List of butterflies of Pakistan

The following is a list of the butterflies of Pakistan.

Famliy Papilionidae (Apollo Butterflies and Swallowtails)

Sub-Family : Parnassiinae (Apollo Butterflies)

Common Mormon

Common Blue Apollo (Parnassius hardwickii)

Banded Apollo (Parnassius delphius)

• Hypermnestra helios (Desert Apollo)
• Parnassius acco(Varnished Apollo)
• Parnassius actius (Pale Keeled Apollo)
• Parnassius jacquemontii (Keeled Apollo)
• Parnassius tianschanica (Large Keeled Apollo)
• Parnassius boedromius
• Parnassius charltonius (Regal Apollo)
• Parnassius delphius (Kafir Banded Apollo)
• Parnassius epaphus (Common Red Apollo)
• Parnassius hardwickii (Common Blue Apollo)
• Parnassius inopinatus
• Parnassius loxias
• Parnassius simo (Black-edged Apollo)
• Parnassius staudingeri (Karakoram Banded Apollo)
• Parnassius stenosemus (Pir Panjal Banded Apollo)
• Parnassius stoliczkanus (Ladak Banded Apollo)
• Parnassius cardinalis (Astor Banded Apollo)

Subfamily: Papilioninae (Swallowtails, Peacocks and Mimes)

Common Mimie (Papilio clytia)

12 species of 4-5 genera belonging to this subfamily are found in Pakistan.

• Graphium cloanthus (Glassy Bluebottle)
• Graphium sarpedon (Common Bluebottle)
• Papilio alexanor (Alexanor or Southern Swallowtail or Baluchi Yellow Swallowtail)
• Papilio arcturus (Blue Peacock)
• Papilio clytia or Chilasa clytia (Common Mime)
• Papilio demoleus - (Lemon Butterfly or Lime Butterfly)

Old World Swallowtail(Papilio machaon)

• Papilio machaon (Common Yellow Swallowtail)
• Papilio polyctor or Papilio bianor (Common Peacock)
• Papilio polytes (Common Mormon)

Papilio demoleus - Taxila Sept 2014

• Atrophaneura polyeuctes - (Common Windmill)
• Pachliopta aristolochiae (Common Rose)
• Papilio ladakensis (Ladak Swallowtail)

Famliy Pieridae (Whites and Yellows)

Subfamily: Pierinae (Whites)

• Leptosia nina - (Psyche)
• Baltia shawi -(Shaw’s Dwarf)
• Baltia butleri - (Butler’s Dwarf or Two-spotted Dwarf)
• Euchloe charlonia - (Lemon White)
• Euchloe lucilla - (Pale Lemon White)
• Euchloe belemia - (Striped White)
• Euchloe daphalis - (Pearl White)
• Pontia chloridice - (Lesser Bath White)
• Pontia callidice - (Lofty Bath White or Peak White)
• Pontia daplidice - (Bath White)
• Pontia glauconome - (Desert Bath White)
• Pieris devta - (Chitral Green-banded White)
• Pieris ajaka - (Himalayan Green-veined White or Murree Green-veined White)
• Pieris deota - (Alpine or Kashmir Large White)
• Pieris canidia - (Asian Cabbage White)
• Pieris rapae - (Small Cabbage White)
• Pieris brassicae - (Large Cabbage White)
• Aporia leucodice - (Himalayan Blackvein)
• Aporia nabellica - (Dusky Blackvein)
• Delias belladonna - (Hill Jezebel)
• Delias sanaca - (Pale Jezebel)
• Delias eucharis - (Common Jezebel)
• Belenois aurota - (Pioneer)
• Cepora nerissa - (Common Gull)
• Pareronia hippia - (Indian Wanderer)
• Appias libythea - (Western Striped Albatross)

Subfamily: Coliadinae(Yellows)

• Catopsilia pomona Common Emigrant or Lemon Migrant Butterfly
• Catopsilia pyranthe Mottled Emigrant or White Migrant Butterfly

Catopsilia pyranthe Taxila September 2014

• Ixias pyrene Yellow Orangetip
• Ixias marianne White Orangetip (Not Confirmed)
• Eurema hecabe Common Grass Yellow
• Eurema brigitta Small Grass Yellow
• Eurema laeta Short-bordered or Spotless Grass Yellow
• Eurema blanda Three-spot Grass Yellow
• Gonepteryx rhamni Common Brimstone
• Gonepteryx mahaguru Lesser Brimstone
• Gonepteryx farinosa Chitral Brimstone (Ssp. G.f.chitralensis )
• Colias fieldii Dark Clouded Yellow
• Colias erate Pale Clouded Yellow

Colias erate Taxila May 2014

• Colias marcopolo Marcopolo’s Clouded Yellow
• Colias alpherakii Green Clouded Yellow
• Colias wiskotti Broad-bordered Clouded Yellow
• Colias stoliczkana Orange Clouded Yellow
• Colias cocandica Pamir Clouded Yellow
• Colias ladakensis Ladak Clouded Yellow
• Colias eogene Fiery Clouded Yellow
• Colias leechi Glaucous Clouded Yellow
• Colotis amata Small Salmon Arab
• Colotis protractus Blue-spotted Arab
• Colotis vestalis White Arab
• Colotis fausta Large Salmon Arab
• Colotis liagore Desert Orangetip
• Colotis etrida Little or Small Orangetip

Colotis etrida - Taxila May 2014

• Colotis danae Crimsontip or scarlet-tip

Subfamily: Nymphalidae (Brush-footed Butterflies)

This huge family is represented in Pakistan by following 11 subfamilies:

• Charaxinae 1 Species
• Apaturinae 5 Species
• Calinaginae 1 Species
• Biblidinae 1 Species
• Nymphalinae 28 Species
• Cyrestinae 1 Species
• Limenitidinae 8 Species
• Heliconiinae 15 Species
• Danainae 4 Species
• Libytheinae 2 Species
• Satyrinae 55 Species

Subfamily: Charaxinae (Leafwings)

• Polyura athamas (Common Nawab)

Subfamily: Apaturinae (Emperors and allies)

• Apatura ambica (Indian Purple Emperor)
• Hestina nicevillei (Scarce Siren)
• Sephisa dichroa (Western Courtier)
• Limenitis lepechini (Chitral White Admiral)
• Limenitis trivena (Indian White Admiral)

Subfamily: Calinaginae (Freaks)

• Calinaga buddha (Freak)

Subfamily: Biblidinae (Castors etc.)

• Ariadne merione (Common Castor)

Ariadne merione - Taxila - September 2014

Subfamily: Nymphalinae (Nymphs, Fritillaries, Pansies, Eggflies etc.)

• Junonia hierta Yellow Pansy
• Junonia orithya Blue Pansy
• Junonia almana Peacock Pansy
• Junonia lemonias Lemon Pansy
• Junonia iphita Chocolate Pansy or Chocolate Soldier
• Junonia atlites Grey Pansy
• Vanessa indica Indian Red Admiral
• Vanessa atalanta Red Admiral
• Cynthia cardui Painted Lady
• Kaniska canace Blue Admiral
• Polygonia egea Eastern Comma
• Polygonia c-album Comma
• Polygonia vau-album = Nymphalis l-album l-album (False Comma or Comma Tortoiseshell)
• Nymphalis (Nymphalis) xanthomelas Large Tortoiseshell or Scarce Tortoiseshell or Yellow-legged Tortoiseshell
• Nymphalis polychloros = Vanessa polychloros fervida (Blackleg Large Tortoiseshell)
• Nymphalis (Aglais) kaschmirensis = Venessa caschmirensis (Indian Tortoiseshell)
• Aglais rizana Mountain Tortoiseshell
• Hypolimnas misippus Danaid Eggfly
• Hypolimnas bolina Great Eggfly

Genus Melitaea Small Fritillaries

• Melitaea shandura Shandur Fritillary
• Melitaea persea M.p.dodgsoni (Persian Fritillary or Desert Fritillary)
• Melitaea lutko Balochi Fritillary
• Melitaea trivia M.t.robertsi (Lesser Spotted Fritillary)
• Melitaea didyma M.d.mixta mixta (Spotted Fritillary or Red-band Fritillary or Fiery Fritillary)
• Melitaea chitralensis Chitral Redband Fritillary
• Melitaea minerva Pamir Fritillary
• Melitaea arcesia M.s.balbita(Blackvein Fritillary)
• Melitaea ala or Melitaea pseudoala

Subfamily: Cyrestinae (Maps)

• Cyrestis thyodamas (Common Map Butterfly)

Subfamily: Limenitidinae (Sergeants,Sailers, Barons etc.)

• Limenitis trivena (Indian White Admiral)
• Limenitis lepechini (Chitral White Admiral)
• Athyma opalina (Hill Sergeant or Himalayan Sergeant)
• Neptis sappho (Pallas’s Sailer or Common Glider)
• Neptis mahendra (Himalayan Sailer)
• Neptis zaida (Pale-green Sailer)
• Neptis soma (Sullied Sailer)
• Neptis nata (Clear Sailer)
• Euthalia aconthea (Common Baron)
• Euthalia patala (Grand Duchess)

Subfamily: Heliconiinae (Heliconians or Longwings)

• Phalanta phalanta (Common Leopard)
• Acraea violae (Tawny Coster or Indian Acraea) Synonym: Telchinia violae
• Issoria lathonia (Queen of Spain Fritillary)
• Issoria isaea Himalayan Queen Fritillary()
• Argyreus hyperbius (Tropical or Indian Fritillary)
• Argynnis pandora Ssp. pasargades (Cardinal or Western Silverstripe)
• Argynnis aglaia = Speyeria aglaja (Dark-green Silverspot/Fritillary)
• Argynnis adippe (High Brown Silverspot/Fritillary) Synonym: Fabriciana jainadeva
• Childrena childreni (Large Silverstripe or Himalayan Fritillary)
• Fabriciana kamala (Common Silverstripe)
• Fabriciana argyrospilata (Afghan Fritillary)
• Clossiana jerdoni (Jerdon’s Silverspot)
• Clossiana hegemone (Whitespot (False) Fritillary)
• Boloria pales (Straightwing Silverspot or Shephard`s Fritillary)

Subfamily: Danainae (Milkweed Butterflies)

• Tirumala limniace (Blue Tiger)
• Danaus genutia (Common or Striped Tiger or Indian Monarch)
• Danaus chrysippus (Plain Tiger)

Danaus chrysippus Taxila Autumn 2014

• Euploea core (Common Crow)

Subfamily: Libytheinae (Beaks)

• Libythea celtis (Common Beak)
• Libythea celtis (European Beak or Nettle Tree Butterfly)

Subfamily: Satyrinae (Browns)

• Lethe verma (Straight-banded Tree Brown)
• Lethe rohria (Common Tree Brown)
• Lethe confusa (Banded Tree Brown)
• Lasiommata schakra (Common Wall)
• Lasiommata maerula (Kashmir Wall or Scarce Wall)
• Lasiommata ananda (Chitral Wall)
• Lasiommata menava (Dark Wall)
• Kirinia eversmanni (Yellow Wall)
• Hyponephele pulchra (Dusky Meadow Brown or Beautiful Meadow Brown)
• Hyponephele pulchella (Tawny Meadow Brown)
• Hyponephele carbonelli (Baltistan Meadowbrown)
• Hyponephele narica (Tawny Branded Meadow Brown)
• Hyponephele lupina (Branded Meadow Brown or Oriental Meadow Brown)
• Hyponephele davendra (White-ringed Meadow Brown)
• Hyponephele tenuistigma (Lesser White-ringed Meadow Brown)
• Maniola mandane (Oval Spot Meadow Brown)
• Hyponephele hilaris (Pamir Meadow Brown)
• Coenonympha myops Ssp. macmahoni (Balochi Heath)
• Hipparchia parisatis (White-edged Rock Brown)
• Eumenis thelephassa (Baluchi Rock Brown)
• Hipparchia persephone Ssp. enervata (Dark Rock Brown)
• Chazara heydenreichi Ssp. shandura(Shandur Rock Brown)
• Pseudochazara mniszechii Ssp. gilgitica (Tawny Rock Brown) Synonym: Eumenis baldiva
• Pseudochazara annieae (Annie’s Rockbrown)
• Satyrus pimpla (Dark or Black Satyr)
• Karanasa bolorica (Turkestan Satyr)
• Karanasa leechi Ssp. hunza (Leech’s Satyr)
• Karanasa digna (Chitrali Satyr) Synonym: Kanetisa digna
• Karanasa pupilata (Chitral Satyr)
• Karanasa modesta (Modest Satyr)
• Karanasa astorica (Astor Satyr)
• Karanasa huebneri (Tawny Satyr)
• Karanasa safeda (Safed Koh Satyr)
• Karanasa cadesia (Moore’s Satyr)
• Hipparchia moorei (Turkestan Satyr or Shandur Satyr)
• Aulocera padma (Great Satyr)
• Aulocera swaha (Common Satyr)
• Aulocera saraswati (Striated Satyr)
• Callerebia nirmala (Common Argus)
• Callerebia annada (Ringed Argus)
• Callerebia scanda Ssp. caeca (Ringed Argus)
• Callerebia kalinda (Scarce Mountain Argus)
• Callerebia shallada (Mountain Argus)
• Paralasa mani (Yellow Argus) Synonym: Erebia mani
• Ypthima inica (Lesser Threering)
• Ypthima nareda (Large Threering)
• Ypthima asterope (Common Threering or African Ringlet)
• Ypthima huebneri (Common Fourring)
• Ypthima bolanica (Desert Fourring)
• Ypthima lisandra (Jewel Fourring) or Ypthima avanta
• Ypthima baldus (Common Fivering)
• Ypthima nikaea (Moore’s Fivering or West Himalayan Five-ring) Formerly Ypthima sakra (Himalayan Fivering)
• Melanitis leda (Common Evening Brown)
• Mycalesis perseus (Common Bush Brown)
• Mycalesis nicotia (Bright-eyed Bush Brown)

Family Lycaenidae (Gossamer-winged Butterflies)

Subfamily: Polyommatinae(Blues)

• Castalius rosimon (Common Pierrot)
• Tarucus balkanicus nigra (Balkan Pierrot or Little Tiger Blue)
• Tarucus nara Synonym: Tarucus extricatus (Striped or Rounded Pierrot)
• Tarucus indicus (Indian Pierrot)
• Tarucus rosacea or Tarucus mediterraneae (Balochistan Pierrot or Mediterranean Pierrot)
• Tarucus callinara (Spotted Pierrot)
• Tarucus venosus (Himalayan Pierrot or Viened Pierrot)
• Tarucus hazara (Hazara Pierrot)
• Leptotes plinius (Zebra Blue)
• Azanus jesous (African Babul Blue or Topaz-spotted Blue)
• Azanus ubaldus (Bright Babul Blue or Desert Babul Blue-or-Velvet-spotted Blue)
• Azanus uranus (Dull Babul Blue or Indian Babul Blue)
• Cupido buddhista shandua (Shandur Cupid or Buddhist Blue)
• Everes deporides (Himalayan Cupid or Chapman`s Cupid)
• Everes argiades indica (Short-tailed Blue-or-Tailed Cupid)
• Everes huegelii (Dusky-blue Cupid)
• Celastrina huegeli (Large Hedge Blue)
• Celastrina ladonides or Celastrina gigas?(Silvery Hedge Blue)
• Celastrina argiolus Ssp. kollari (Holly Blue or Hill Hedge Blue)
• Acytolepis puspa (Common Hedge Blue)
• Oreolyce vardhana (Dusky Hedge Blue)
• Pseudophilotes vicrama (Lesser Chequered Blue-or-Eastern Baton Blue)
• Aricia agestis Ssp. nazira (Brown Argus)
• Aricia astorica (Astor Argus)
• Plebejus eumedon = Eumedonia eumedon(Streaked Argus or Geranium Argus)
• Plebejus kwaja (Dark Jewel Blue)
• Plebejus christophe (Small Jewel Blue)
• Plebejus beani (Balochi Jewel Blue or Zephyr Blue)
• Plebejus baroghila (Baroghil Jewel Blue)
• Turanana cytis Ssp. laspura (Spotted Argus Blue)
• Turanana chitrali (Chitral Argus Blue)
• Agriades pheretiades (Tien Shan Blue)
• Agriades jaloka (Greenish Mountain Blue or Jaloka Mountain Blue)
• Albulina iris (Jewel Argus)
• Albulina pheretes (Mountain Blue)
• Albulina asiatica (Azure Mountain Blue)
• Albulina omphisa (Dusky Green Underwing)
• Glaucopsyche alexis (Western Green Underwing or Green-Underside Blue)
• Iolana gigantea Ssp. gilgitica (Gilgit Mountain Blue)
• Polyommatus loewii (Large Jewel Blue)
• Polyommatus sarta (Brilliant Meadow Blue)
• Polyommatus sieversi Ssp. felicia (Pale Jewel Blue)
• Polyommatus bogra (Balochi Meadow Blue)
• Polyommatus icarus (Common Blue or Violet Meadow Blue)
• Polyommatus eros (Common Meadow Blue)
• Polyommatus florenciae (Silvery Meadow Blue)
• Tiora devanica (Dusky Meadow Blue)
• Chilades laius (Lime Blue)
• Chilades contracta or Chilades parrhasius ? (Small Cupid or Parrhasius Cupid)
• Edales pandava (Plains Cupid or Cycad Blue)
• Freyeria trochylus (Southern Grass Jewel)
• Pseudozizeeria maha (Pale Grass Blue)
• Zizeeria karsandra (Dark Grass Blue)
• Lachides galba Ssp. phiala (Small Desert Blue or Persian Grass Blue)
• Zizina otis (Lesser Grass Blue)
• Zizula hylax or Zizula gaika (Tiny Grass Blue or Gaika Blue)
• Euchrysops cnejus (Gram Blue or Spotted Pea Blue)
• Catochrysops strabo (Forget-me-not)
• Lampides boeticus (Pea Blue or Long-tailed Pea Blue)
• Jamides celeno (Common Cerulean)
• Jamides bochus (Dark Cerulean)
• Prosotas nora (Common Lineblue or Nora Lineblue or Long-tailed Lineblue)
• Prosotas dubiosa (Tailless Lineblue or Small Purple Lineblue)

Subfamily: Lycaeninae (Coppers and Sapphires)

• Lycaena metallica (Small Green Underwing)
• Lycaena galathea (Large Green Underwing)
• Lycaena pavana (White-bordered Copper)
• Lycaena phlaeas (Small Copper or Common Copper)
• Lycaena kasyapa (Green Copper)
• Lycaena solskyi Ssp. L.s.aditya (Golden Copper)
• Lycaena caspius (Purple Copper)
• Lycaena phoenicurus (Baluchi Copper)
• Lycaena (Thersamonia) lampon (Persian Fiery Copper)
• Tomares callimachus (Red Copper)
• Heliophorus sena (Sorrel Sapphire)
• Heliophorus bakeri (Western Blue Sapphire)
• Heliophorus tamu (Powdery Green Sapphire)

Subfamily: Theclinae (Hairstreaks and allies)

• Neolycaena connae (Baluchi Hairstreak)
• Callophrys rubi (Green Hairstreak)
• Superflua sassanides (Whiteline Hairstreak)
• Euaspa milionia (Water Hairstreak)
• Thecla ziha (White-spotted Hairstreak)
• Chrysozephyrus ataxus (Wonderful Hairstreak)
• Chrysozephyrus syla (Silver Hairstreak)
• Chaetoprocta odata (Walnut Blue)
• Arhopala dodonaea (Pale Himalayan Oakblue)
• Amblypodia rama (Dark Himalayan Oakblue)
• Arhopala alemon (Indian Oakblue)
• Panchala ganesa (Tailless Bushblue or Tailless Oakblue)
• Apharitis epargyros (Yellow Silverline)
• Apharitis acamus (Tawny Silverline or Arab Leopard)
• Spindasis vulcanus (Common Silverline)
• Aphnaeus ictis (Common Shot Silverline)
• Aphnaeus elima (Scarce Shot Silverline)
• Tajuria cippus (Peacock Royal)
• Deudoryx epijarbas (Cornelian)
• Virachola isocrates (Common Guava Blue)
• Rapala manea (Slate Flash)
• Rapala iarbus (Common Red Flash)
• Rapala nissa (Common Flash)
• Rapala extensa (Chitral Flash)
• Baspa melampus (Indian Red Flash)
• Bidaspa selira (Himalayan Red Flash)

Family: Riodinidae (Metalmarks)

Subfamily: Nemeobiinae (Punches)

• Dodona durga (Common Punch)
• Dodona dipoea (Lesser Punch)
• Dodona eugenes (Tailed Punch)

Family Hesperidae (Skippers)

Subfamily: Coeliadinae (Awls)

• Bibasis sena (Orangetail Awl or Pale-green Awlet)
• Hasora chromus (Common Banded Awl)
• Badamia exclamationis (Brown Awl)
• Choaspes xanthopogon (Similar Awlking or Indian Awlking)

Subfamily: Pyrginae (Spread-winged Skippers: Flats and Angles)

• Celaenorrhinus leucocera (Common Spotted Flat)
• Celaenorrhinus munda (Himalayan Spotted Flat)
• Sarangesa purendra Ssp. pandra (Spotted Small Flat)
• Seseria dohertyi (Contiguous Seseria or Himalayan White Flat)
• Lobocla liliana (Marbled Flat)
• Tagiades cohaerens Ssp. cynthia (Evans’s Snow Flat)
• Caprona agama (Spotted Angle)
• Caprona alida (Yellow-spotted or Alida Angle)

Subfamily: Hesperinae (Grass Skippers: Swifts and Darts etc)

• Gomalia elma (Marbled Skipper or African Mallow Skipper)
• Spialia galba (Indian Skipper or Indian Grizzled Skipper)
• Spialia sertorius = Syrichtus orbifer carnea (Red-underwing Skipper or Brick Skipper)
• Spialia phlomidis (Persian Skipper or Balochi Skipper)
• Spialia geron =Spialia doris evanida (Aden Skipper)
• Muschampia staudingeri (Syrian Skipper or Streaked Skipper)
• Hesperia alpina Ssp. alichurensis (Mountain Skipper)
• Pyrgus cashmirensis (Kashmir Skipper)
• Carcharodus altheae (Tufted Marbled Skipper)
• Carcharodus alceae (Plain Marbled Skipper or Mallow Skipper)
• Nisoniades marloyi (marloyi)
• Erynnis pathan (Chitral Inky Skipper) [Synonym: Nisoniades marloyi ?]
• Aeromachus stigmata (Veined Scrub Hopper)
• Suastus gremius (Palm Bob)
• Notocrypta feisthamelii (Spotted Demon)
• Halpe homolea (Indian/Ceylon Ace)
• Actinor radians (Veined Dart)
• Taractrocera danna (Himalayan Grass Dart)
• Taractrocera maevius (Common or Oriental Grass Dart)
• Potanthus dara (Himalayan Dart)
• Telicota bambusae (Dark Palm Dart)
• Telicota colon (Pale Palm dart or Pale-orange Darter)
• Pamphila comma (Chequered Darter or Silver-spotted Skipper)
• Polytremis eltola (Yellow Spot Swift)
• Polytremis discreta (White-fringed Swift or Himalayan Swift)
• Pelopidas mathias (Dark Small-branded Swift, Small Branded Swift, Lesser Millet Skipper or Black Branded Swift or Rice skipper)
• Pelopidas agna (Obscure Branded or Dark Branded Swift)
• Pelopidas thrax (White-branded Swift)
• Parnara guttata (Common Straight Swift)
• Pseudoborbo bevani (Bevan's Swift or Lesser Rice Swift)
• Gegenes nostrodamus (Dingy Swift, Light Pygmy Skipper or Mediterranean Skipper)
• Gegenes pumilio (Pygmy Swift or Pygmy Skipper or Dark Hottentot)
• Eogenes alcides (Alcides Skipper or Torpedo)
• Eogenes lesliei (Leslie`s Hopper)

References

• Pakistan Agriculture Research Council
• Evans, W.H. (1927). The Identification of Indian Butterflies; Bombay Natural History Society.
• Koçak A.O; Kemal M. (12 July 2014), Preliminary annotated checklist of the species recorded in Pakistan; Cesa news, Ankara. Nr.96
• Naz, F., M. Ilyas, M. Ashfaque and A. Shahzad. 2010. The genus Junonia (Lepidoptera: nymphalidae) in Pakistan. Sarhad J. Agric. 26(2): 267-270.
• Pages, J. A new Pseudochazara from Pakistan (15.11.2007). Nota lepid. 30 (2): 361 – 365. ISSN 0342-7536.
• Pages, J. Charmeux J.F. 2004. Une nouvelle espèce du genre Turanana du Pakistan (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) ; Phegea 32 (2) (1.VI.2004): 63-69.
• Paul Van Gasse; Butterflies of India – Annotated Checklist.
• Roberts, T.J. 2001. Butterflies of Pakistan, Oxford Univ. Press, 5- Bangalore Town, Shahra-e-Faisal, Karachi, Pakistan.
• Ashfaq, M. et al. 2013. DNA barcode analysis of butterfly species from Pakistan points towards regional endemism. Molecular Ecology Resources. 13(5):832-43. doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.12131.