List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees

The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, established in 1983 and located in Cleveland, Ohio, United States, is dedicated to recording the history of some of the best-known and most influential musicians, bands, producers, and others that have in some major way influenced the music industry, particularly in the area of rock and roll.[1] Originally, there were four categories of induction: performers, non-performers, early influences, and lifetime achievement. In 2000, "sidemen" was introduced as a category.

The only category that has seen new inductees every single year is the performers category. Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record.[2] In order to be inducted, an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates. Ballots are then sent to 600 "rock experts" who evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted. The performers that receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted. In 2010, the number inducted was five. The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees.[2] As of 2017, new inductees will be honored at an annual ceremony held alternately in New York and in the Hall of Fame city in Cleveland; prior to that, the ceremonies rotated between Cleveland, New York, and Los Angeles.[3]

The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has garnered criticism for allegedly allowing the nomination process to be controlled by a few individuals,[4] nominating too many artists in too many genres that are not entirely rock,[5] ignoring entire rock genres,[6] and using technicalities to induct groups who may not have been among the top vote getters.[7] The surviving members of the Sex Pistols, who were inducted in 2006, refused to attend the ceremony, calling the museum a "piss stain."[8]

Inductees

Performers

The performers category is meant for recording artists and bands that have "influence and significance to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll."[2] Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record. In order to be inducted, an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates. Ballots are sent to 500 "rock experts" who then evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted. The performers who receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted. In 2011, the number inducted was five. The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees.[2] In 2012, six additional bands and groups were inducted as performers by a special committee, due to the controversial nature of their band being excluded when their lead singer was inducted. "There was a lot of discussion about this," said Terry Stewart, a member of the nominating committee. "There had always been conversations about why the groups weren't included when the lead singers were inducted. Very honestly, nobody could really answer that question – it was so long ago... We decided we'd sit down as an organization and look at that. This is the result."[9]

Year Image Name Inducted members
1986 Berry, ChuckChuck Berry
1986 Brown, JamesJames Brown
1986 Charles, RayRay Charles
1986 Cooke, SamSam Cooke
1986 Domino, FatsFats Domino
1986 The Everly Brothers Don Everly and Phil Everly.[10]
1986 Holly, BuddyBuddy Holly
1986 Lewis, Jerry LeeJerry Lee Lewis
1986 Little Richard
1986 Presley, ElvisElvis Presley
1987 The Coasters Carl Gardner, Cornell Gunter, Billy Guy, and Will "Dub" Jones.[11]
1987 Cochran, EddieEddie Cochran
1987 Diddley, BoBo Diddley
1987 Franklin, ArethaAretha Franklin
1987 Gaye, MarvinMarvin Gaye
1987 Haley, BillBill Haley
1987 King, B.B.B.B. King
1987 McPhatter, ClydeClyde McPhatter
1987 Nelson, RickyRicky Nelson
1987 Orbison, RoyRoy Orbison
1987 Perkins, CarlCarl Perkins
1987 Robinson, SmokeySmokey Robinson
1987 Turner, Big JoeBig Joe Turner
1987 Waters, MuddyMuddy Waters
1987 Wilson, JackieJackie Wilson
1988 The Beach Boys Al Jardine, Mike Love, Brian Wilson, Carl Wilson, and Dennis Wilson.[12]
1988 The Beatles George Harrison, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and Ringo Starr.[13]
1988 The Drifters Ben E. King, Rudy Lewis, Clyde McPhatter, Johnny Moore, Bill Pinkney, Charlie Thomas, and Gerhart Thrasher.[14]
1988 Dylan, BobBob Dylan
1988 The Supremes Florence Ballard, Diana Ross, and Mary Wilson.[15]
1989 Dion
1989 Redding, OtisOtis Redding
1989 The Rolling Stones Mick Jagger, Brian Jones, Keith Richards, Ian Stewart, Mick Taylor, Charlie Watts, Ronnie Wood and Bill Wyman.[16]
1989 The Temptations Melvin Franklin, Eddie Kendricks, David Ruffin, Otis Williams, Paul Williams, Dennis Edwards.[17]
1989 Wonder, StevieStevie Wonder
1990 — Ballard, HankHank Ballard
1990 Christian, CharlieCharlie Christian
1990 Darin, BobbyBobby Darin
1990 The Four Seasons Tom DeVito, Bob Gaudio, Nick Massi, and Frankie Valli.[18]
1990 Four Tops Renaldo "Obie" Benson, Abdul "Duke" Fakir, Lawrence Payton, and Levi Stubbs.[19]
1990 The Kinks Mick Avory, Dave Davies, Ray Davies, and Pete Quaife.[20]
1990 The Platters David Lynch, Herb Reed, Paul Robi, Zola Taylor, and Tony Williams.[21]
1990 Simon & Garfunkel Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel.[22]
1990 The Who Roger Daltrey, John Entwistle, Keith Moon, and Pete Townshend.[23]
1991 Baker, LaVernLaVern Baker
1991 The Byrds Gene Clark, Michael Clarke, David Crosby, Chris Hillman, and Roger McGuinn.[24]
1991 Hooker, John LeeJohn Lee Hooker
1991 — The Impressions Curtis Mayfield, Sam Gooden, Fred Cash, Arthur Brooks, Richard Brooks, and Jerry Butler.[25]
1991 Pickett, WilsonWilson Pickett
1991 Reed, JimmyJimmy Reed
1991 Turner, Ike & TinaIke & Tina Turner Ike Turner and Tina Turner.[26]
1992 Bobby "Blue" Bland
1992 Booker T. & the M.G.'s Booker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Donald "Duck" Dunn, Al Jackson, Jr., and Lewie Steinberg.[27]
1992 Cash, JohnnyJohnny Cash
1992 The Isley Brothers Ernie Isley, Marvin Isley, O'Kelly Isley, Jr., Ronald Isley, Rudolph Isley, and Chris Jasper.[28]
1992 Hendrix Experience, The JimiThe Jimi Hendrix Experience Jimi Hendrix, Mitch Mitchell, and Noel Redding.[29]
1992 Sam & Dave Sam Moore and Dave Prater.[30]
1992 The Yardbirds Jeff Beck, Eric Clapton, Chris Dreja, Jim McCarty, Jimmy Page, Keith Relf, and Paul Samwell-Smith.[31]
1993 Brown, RuthRuth Brown
1993 Cream Ginger Baker, Jack Bruce, and Eric Clapton.[32]
1993 Creedence Clearwater Revival Doug Clifford, Stu Cook, John Fogerty, and Tom Fogerty.[33]
1993 The Doors John Densmore, Robby Krieger, Ray Manzarek, and Jim Morrison.[34]
1993 Lymon & The Teenagers, FrankieFrankie Lymon & The Teenagers Herman Santiago, Jimmy Merchant, Sherman Garnes, Frankie Lymon and Joe Negroni[35]
1993 James, EttaEtta James
1993 Morrison, VanVan Morrison
1993 Sly and the Family Stone Gregg Errico, Larry Graham, Jerry Martini, Cynthia Robinson, Freddie Stone, Rosie Stone, and Sly Stone.[36]
1994 The Animals Eric Burdon, Chas Chandler, Alan Price, John Steel, and Hilton Valentine.[37]
1994 The Band Rick Danko, Levon Helm, Garth Hudson, Richard Manuel, and Robbie Robertson.[38]
1994 Eddy, DuaneDuane Eddy
1994 Grateful Dead Tom Constanten, Jerry Garcia, Donna Jean Godchaux, Keith Godchaux, Mickey Hart, Robert Hunter, Bill Kreutzmann, Phil Lesh, Ron McKernan, Brent Mydland, Bob Weir, and Vince Welnick.[39]
1994 John, EltonElton John
1994 Lennon, JohnJohn Lennon
1994 Marley, BobBob Marley
1994 Stewart, RodRod Stewart
1995 The Allman Brothers Band Duane Allman, Gregg Allman, Dickey Betts, Jai Johanny Johanson, Berry Oakley, and Butch Trucks.[40]
1995 Green, AlAl Green
1995 Joplin, JanisJanis Joplin
1995 Led Zeppelin John Bonham, John Paul Jones, Jimmy Page, and Robert Plant[41]
1995 Martha and the Vandellas Rosalind Ashford, Annette Beard, Betty Kelly, Lois Reeves, Martha Reeves, and Sandra Tilley.[42]
1995 Young, NeilNeil Young
1995 Zappa, FrankFrank Zappa
1996 Bowie, DavidDavid Bowie
1996 Knight & the Pips, GladysGladys Knight & the Pips William Guest, Gladys Knight, Merald "Bubba" Knight, and Edward Patten.[43]
1996 Jefferson Airplane Marty Balin, Jack Casady, Spencer Dryden, Paul Kantner, Jorma Kaukonen, and Grace Slick.[44]
1996 Little Willie John
1996 Pink Floyd Syd Barrett, David Gilmour, Nick Mason, Roger Waters, and Rick Wright.[45]
1996 The Shirelles Shirley Alston Reeves, Addie Harris, Doris Kenner-Jackson, and Beverly Lee.[46]
1996 The Velvet Underground John Cale, Sterling Morrison, Lou Reed, and Maureen Tucker.[47]
1997 Bee Gees Barry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, and Robin Gibb.[48]
1997 Buffalo Springfield Richie Furay, Dewey Martin, Bruce Palmer, Stephen Stills, and Neil Young.[49]
1997 Crosby, Stills & Nash David Crosby, Graham Nash, and Stephen Stills.[50]
1997 Jackson 5, TheThe Jackson 5 Jackie Jackson, Jermaine Jackson, Marlon Jackson, Michael Jackson, and Tito Jackson.[51]
1997 Mitchell, JoniJoni Mitchell
1997 Parliament-Funkadelic Jerome Brailey, George Clinton, Bootsy Collins, Raymond Davis, Tiki Fulwood, Glenn Goins, Michael Hampton, Fuzzy Haskins, Eddie Hazel, Walter Morrison, Cordell Mosson, William "Billy Bass" Nelson, Garry Shider, Calvin Simon, Grady Thomas, and Bernie Worrell.[52]
1997 The (Young) Rascals Eddie Brigati, Felix Cavaliere, Gene Cornish, and Dino Danelli.[53]
1998 Eagles Don Felder, Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Bernie Leadon, Randy Meisner, Timothy B. Schmit, and Joe Walsh.[54]
1998 Fleetwood Mac Lindsey Buckingham, Mick Fleetwood, Peter Green, Danny Kirwan, Christine McVie, John McVie, Stevie Nicks, and Jeremy Spencer.[55]
1998 The Mamas & the Papas Denny Doherty, Cass Elliot, John Phillips, and Michelle Phillips.[56]
1998 Price, LloydLloyd Price
1998 Santana Jose Chepito Areas, David Brown, Michael Carabello, Gregg Rolie, Carlos Santana, and Michael Shrieve.[57]
1998 Vincent, GeneGene Vincent
1999 Joel, BillyBilly Joel
1999 Mayfield, CurtisCurtis Mayfield
1999 McCartney, PaulPaul McCartney
1999 Shannon, DelDel Shannon
1999 Springfield, DustyDusty Springfield
1999 Springsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen
1999 Staple Singers, TheThe Staple Singers Cleotha Staples, Mavis Staples, Pervis Staples, Pops Staples, and Yvonne Staples.[58]
2000 Clapton, EricEric Clapton
2000 Earth, Wind & Fire Philip Bailey, Larry Dunn, Johnny Graham, Ralph Johnson, Al McKay, Fred White, Maurice White, Verdine White, and Andrew Woolfolk.[59]
2000 Lovin' Spoonful, TheThe Lovin' Spoonful Steve Boone, Joe Butler, John Sebastian, and Zal Yanovsky.[59]
2000 Moonglows, TheThe Moonglows Prentiss Barnes, Harvey Fuqua, Peter Graves, Billy Johnson, and Bobby Lester.[59]
2000 Raitt, BonnieBonnie Raitt
2000 Taylor, JamesJames Taylor
2001 Aerosmith Tom Hamilton, Joey Kramer, Joe Perry, Steven Tyler, and Brad Whitford.[60]
2001 Burke, SolomonSolomon Burke
2001 Flamingos, TheThe Flamingos Jake Carey, Zeke Carey, Johnny Carter, Tommy Hunt, Terry "Buzzy" Johnson, Sollie McElroy, Nate Nelson, and Paul Wilson.[61]
2001 Jackson, MichaelMichael Jackson
2001 Queen John Deacon, Brian May, Freddie Mercury, and Roger Taylor.[62]
2001 Simon, PaulPaul Simon
2001 Steely Dan Walter Becker and Donald Fagen.[63]
2001 Valens, RitchieRitchie Valens
2002 Hayes, IsaacIsaac Hayes
2002 Lee, BrendaBrenda Lee
2002 Petty and the Heartbreakers, TomTom Petty and the Heartbreakers Tom Petty, Ron Blair, Mike Campbell, Howie Epstein, Stan Lynch, and Benmont Tench.[64]
2002 Pitney, GeneGene Pitney
2002 Ramones Dee Dee Ramone, Joey Ramone, Johnny Ramone, Marky Ramone, and Tommy Ramone.[65]
2002 Talking Heads David Byrne, Chris Frantz, Jerry Harrison, and Tina Weymouth.[66]
2003 AC/DC Brian Johnson, Phil Rudd, Bon Scott, Cliff Williams, Angus Young, and Malcolm Young.[67]
2003 Clash, TheThe Clash Terry Chimes, Topper Headon, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon, and Joe Strummer.[68]
2003 Costello & the Attractions, ElvisElvis Costello & the Attractions Elvis Costello, Steve Nieve, Bruce Thomas, and Pete Thomas.[69]
2003 Police, TheThe Police Stewart Copeland, Sting, and Andy Summers.[70]
2003 Righteous Brothers, TheThe Righteous Brothers Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley.[71]
2004 Browne, JacksonJackson Browne
2004 Dells, TheThe Dells Verne Allison, Chuck Barksdale, Johnny Carter, Johnny Funches, Marvin Junior, and Michael McGill.[72]
2004 Harrison, GeorgeGeorge Harrison
2004 Prince
2004 Seger, BobBob Seger
2004 Traffic Jim Capaldi, Dave Mason, Steve Winwood, and Chris Wood.[73]
2004 ZZ Top Frank Beard, Billy Gibbons, and Dusty Hill.[74]
2005 Guy, BuddyBuddy Guy
2005 O'Jays, TheThe O'Jays Eddie Levert, Bobby Massey, William Powell, Sammy Strain, and Walter Williams.[75]
2005 Pretenders Martin Chambers, Pete Farndon, James Honeyman-Scott, and Chrissie Hynde.[76]
2005 Sledge, PercyPercy Sledge
2005 U2 Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, and Larry Mullen, Jr..[77]
2006 Black Sabbath Geezer Butler, Tony Iommi, Ozzy Osbourne, and Bill Ward.[78]
2006 Blondie Clem Burke, Jimmy Destri, Nigel Harrison, Debbie Harry, Frank Infante, Chris Stein, and Gary Valentine.[79]
2006 Davis, MilesMiles Davis
2006 Lynyrd Skynyrd Bob Burns, Allen Collins, Steve Gaines, Ed King, Billy Powell, Artimus Pyle, Gary Rossington, Ronnie Van Zant, and Leon Wilkeson.[80]
2006 Sex Pistols Paul Cook, Steve Jones, Glen Matlock, John Lydon, and Sid Vicious.[81]
2007 Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five Melvin "Melle Mel" Glover, Nathaniel "The Kidd Creole" Glover, Eddie "Scorpio" Morris, Joseph "Grandmaster Flash" Sadler, Robert "Cowboy" Wiggins and Guy "Rahiem" Williams.[82]
2007 R.E.M. Bill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills, and Michael Stipe.[83]
2007 Ronettes, TheThe Ronettes Estelle Bennett, Ronnie Spector, and Nedra Talley.[84]
2007 Smith, PattiPatti Smith
2007 Van Halen Michael Anthony, Sammy Hagar, David Lee Roth, Alex Van Halen, and Eddie Van Halen.[85]
2008 Clark Five, The DaveThe Dave Clark Five Dave Clark, Lenny Davidson, Rick Huxley, Denis Payton, and Mike Smith.[86]
2008 Cohen, LeonardLeonard Cohen
2008 Madonna
2008 Mellencamp, JohnJohn Mellencamp
2008 Ventures, TheThe Ventures Bob Bogle, Nokie Edwards, Gerry McGee, Mel Taylor, and Don Wilson.[87]
2009 Beck, JeffJeff Beck
2009 Little Anthony and the Imperials Clarence Collins, Anthony Gourdine, Tracy Lord, Glouster "Nat" Rogers, Sammy Strain, and Ernest Wright Jr.[88]
2009 Metallica Cliff Burton, Kirk Hammett, James Hetfield, Jason Newsted, Robert Trujillo, and Lars Ulrich.[89]
2009 Run–D.M.C. Darryl "D.M.C." McDaniels, Jason "Jam-Master Jay" Mizell, and Joseph "DJ Run" Simmons.[90]
2009 Womack, BobbyBobby Womack
2010 ABBA Benny Andersson, Agnetha Fältskog, Anni-Frid Lyngstad, and Björn Ulvaeus.[91]
2010 Genesis Tony Banks, Phil Collins, Peter Gabriel, Steve Hackett, and Mike Rutherford.[92]
2010 Cliff, JimmyJimmy Cliff
2010 Hollies, TheThe Hollies Bernie Calvert, Allan Clarke, Bobby Elliott, Eric Haydock, Tony Hicks, Graham Nash, and Terry Sylvester.[93]
2010 Stooges, TheThe Stooges Dave Alexander, Ron Asheton, Scott Asheton, Iggy Pop, and James Williamson.[94]
2011 Alice Cooper Band Alice Cooper, Michael Owen Bruce, Glen Buxton, Dennis Dunaway, and Neal Smith.[95]
2011 Diamond, NeilNeil Diamond
2011 Dr. John
2011 Love, DarleneDarlene Love
2011 Waits, TomTom Waits
2012 Beastie Boys Michael "Mike D" Diamond, Adam "Ad-Rock" Horovitz, and Adam "MCA" Yauch.[96]
2012 — The Blue Caps[N1] Backing band for Gene Vincent. Inducted: Tommy Facenda, Cliff Gallup, Dickie Harrell, Bobby Jones, Johnny Meeks, Jack Neal, Paul Peek, and Willie Williams.[97]
2012 The Comets[N1] Backing band for Bill Haley. Inducted: Joey Ambrose, Franny Beecher, Danny Cedrone, Johnny Grande, Ralph Jones, Marshall Lytle, Rudy Pompilli, Al Rex, Dick Richards, and Billy Williamson.[98]
2012 The Crickets[N1] Backing band for Buddy Holly. Inducted: Jerry Allison, Sonny Curtis, Joe B. Mauldin, and Niki Sullivan.[99]
2012 Donovan
2012 The Famous Flames[N1] Backing vocal group for James Brown. Inducted: Bobby Bennett, Bobby Byrd, Lloyd Stallworth, and Johnny Terry.[100]
2012 Guns N' Roses Steven Adler, Duff McKagan, Dizzy Reed, Axl Rose, Slash, Matt Sorum and Izzy Stradlin.[101]
2012 — The Midnighters[N1] Backing vocal group for Hank Ballard. Inducted: Henry Booth, Billy Davis, Cal Green, Arthur Porter, Lawson Smith, Charles Sutton, Norman Thrasher, and Sonny Woods.[102]
2012 The Miracles[N1] Backing vocal group for Smokey Robinson. Inducted: Claudette Rogers, Bobby Rogers, Ronald White, Marv Tarplin, and Pete Moore.[103]
2012 Nyro, LauraLaura Nyro
2012 Red Hot Chili Peppers Flea, John Frusciante, Jack Irons, Anthony Kiedis, Josh Klinghoffer, Cliff Martinez, Hillel Slovak, and Chad Smith.[104]
2012 — Small Faces/Faces Kenney Jones, Ronnie Lane, Ian McLagan, Steve Marriott, Rod Stewart, and Ronnie Wood.[105]
2013 Heart Michael DeRosier, Roger Fisher, Steve Fossen, Howard Leese, Ann Wilson, and Nancy Wilson.[106]
2013 King, AlbertAlbert King
2013 Newman, RandyRandy Newman
2013 Public Enemy Flavor Flav, Professor Griff, Terminator X, and Chuck D.[107]
2013 Rush Geddy Lee, Alex Lifeson, and Neil Peart.[108]
2013 Summer, DonnaDonna Summer
2014 Gabriel, PeterPeter Gabriel
2014 Hall & Oates Daryl Hall and John Oates.[109]
2014 Kiss Peter Criss, Ace Frehley, Gene Simmons, and Paul Stanley.[110]
2014 Nirvana Kurt Cobain, Dave Grohl, and Krist Novoselic.[111]
2014 Ronstadt, LindaLinda Ronstadt
2014 Stevens, CatCat Stevens
2015 Butterfield Blues Band, The PaulThe Paul Butterfield Blues Band Paul Butterfield, Mike Bloomfield, Elvin Bishop, Mark Naftalin, Jerome Arnold, Billy Davenport and Sam Lay.[112]
2015 Jett & the Blackhearts, JoanJoan Jett & the Blackhearts Joan Jett, Gary Ryan, Lee Crystal and Ricky Byrd.[112]
2015 Reed, LouLou Reed[113]
2015 Green Day Billie Joe Armstrong, Tré Cool and Mike Dirnt.[113]
2015 Vaughan, Stevie RayStevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble Stevie Ray Vaughan, Chris Layton, Tommy Shannon and Reese Wynans.[112]
2015 Withers, BillBill Withers
2016 Cheap Trick Bun E. Carlos, Rick Nielsen, Tom Petersson and Robin Zander.[114]
2016 Chicago Peter Cetera, Terry Kath, Robert Lamm, Lee Loughnane, James Pankow, Walter Parazaider and Danny Seraphine.[114]
2016 Deep Purple Ritchie Blackmore, David Coverdale, Rod Evans, Ian Gillan, Roger Glover, Glenn Hughes, Jon Lord and Ian Paice[114]
2016 N.W.A DJ Yella, Ice Cube, MC Ren, Eazy-E and Dr. Dre[114]
2016 Miller, SteveSteve Miller

^ Note 1. These backing bands were inducted by a separate committee, and not by the ballot voting used for all other performer inductees.

Early influences

Woody Guthrie, inducted in 1988.
Louis Armstrong, inducted in 1990.
Pete Seeger, inducted in 1996.
Charles Brown, inducted in 1999.

Artists inducted into the early influences category are those "whose music predated rock and roll but had an impact on the evolution of rock and roll and inspired rock's leading artists."[2] Unlike the performers category, these inductees are selected by a committee. The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee.[2]

Year Name
1986 Rodgers, JimmieJimmie Rodgers
1986 Yancey, JimmyJimmy Yancey
1986 Johnson, RobertRobert Johnson
1987 Jordan, LouisLouis Jordan
1987 Walker, T-BoneT-Bone Walker
1987 Williams, HankHank Williams
1988 Guthrie, WoodyWoody Guthrie
1988 Lead Belly
1988 Les Paul
1989 The Ink Spots[A]
1989 Smith, BessieBessie Smith
1989 The Soul Stirrers[B]
1990 Armstrong, LouisLouis Armstrong
1990 Rainey, MaMa Rainey
1991 Howlin' Wolf
1992 James, ElmoreElmore James
1992 Longhair, ProfessorProfessor Longhair
1993 Washington, DinahDinah Washington
1994 Dixon, WillieWillie Dixon
1995 Orioles, TheThe Orioles[C]
1996 Seeger, PetePete Seeger
1997 Jackson, MahaliaMahalia Jackson
1997 Monroe, BillBill Monroe
1998 Jelly Roll Morton
1999 Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys[D]
1999 Brown, CharlesCharles Brown
2000 Nat King Cole
2000 Holiday, BillieBillie Holiday
2009 Jackson, WandaWanda Jackson
2012 King, FreddieFreddie King[E]
2015 The "5" Royales[E][F]

^ A. Inducted members: Bill Kenny, Charlie Fuqua, Deek Watson, and Orville "Hoppy" Jones.[115]
^ B. Inducted members: Roy Crain Sr., R. H. Harris, Jesse Farley, and E. A. Rundless.[116]
^ C. Inducted members: Sonny Til, Tommy Gaither, George Nelson, Johnny Reed, and Alexander Sharp.[117]
^ D. Inducted members: Bob Wills, Tommy Duncan, Leon McAuliffe, Johnny Gimble, Joe "Jody" Holley, Tiny Moore, Herb Remington, Eldon Shamblin, and Al Stricklin.[118]
^ E. Nominated as a performer.
^ F. Inducted members: John L. Tanner, Eugene Tanner, James E. Moore, Obadiah H. Carter and Lowman Pauling, Jr [112]

Non-performers (Ahmet Ertegun Award)

Carole King, inducted in 1990
Dick Clark, inducted in 1993
Clive Davis, inducted in 2000

The non-performer category honors "songwriters, producers, disc jockeys, record executives, journalists and other industry professionals who have had a major influence on the development of rock and roll."[2] Several of the inductees in this category were in fact prominent performers as well. The inductees in this category are selected by the same committee that chooses the early influences. The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee.[2] This category has been criticized for inducting those that have "been coming to the dinner for years and paying for their tickets" and not revealing their full criteria.[119] In 2008, this category was renamed the "Ahmet Ertegün Award".[120]

Year Name
1986 Freed, AlanAlan Freed
1986 Phillips, SamSam Phillips
1987 Chess, LeonardLeonard Chess
1987 Ertegun, AhmetAhmet Ertegun
1987 Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller
1987 Wexler, JerryJerry Wexler
1988 Gordy, Jr., BerryBerry Gordy, Jr.
1989 Spector, PhilPhil Spector
1990 Gerry Goffin and Carole King
1990 Holland–Dozier–Holland
1991 Bartholomew, DaveDave Bartholomew
1991 Bass, RalphRalph Bass
1992 Fender, LeoLeo Fender
1992 Graham, BillBill Graham
1992 Pomus, DocDoc Pomus
1993 Clark, DickDick Clark
1993 Gabler, MiltMilt Gabler
1994 Otis, JohnnyJohnny Otis
1995 Ackerman, PaulPaul Ackerman
1996 Donahue, TomTom Donahue
1997 Nathan, SydSyd Nathan
1998 Toussaint, AllenAllen Toussaint
1999 Martin, GeorgeGeorge Martin
2000 Davis, CliveClive Davis
2001 Blackwell, ChrisChris Blackwell
2002 Stewart, JimJim Stewart
2003 Ostin, MoMo Ostin
2008 Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff
2010 Geffen, DavidDavid Geffen
2010 Blackwell, OtisOtis Blackwell
2010 Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich
2010 Shuman, MortMort Shuman
2010 Stone, JesseJesse Stone
2010 Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil
2011 Holzman, JacJac Holzman
2011 Rupe, ArtArt Rupe
2012 Kirshner, DonDon Kirshner
2013 Adler, LouLou Adler
2013 Jones, QuincyQuincy Jones
2014 Epstein, BrianBrian Epstein
2014 Andrew Loog Oldham
2016 Berns, BertBert Berns

Award for Musical Excellence

Leon Russell, inducted in 2011.

This category, which replaced sidemen, "honors those musicians, producers and others who have spent their careers out of the spotlight working with major artists on various parts of their recording and live careers."

Year Name
2011 Russell, LeonLeon Russell
2012 Matassa, CosimoCosimo Matassa
2012 Dowd, TomTom Dowd
2012 Johns, GlynGlyn Johns
2014 E Street Band [A]
2015 Ringo Starr

Sidemen

Established in 2000, the sidemen category "honors those musicians who have spent their careers out of the spotlight, performing as backup musicians for major artists on recording sessions and in concert." A separate committee, composed mainly of producers, chooses the inductees.[2] In 2010, the category was renamed to "Award for Musical Excellence". According to Joel Peresman, the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation, "This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized."[121]

James Burton, inducted in 2001.
Year Name Instrument
2000 Blaine, HalHal Blaine Drums[122]
2000 Curtis, KingKing Curtis Saxophone[123]
2000 Jamerson, JamesJames Jamerson Bass guitar[124]
2000 Moore, ScottyScotty Moore Guitar[125]
2000 Palmer, EarlEarl Palmer Drums[126]
2001 Burton, JamesJames Burton Guitar[127]
2001 Johnson, JohnnieJohnnie Johnson Piano[128]
2002 Atkins, ChetChet Atkins Guitar[129]
2003 Benjamin, BennyBenny Benjamin Drums[130]
2003 Cramer, FloydFloyd Cramer Piano[131]
2003 Douglas, SteveSteve Douglas Saxophone[132]
2008 Walter, LittleLittle Walter Harmonica[133]
2009 Black, BillBill Black Bass guitar[134]
2009 Fontana, D. J.D. J. Fontana Drums[135]
2009 Oldham, SpoonerSpooner Oldham Keyboard[136]

Lifetime achievement

The following were inducted for "Lifetime Achievement in the Non-Performer Category."[2]

Year Name
1986 Hammond, JohnJohn Hammond
1991 Ertegun, NesuhiNesuhi Ertegun
2004 Wenner, JannJann Wenner
2005 Barsalona, FrankFrank Barsalona
2005 Stein, SeymourSeymour Stein
2006 Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss

Multiple inductees

As of 2015, only twenty one performers have been inducted twice or more; fourteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and seven have been inducted with two separate bands. Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times: as a solo artist, with The Yardbirds, and with Cream.[137] Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band, the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart. Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year. Crosby, Stills & Nash, inducted in 1997, is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts: David Crosby with The Byrds in 1991, Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997, and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010. The Beatles, inducted in 1988, is the second band to have all of its members be inducted, as well as the only band to have each of its members be inducted for their solo careers as their second induction. Ringo Starr is the first inductee to be inducted twice in different categories (The Beatles were inducted in the performers category in 1988 and Starr was inducted as a solo artist in the Award for Musical Excellence category in 2015). He also holds the record for the longest time between first and second inductions, at 27 years.

Name First Year Second Year Third Year
Beck, JeffJeff Beck The Yardbirds 1992 Solo career 2009 — —
Carter, JohnnyJohnny Carter The Flamingos 2001 The Dells 2004 — —
Clapton, EricEric Clapton The Yardbirds 1992 Cream 1993 Solo career 2000
Crosby, DavidDavid Crosby The Byrds 1991 Crosby, Stills & Nash 1997 — —
Gabriel, PeterPeter Gabriel Genesis 2010 Solo career 2014 — —
Harrison, GeorgeGeorge Harrison The Beatles 1988 Solo career 2004 — —
Jackson, MichaelMichael Jackson The Jackson Five 1997 Solo career 2001 — —
Lennon, JohnJohn Lennon The Beatles 1988 Solo career 1994 — —
Mayfield, CurtisCurtis Mayfield The Impressions 1991 Solo career 1999 — —
McCartney, PaulPaul McCartney The Beatles 1988 Solo career 1999 — —
McPhatter, ClydeClyde McPhatter Solo career 1987 The Drifters 1988 — —
Nash, GrahamGraham Nash Crosby, Stills & Nash 1997 The Hollies 2010 — —
Page, JimmyJimmy Page The Yardbirds 1992 Led Zeppelin 1995 — —
Reed, LouLou Reed The Velvet Underground 1996 Solo career 2015 — —
Simon, PaulPaul Simon Simon and Garfunkel 1990 Solo career 2001 — —
Starr, RingoRingo Starr The Beatles 1988 Award For Musical Excellence, Solo career 2015 — —
Stewart, RodRod Stewart Solo career 1994 Faces 2012 — —
Stills, StephenStephen Stills Buffalo Springfield 1997 Crosby, Stills & Nash 1997 — —
Sammy Strain The O'Jays 2005 Little Anthony & The Imperials 2009 — —
Wood, RonnieRonnie Wood The Rolling Stones 1989 Faces 2012 — —
Young, NeilNeil Young Solo career 1995 Buffalo Springfield 1997 — —

References

General
Specific
  1. ↑ "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inductees". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Induction Ceremony and Process". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
  3. ↑ Smith, Troy L. (2016-04-08). "Cleveland will host Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Ceremony every two years". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
  4. ↑ Friedman, Roger (April 4, 2001). "Rock Hall of Fame Fallout: 'There Is Resentment Building Up". Fox News. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
  5. ↑ Selvin, Joel (November 14, 2007). "View: Rock and Roll Hall offers lackluster candidates". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
  6. ↑ Sinkevics, John (March 11, 2007). "Hall voters' bias leaves prog-rock out – again". The Grand Rapids Press.
  7. ↑ Friedman, Roger (March 14, 2007). "Rock Hall Voting Scandal: Rock Group Actually Won". Fox News. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
  8. ↑ "Were not coming. Were not your monkey and so what?" (sic) Official announcement from the Sex Pistols regarding the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on February 24, 2006
  9. ↑ Soeder, John (February 9, 2012). "Crickets, Famous Flames, Comets, Miracles, Midnighters and Blue Caps added to Rock Hall induction ceremony". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
  10. ↑ "The Everly Brothers". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2007-06-07.
  11. ↑ "The Coasters". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
  12. ↑ "The Beach Boys". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
  13. ↑ "The Beatles". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
  14. ↑ "The Drifters". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
  15. ↑ "The Supremes". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
  16. ↑ "The Rolling Stones". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
  17. ↑ "The Temptations". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
  18. ↑ "The Four Seasons". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  19. ↑ "The Four Tops". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  20. ↑ "The Kinks". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  21. ↑ "The Platters". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  22. ↑ "Simon & Garfunkel". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on January 28, 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  23. ↑ "The Who". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  24. ↑ "The Byrds". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  25. ↑ "The Impressions". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  26. ↑ "Ike & Tina Turner". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  27. ↑ "Booker T. & The M.G.'s". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  28. ↑ "The Isley Brothers". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  29. ↑ "The Jimi Hendrix Experience". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  30. ↑ "Sam & Dave". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  31. ↑ "The Yardbirds". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  32. ↑ "Cream". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  33. ↑ "Creedence Clearwater Revival". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  34. ↑ "The Doors". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  35. ↑ "Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  36. ↑ "Sly & The Family Stone". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  37. ↑ "The Animals". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  38. ↑ "The Band". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  39. ↑ "The Grateful Dead". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  40. ↑ "The Allman Brothers Band". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  41. ↑ "Led Zeppelin". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  42. ↑ "Martha & The Vandellas". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  43. ↑ "Gladys Knight & the Pips". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  44. ↑ "Jefferson Airplane". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on January 16, 2010. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  45. ↑ "Pink Floyd". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  46. ↑ "The Shirelles". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  47. ↑ "The Velvet Underground". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  48. ↑ "The Bee Gees". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  49. ↑ "Buffalo Springfield". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  50. ↑ "Crosby, Stills & Nash". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  51. ↑ "The Jackson Five". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  52. ↑ "Parliament-Funkadelic". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  53. ↑ "The Rascals". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  54. ↑ "Eagles". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  55. ↑ "Fleetwood Mac". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  56. ↑ "The Mamas & The Papas". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  57. ↑ "Santana". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  58. ↑ "The Staple Singers". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  59. 1 2 3 Soeder, John (September 22, 1999). "Canton's O'Jays, Aerosmith among Rock Hall finalists". The Plain Dealer. p. 1.
  60. ↑ "Aerosmith". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  61. ↑ "The Flamingos". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  62. ↑ "Queen". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  63. ↑ "Steely Dan". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  64. ↑ "Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  65. ↑ "Ramones". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  66. ↑ "Talking Heads". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  67. ↑ "AC/DC". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  68. ↑ "The Clash". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  69. ↑ "Elvis Costello & the Attractions". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  70. ↑ "The Police". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  71. ↑ "The Righteous Brothers". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  72. ↑ "The Dells". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  73. ↑ "Traffic". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  74. ↑ "ZZ Top". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  75. ↑ "The O'Jays". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  76. ↑ "The Pretenders". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  77. ↑ "U2". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  78. ↑ "Black Sabbath". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  79. ↑ "Blondie". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  80. ↑ "Lynyrd Skynyrd". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  81. ↑ "Sex Pistols". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  82. ↑ "Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  83. ↑ "R.E.M.". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  84. ↑ "The Ronettes". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  85. ↑ "Van Halen". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  86. ↑ "The Dave Clark Five". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  87. ↑ "The Ventures". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  88. ↑ "Little Anthony and the Imperials". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
  89. ↑ "Metallica". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2009. Archived from the original on September 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
  90. ↑ "Run-D.M.C.". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
  91. ↑ "ABBA". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-13.
  92. ↑ "Genesis". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-13.
  93. ↑ "The Hollies". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-13.
  94. ↑ "The Stooges". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-13.
  95. ↑ "Alice Cooper Band". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
  96. ↑ "Beastie Boys". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
  97. ↑ "The Blue Caps". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
  98. ↑ "The Comets". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
  99. ↑ "The Crickets". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
  100. ↑ "The Famous Flames". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
  101. ↑ "Guns N' Roses". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
  102. ↑ "The Midnighters". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
  103. ↑ "The Miracles". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
  104. ↑ "Red Hot Chili Peppers". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
  105. ↑ "The Small Faces/Faces". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
  106. ↑ "Heart". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
  107. ↑ "Public Enemy". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
  108. ↑ "Rush". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
  109. ↑ "Daryl Hall and John Oates". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-21.
  110. ↑ "Kiss". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-21.
  111. ↑ "Nirvana". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-21.
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  114. 1 2 3 4 THE ROCK AND ROLL HALL OF FAME ANNOUNCES 2016 INDUCTEES - Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Press Room
  115. ↑ "The Ink Spots". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  116. ↑ "The Soul Stirrers". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  117. ↑ "The Orioles". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  118. ↑ "Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
  119. ↑ Roger Friedman (December 13, 2007). "Golden Globes: Stars Fill in Blanks; Rock Hall of Fame". Fox News. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
  120. ↑ "Inductees for 2008". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame official website. December 13, 2007. Archived from the original on February 1, 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
  121. ↑ Soeder, John (December 15, 2010). "Neil Diamond, Alice Cooper, Dr. John, Darlene Love and Tom Waits headed into Rock Hall". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved 2010-12-20.
  122. ↑ "Hal Blaine". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  123. ↑ "King Curtis". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  124. ↑ "James Jamerson". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  125. ↑ "Scotty Moore". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  126. ↑ "Earl Palmer". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  127. ↑ "James Burton". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  128. ↑ "Johnnie Johnson". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  129. ↑ "Chet Atkins". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  130. ↑ "Benny Benjamin". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  131. ↑ "Floyd Cramer". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  132. ↑ "Steve Douglas". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  133. ↑ "Little Walter". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  134. ↑ "Bill Black". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
  135. ↑ "DJ Fontana". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
  136. ↑ "Spooner Oldham". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
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