^[8]
• Warren Rudman (R-NH: 1980–1993)^[4]
• Arlen Specter (R/D-PA: 1981–2011)^[4]
• Paul Wellstone (D-MN: 1991–2002)^[3]
• David Levy Yulee (D-FL: 1845–1851; 1855–1861)
• Edward Zorinsky (D-NE: 1976–1987)^[9]
• Carl Levin (D-MI: 1979–2015)^[10][11]

Representatives

Current representatives

	District		Name	Party	Religion	Prior Experience	Education	Assumed Office	Born In	Notes
	California 28		Schiff, AdamAdam Schiff[12]	Democratic	Jewish	California State Senate, Assistant Prosecutor for the United States Attorney for the Southern District of California	Stanford University Harvard University	2001	1960
	California 30		Sherman, BradBrad Sherman[13]	Democratic	Jewish	California Board of Equalization	University of California, Los Angeles Harvard Law School	1997	1954
	California 47		Lowenthal, AlanAlan Lowenthal[14]	Democratic	Jewish	California State Senate, California State Assembly	Ohio State University Hobart College	2013	1941
	California 53		Davis, SusanSusan Davis[15]	Democratic	Jewish	California State Assembly	University of California, Berkeley University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill	2001	1944
	Colorado 2		Polis, JaredJared Polis[16]	Democratic	Jewish	Colorado State Board of Education, Internet Executive	Princeton University	2009	1975	First openly gay man elected as a freshman
	Florida 9		Grayson, AlanAlan Grayson[14]	Democratic	Jewish	U.S. House	Harvard University	2013	1958
	Florida 21		Deutch, TedTed Deutch[17]	Democratic	Jewish	Florida Senate	University of Michigan University of Michigan Law School	2010*	1966
	Florida 22		Frankel, LoisLois Frankel[14]	Democratic	Jewish	West Palm Beach mayor	Boston University Georgetown University Law Center	2013	1948
	Florida 23		Wasserman Schultz, DebbieDebbie Wasserman Schultz[18]	Democratic	Jewish	Florida Senate, Florida House of Representatives	University of Florida	2005	1966	Chairwoman of the Democratic National Committee
	Illinois 9		Schakowsky, JanJan Schakowsky	Democratic	Jewish	Illinois House of Representatives	University of Illinois	1999	1944	Democratic leadership as a Chief Deputy Whip
	Kentucky 3		Yarmuth, JohnJohn Yarmuth[19]	Democratic	Jewish	Newspaper Publisher, Vice-President for University Relations University of Louisville	Yale University	2007	1947	First Jewish congressman from Kentucky
	Michigan 9		Levin, SanderSander Levin[20]	Democratic	Jewish	U.S. Government administrator	University of Chicago Columbia University Harvard Law School	1983	1931	Former chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means
	New York 1		Zeldin, LeeLee Zeldin[14]	Republican	Jewish	New York Senate	University at Albany, SUNY Albany Law School	2015	1980
	New York 3		Israel, SteveSteve Israel[12]	Democratic	Jewish	Huntington Town Board	George Washington University	2001	1958	Chairman of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee
	New York 10		Nadler, JerroldJerrold Nadler[21]	Democratic	Jewish	New York State Assembly	Columbia University Fordham University	1992*	1947
	New York 16		Engel, EliotEliot Engel[22]	Democratic	Jewish	high school teacher, New York State Assembly	Lehman College New York Law School	1989	1947
	New York 17		Lowey, NitaNita Lowey[23]	Democratic	Jewish	New York Assistant Secretary of State	Mount Holyoke College	1989	1937	First female and second chairperson of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee
	Rhode Island 1		Cicilline, DavidDavid Cicilline[14]	Democratic	Jewish	Mayor of Providence	Brown University Georgetown University Law Center	2011	1961
	Tennessee 9		Cohen, SteveSteve Cohen[24]	Democratic	Jewish	Tennessee Senate, Attorney	Vanderbilt University University of Memphis	2007	1949	First Jewish congressman from Tennessee

Former representatives

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

• Anthony C. Beilenson (D-CA: 1977–1997)^[25]
• Howard Berman (D-CA: 1983–2013)^[26]
• Eric Cantor (R-VA: 2001–2014)^[27] Former House Majority Leader
• Sam Coppersmith (D-AZ: 1993–1995)^[28]
• Peter Deutsch (D-FL: 1993–2005)^[29]
• Mickey Edwards (R-OK:1977–1993)^[30][31]
• Rahm Emanuel (D-IL: 2003–2009) also Cabinet-level officer^[32] Current Mayor of Chicago
• Bob Filner (D-CA: 1993–2012)^[33]
• Jon D. Fox (R-PA: 1995–1999)^[34]
• Martin Frost (D-TX: 1979–2005)^[35]
• Sam Gejdenson (D-CT: 1981–2001)^[36]
• Gabrielle Giffords (D-AZ: 2007–2012)^[37]
• Bill Graidson (R-OH 1st and 2nd: 1975–1983; 1983–1993)^[38]
• Jane Harman (D-CA: 1993–1999, 2001–2011)^[39]
• Julius Houseman (D-MI 5th: 1883–1885)^[40]
• Julius Kahn (R-CA:1899–1924)
• Florence Prag Kahn (R-CA:1925–1937) first Jewish woman elected.
• Ed Koch (D-NY 17th and 18th: 1969–1973; 1973–1977)^[41]
• Tom Lantos (D-CA: 1981–2008) also Chairman of the House Committee on International Relations.
• William Lehman (D-FL:1973–1993)^[42]
• Marjorie Margolies-Mezvinsky (D-PA: 1995–1997)
• Edward Mezvinsky (D-IA: 1973–1977)
• Philip Phillips (D-AL:1853–1855)^[43]
• Allyson Schwartz (D-PA: 2005–2015)
• Gladys Spellman (D-MD: 1975–1981)^[44]
• Sam Steiger (R-AZ: 1967–1977)^[45]
• Henry Waxman (D-CA: 1975–2015)^[46] also Chairman of Energy and Commerce Committee
• Robert Wexler (D-FL: 1997–2010)^[47]
• Anthony Weiner (D-NY: 1999–2011)^[48][49]
• Ted Weiss (D-NY: 1977–1992)
• Sidney R. Yates (D-IL: 1949–1963; 1965–1999)^[50]
• Dick Zimmer (R-NJ: 1991–1997)^[51]

Supreme Court Justices

Current justices

Name	Born	Appt. by	Age at appt.	First day / Length of service	Previous positions
Ginsburg, Ruth BaderRuth Bader Ginsburg	March 15, 1933 (age 83) in Brooklyn, New York	Clinton, BillBill Clinton	60	August 10, 1993 22 years, 8 months	Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit (1980–1993); General Counsel, American Civil Liberties Union (1973–1980); Professor, Columbia Law School (1972–1980); Professor, Rutgers University School of Law (1963–1972)
Breyer, StephenStephen Breyer	August 15, 1938 (age 77) in San Francisco, California	Clinton, BillBill Clinton	55	August 3, 1994 21 years, 8 months	Chief Judge, Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (1990–1994); Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (1980–1990); Professor, Harvard Law School (1967–1980)
Kagan, ElenaElena Kagan	April 28, 1960 (age 56) in New York, New York	Obama, BarackBarack Obama	50	August 7, 2010 5 years, 8 months	Solicitor General of the United States (2009–2010); Dean of Harvard Law School (2003–2009); Professor, Harvard Law School (2001–2003); Visiting Professor, Harvard Law School (1999–2001); Associate White House Counsel (1995–1999); Deputy Director of the Domestic Policy Council (1995–1999); Professor, University of Chicago Law School (1995); Associate Professor, University of Chicago Law School (1991–1995)

Former justices

Name	Born	Died	Appt. by	Retired under	Age at appt.	First day	Date of retirement
Louis Brandeis	November 13, 1856 in Louisville, Kentucky	October 5, 1941 in Washington, D.C.	Woodrow Wilson	Franklin D. Roosevelt	55	June 1, 1916	February 13, 1939
Benjamin Cardozo	May 24, 1870 in New York, New York	July 9, 1938 in Port Chester, New York	Herbert Hoover	Franklin D. Roosevelt	61	March 2, 1932	July 9, 1938
Felix Frankfurter	November 15, 1882 in Vienna, Austria-Hungary	February 22, 1965 in Washington, D.C.	Franklin D. Roosevelt	John F. Kennedy	56	January 20, 1939	August 28, 1962
Arthur Goldberg	August 8, 1908 in Chicago, Illinois	January 19, 1990 in Washington, D.C.	John F. Kennedy	Lyndon B. Johnson	53	September 28, 1962	July 26, 1965
Abe Fortas	June 19, 1910 in Memphis, Tennessee	April 5, 1982 in Washington, D.C.	Lyndon B. Johnson	Richard Nixon	55	October 4, 1965	May 14, 1969

Cabinet Officials

Current Cabinet Secretaries

Office	Secretary	Name	Assumed Office	Date of Birth	Prior Public Office/Position	Education
Secretary of the Treasury		Lew, JackJack Lew	February 28, 2013	August 29, 1955	White House Chief of Staff, Director of the Office of Management and Budget, Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources	Harvard University (A.B.) Georgetown University (J.D.)
Secretary of Commerce		Pritzker, PennyPenny Pritzker	June 26, 2013	May 2, 1959	None (Businesswoman)	Harvard University (A.B.) Stanford University (J.D.)

Current Cabinet-level Officials

Office		Name	Assumed Office	Date of Birth	Prior Public Office/Position	Education
United States Trade Representative		Froman, MichaelMichael Froman	June 21, 2013	August 20, 1962	Chief of Staff to the Secretary of the Treasury, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Eurasia and the Middle East	Princeton University (A.B.) Oxford University (DPhil) Harvard University (J.D.)
Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers		Furman, JasonJason Furman	August 2, 2013	August 18, 1970	Special Assistant to the President for Economic Policy in the Clinton Administration	Harvard University London School of Economics

State Government

Governors

Current governors

	State	Governor	Name	Party	Assumed Office	Term expires	Notes
	Delaware		Markell, JackJack Markell[52]	Democratic	January 20, 2009	January 17, 2017	Former Chairperson of the National Governors Association Former Chairperson of the Democratic Governors Association
	Vermont		Shumlin, PeterPeter Shumlin[53]	Democratic	January 6, 2011	January 6, 2017	Vermont House of Representatives Former President pro tempore of the Vermont State Senate

Former governors

	Name	Party	State	Term	Other Public Office/Position	Note
	Moses Alexander[54]	Democratic	Idaho	1915-1919	Mayor of Boise, Idaho	Idaho's first and so far only Jewish Governor
	Simon Bamberger[55]	Democratic	Utah	1917-1921		First non-Mormon, first Democrat, and first and to date only person of Jewish heritage to be elected Governor of the State of Utah
	Washington Bartlett[56]	Democratic	California	1887	Mayor of San Francisco	California's first and so far only Jewish Governor
	David Emanuel[57]	Democratic-Republican	Georgia	1801		Emanuel is considered to be the first Jew elected to public office in the South and the first Jewish governor of any U.S. state, although he may not have been an openly practicing Jew. As an adult he became a Presbyterian, confusing later researchers about his identity, but modern historians accept that he was Jewish.[57]
	Neil Goldschmidt[58]	Democratic	Oregon	1987-1991	United States Secretary of Transportation Mayor of Portland, Oregon
	Ernest Gruening[59]	Democratic	Territory of Alaska	1939-1953	United States Senator
	Henry Horner[60]	Democratic	Illinois	1933-1940		Illinois' first Jewish Governor
	Madeleine Kunin[61]	Democratic	Vermont	1985-1991	United States Ambassador to Switzerland and Liechtenstein Lieutenant Governor of Vermont	Vermont's first and, to date, only female and Jewish governor
	Herbert H. Lehman[62]	Democratic	New York	1933-1942	United States Senator Lieutenant Governor of New York
	Frank Licht[63]	Democratic	Rhode Island	1969-1973	Associate Justice of the Rhode Island Superior Court Member of the Rhode Island Senate	Rhode Island's first Jewish Governor
	Linda Lingle[64]	Republican	Hawaii	2002-2010	Mayor of Maui	Hawaii's first and, to date, only female and Jewish governor
	Marvin Mandel[65]	Democratic	Maryland	1969-1979		Maryland's first and to date only Jewish governor
	Julius Meier[66]	Independent	Oregon	1931-1935		Oregon's first Jewish Governor
	Ed Rendell[67]	Democratic	Pennsylvania	2003-2011	Mayor of Philadelphia
	Abraham Ribicoff[68]	Democratic	Connecticut	1955-1961	United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare United States Senator Member of the U.S. House of Representatives	Connecticut's first and to date only Jewish governor
	Edward S. Salomon[69][70]	Republican	Washington Territory	1870-1872
	Arthur Seligman[71]	Democratic	New Mexico	1937-1933		New Mexico's first native-born, non-Hispanic, governor of Jewish ancestry
	Samuel H. Shapiro[72]	Democratic	Illinois	1968-1969	Lieutenant Governor of Illinois
	Milton Shapp[73]	Democratic	Pennsylvania	1971-1979		Pennsylvania's first Jewish Governor
	Eliot Spitzer[74]	Democratic	New York	2007-2008	New York Attorney General
	Bruce Sundlun[75]	Democratic	Rhode Island	1991-1995

Lieutenant governors

Current lieutenant governors

	State	Governor	Name	Party	Assumed Office	Term expires	Prior Public Office/Position
	Connecticut		Wyman, NancyNancy Wyman[76]	Democrat	January 5, 2011	2019	Comptroller of Connecticut

Former lieutenant governors

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

• Jerry Abramson (D-KY: 2011–2014)^[77]
• Jay Dardenne (R-LA: 2010–2016)^[78]
• Matthew Denn (D-DE: 2009–2015)^[79]
• Lee Fisher (D-OH: 2007–2011)^[80]

Municipal Government

Mayors of major cities

Current mayors of major cities

	City	State	Mayor	Name	Party	Assumed Office	Term expires	Prior Public Office/Position
	Anchorage	Alaska		Ethan Berkowitz[81]	Democratic	July 1, 2015	2019	Member of Alaska House of Representatives
	Austin	Texas		Steve Adler[82]	Democratic	January 6, 2015	2019
	Burlington	Vermont		Miro Weinberger[83]	Democratic	April 2, 2012	2016
	Chattanooga	Tennessee		Andy Berke[84]	Democratic	April 15, 2013	2017	Member of the Tennessee Senate
	Chicago	Illinois		Rahm Emanuel[32]	Democratic	May 16, 2011	2019	White House Chief of Staff U.S. House
	Jersey City	New Jersey		Steven Fulop[85]	Democratic	July 1, 2013	2017	Jersey City Councilman
	Las Vegas	Nevada		Carolyn Goodman[86]	Independent	July 6, 2011	2019
	Los Angeles	California		Eric Garcetti[87]	Democratic	July 1, 2013	2017	President of the Los Angeles City Council Los Angeles City Councilman
	Madison	Wisconsin		Paul Soglin[88]	Democratic	April 19, 2011	2019
	Oakland	California		Libby Schaaf	Democratic	January 5, 2015	2019	Member of Oakland City Council
	St. Petersburg	Florida		Rick Kriseman[89]	Democratic	January 2, 2014	2017	Member of the Florida House of Representatives
	Tucson	Arizona		Jonathan Rothschild[90]	Democratic	December 5, 2011	2015

Former mayors of major cities

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

• Jerry Abramson (D-Louisville, KY: 1986–1999; 2003-2011)^[77]
• Moses Alexander (D-Boise, ID: 1897–1899; 1901-1903)^[91]
• Abe Aronovitz (R-Miami, FL: 1953-1955)^[92]
• Harry Bacharach (R-Atlantic City, NJ: 1912; 1916–1920; 1930-1935)^[93]
• Walt Bachrach (R-Cincinnati, OH: 1960-1967^[28]
• Abraham Beame (D-New York, NY: 1974-1977)
• Martin Behrman (D-New Orleans, LA: 1904-1920; 1925-1926)^[94]
• Michael Bloomberg (R then I:New York, NY: 2002-2013)^[95]
• Richard Berkley (R-Kansas City, MO: 1979-1991)^[96]
• David Cicilline (D-Providence, RI: 2003-2011)^[14]
• Larry Cohen (D-Saint Paul, MN: 1972-1976)^[97]
• Josh Cohen (D-Annapolis, MD: 2009-2013)^[98]
• Norm Coleman (R-Saint Paul, MN: 1997-2002)^[5]
• Leopold David (Anchorage, AK: 1920-1923) First mayor of Anchorage^[99]
• Mutt Evans (D-Durham, NC: 1951-1963)^[100]
• Dianne Feinstein (D-San Francisco, CA: 1978-1988)
• Bob Filner (D-San Diego, CA: 2012-2013)^[33]
• Samuel Folz (D-Kalamazoo, MI: 1903)^[101]
• Lois Frankel (D-West Palm Beach, FL: 2003-2011)^[14]
• Sandra Freedman (D-Tampa, FL: 1986-1995)^[102]
• Jeffrey Friedman (D-Austin, TX: 1975-1977)^[103]
• Bailey Gatzert (I-Seattle, WA: 1875-1876)^[104]
• Susan Golding (R-San Diego, CA: 1992-2000)^[105]
• Neil Goldschmidt (D-Portland, OR: 1973-1979)^[106]
• Stephen Goldsmith (R-Indianapolis, IN: 1992-2000)^[107]
• Phil Gordon (D-Phoenix, AZ: 2004-2012)^[108]
• Bill Graidson (R-Cincinnati, OH: 1971)^[38]
• Robert Harris (D-Ann Arbor, MI: 1969-1973)^[109]
• Adlene Harrison (D-Dallas, TX: 1976)^[110]
• Julius Houseman (D-Grand Rapids, MI: 1872-1873; 1874–1875)^[40]
• Vera Katz (D-Portland, OR: 1993-2005)^[111]
• Ed Koch (D-New York, NY: 1978-1989)^[41]
• Joseph Lazarow (R-Atlantic City, NJ: 1976-1982)^[112]
• Henry Loeb (D-Memphis, TN: 1960-1963; 1968-1971)^[113] Later converted to Episcopalianism.
• Zachariah J. Loussac (D-Anchorage, AK: 1948-1951)^[114]
• Sophie Masloff (D-Pittsburgh, PA: 1988-1994)^[115]
• Sam Massell (D-Atlanta, GA: 1970-1974)^[116]
• Laura Miller (D-Dallas, TX: 2002-2007)^[117]
• Arthur Naftalin (D-Minneapolis, MN: 1961-1969)^[118]
• Meyera Oberndorf (D-Virginia Beach, VA: 1988-2009)^[119]
• Ed Rendell (D-Philadelphia, PA: 1992-2000)
• Bernie Sanders (I-Burlington, VT: 1981-1989)
• Murray Seasongood (I-Cincinnati, OH: 1929-1929)^[120]
• Kel Seliger (R-Amarillo, TX: 1993-2001)^[121]
• Florence Shapiro (R-Plaino, TX: 1990-1992)^[122]
• Joseph Simon (R-Portland, OR: 1909-1911)^[123]
• Jerry Springer (D-Cincinnati, OH: 1977-1978)^[124]
• Sam Steiger (R-Prescott, AZ: 1999-2001)
• Annette Strauss (D-Dallas, TX: 1987-1991)^[125]
• Adolph Sutro (R-San Francisco, CA: 1895-1897)^[126]
• Edward Zorinsky (R-Omaha, NE: 1973–1976)^[9]

Presidential Candidates

• Milton Shapp ran for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in 1976 but ended the campaign after 89 days and not even winning Pennsylvania where he was governor.
• Joe Lieberman ran for the Democratic nomination for president of the United States in 2004. In the previous presidential election, he was the Democratic candidate for vice president.
• Jill Stein was the Green Party nominee for president in 2012. She lost with 0.36% of the vote, or 470,000 votes. She is running again in 2016.
• Bernie Sanders is running for president in 2016 as a Democrat. He became the first Jewish candidate to win a major party primary with a victory in New Hampshire.^[127]
• Arlen Specter ran for the Republican Nomination for President in 1996, but dropped out before the Iowa Caucuses. He later became a Democrat.

See also

• List of Jewish members of the United States Congress

Notes

1. Meckler, Laura and Nicholas, Peter. "Questions Loom About Bernie Sanders Qualifying for First Democratic Primary", Wall Street Journal (November 4, 2015).
2. Ronayne, Kathleen (November 5, 2015). "Sanders declares as Democrat in NH primary". Burlington Free Press.
3. "Ousted Senator Apologizes for Letter to Jews". November 10, 1990. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
4. "Congressional Republicans: Nobody Here But Us Christians". June 11, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
5. Norm Coleman
6. "Retired Sen. Joe Lieberman Discusses His Jewish Faith". February 11, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
7. "Frank Lautenberg, Proud Jew Who Didn't Want To Be a 'Jewish Senator'". June 11, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
8. "Ribicoff of Connecticut Dies; Governor and Senator Was 87". The New York Times. February 23, 1998. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
9. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Zorinsky.html
10. Jewish Michigan Senator Carl Levin Won’t Seek Re-election in 2014, Haaretz
11. Jewish Leaders Urge Congress to OK Deal With Iran, Time
12. Sharon Samber (November 10, 2000). "New faces offset losses as Jews gain seats in Congress". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 2006-11-09.
13. Sharon Samber (November 8, 2002). "Jewish minyan grows in Senate; Jew elected to House". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
14. J.J. Goldberg (November 4, 2010). "Rite of Returns: Jews Who Ran for Congress — Winners & Losers". The Jewish Daily Forward. Retrieved 2010-11-08.
15. Stuart Rothenberg (November 2, 2000). "Top House races of 2000". CNN. Archived from the original on September 10, 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-09.
16. "Three New Jewish Members of Congress". The Jewish Federations of North America. Retrieved 2010-11-08.
17. Ron Kampeas (April 21, 2010). "Ted Deutch, a most Jewish speech from the most Jewish district". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
18. "Elections 2006 AP Coverage: Debbie Wasserman Schultz (Dem)". Associated Press. November 9, 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
19. Shmuel Rosner (November 5, 2006). "Louisville's Jews vote Democratic – but not because the candidate's Jewish". Haaretz. Retrieved 2006-11-09.
20. "Elections 2006 AP Coverage". Associated Press. November 9, 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
21. "Jerrold Nadler (D-NY-8)". CNN. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
22. Kandea Mosley (September 12, 2000). "A Rumble in the Bronx Feuding Politicos Pull No Punches in Congressional Race". The Village Voice. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
23. Jennifer Jacobson (October 23, 2006). "Jewish women on rise in Congress". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
24. Woody Baird (November 7, 2006). "Congressional incumbents re-elected, Cohen takes lead in Memphis". Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 26, 2007. Retrieved 2006-11-09.
25. "Anthony C. Beilenson". Los Angeles Times. April 18, 1988. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
26. "Brad Sherman defeats Howard Berman after bitter fight". Los Angeles Times. November 7, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
27. "Eric Cantor Didn't Lose Because He's Jewish. But His Religion Has Caused Difficulties in Congress". The New Republic. June 11, 2014. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
28. http://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/AZ/jewish.html
29. "After career in Congress, Peter Deutsch finds new life in Israel". July 17, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
30. Retrieved from the Atlantic website May 5, 2010
31. Stone, Kurt F. "The Jews of Capitol Hill: A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members, (2011). Pages 313–320. ISBN 9780810857315.
32. Steve Hendrix (August 22, 2006). "Fighting for the Spoils Lawmaker and Rainmaker Rahm Emanuel Wants a Nov. 7 Victory for the Democrats So Bad He Can Almost Taste It. If Only He Had Time to Eat.". Washington Post. Retrieved 2006-11-09.
33. "New Jewish Mayor of San Diego Has Dubious Record on Israel". Los Angeles Times. November 9, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
34. "Hoeffel, Fox Attempt To Sway Jewish Vote at a Debate at a Jewish Community Center They Agreed on Aid For Israel. They Clashed on Other Issues.". November 4, 1996. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
35. Frost, Martin (May 15, 2009). "Jewish pols, players emerging". Politico. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
36. "Criticism of Hagel out of proportion". January 9, 1988. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
37. Jennifer Siegel (September 22, 2006). "A Tribe of Candidates Leads Drive To Retake House for Democrats". The Forward. Archived from the original on October 18, 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-09.
38. Stone, Kurt F. "The Jews of Capitol Hill: A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members, (2011). Pages 310–312. ISBN 9780810857315.
39. Cillizza, Chris (June 3, 2010). "Rep. Jane Harman aims to avoid anti-incumbent tide". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
40. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/JHouseman.html
41. http://forward.com/news/170527/ed-koch-fiercely-secular-jew-takes-unique-new-york/
42. http://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/FL/jewish.html
43. http://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/AL/jewish.html
44. Stone, Kurt F. "The Jews of Capitol Hill: A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members, (2011). Pages 298–299. ISBN 9780810857315.
46. Tom Tugend (January 26, 2001). "Undefeated Champion Rep. Henry Waxman wants to help Democrats". The Jewish Journal. Archived from the original on October 27, 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
47. Kampeas, Ron (October 15, 2009). "Wexler leaves Congress, and leaves Washington wondering why". JTA. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
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