Forestry in Pakistan

View of 'Fairy Meadow' at Nanga Parbat showing conifer forest of Picea smithiana and Pinus wallichiana.

The forestry sector of Pakistan is a main source of lumber, paper, fuelwood, latex, medicine as well as food and provide ecotourism and wildlife conservation purposes. Less than 4% of land in Pakistan is covered with forests.^[1]

Statistics

Total forest area coverage (source)

Parameter	Pakistan	Asia	World
Total forest area in 2000 (000 ha)	2,361	504,180	3,869,455
Natural forest area in 2000 (000 ha)	1,381	375,824	3,682,722
Plantations area in 2000 (000 ha)	980	110,953	186,733
Total dryland area in 1981 (000 ha)	72,524	1,078,121	5,059,984
Percentage of forests	~3%	~20%	~29%

Distribution

Types

Lajbouk Lower Dir

• The coniferous forests occur from 1,000 to 4,000 m altitudes. Chitral, Swat, Upper Dir, Lower Dir, Malakand, Mansehra and Abbottabad districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Azad Kashmir and Rawalpindi district of the Punjab are the main areas covered with coniferous forests. Pindrow Fir(Abies pindrow), Morinda spruce (Picea smithiana), deodar (Cedrus deodara), blue pine (Pinus wallichiana), chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) are the most common varieties. The Coniferous forests also occur in Balochistan hills. Chilghoza pine (Pinus gerardiana) and juniper (Juniperous macropoda) are the two most common species of Balochistan.

Miandam Swat

• The sub-tropical dry forests are found in the Attock, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Jhelum and Gujrat districts of the Punjab, and in the Mansehra, Abbottabad, Mardan, Peshawar and Kohat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa up to a height of 1,000 m. In Balochistan, they are confined to the Sulaiman Mountains and other hilly areas. Dominant tree species are phulai (Acacia modesta), kau (Olea cuspidata) and hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa).

• The tropical thorn forests are dominated by xerophytic scrubs. They are most widespread in the Punjab plains but also occupy small areas in southern Sindh and western Balochistan. They are mainly used for grazing purposes, watershed protection and fuelwood. Common species are vann (Salvadora oleoides), khejri (Prosopis cineraria), kair (Capparis aphylla), etc.

• The irrigated plantations were first developed in 1866 at Changa Manga in Lahore. Today they occupy about 226,000 ha. Sheesham (Dalbergia sissoo), mulberry/Shahtoot (Morus alba), babul (Acacia nilotica) and species of Eucalyptus and Populus are the common tree species grown in the irrigated plantations.

• The rivarian forests grow in narrow belts along the banks of River Indus and its tributaries. They are more commonly found in Sindh and to some extent in the Punjab. Babul (Acacia nilotica), Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) and Tamarax dioica are the most common species. Khejri (Prosopis cineraria) and Populus euphratica are some other species. They are mainly used for lumber.

• The mangrove wetlands are located in the Indus River Delta. Other saltwater wetlands are located on the coast of Balochistan such as at Sonmiani and Jiwani. These support mangrove forestry, mainly of species Avicennia marina as well as bamboo species and marsh grasses of Apluda and Cenchrus.

Ecosystems area by type in 1993 (source)

Ecosystem type	Pakistan	Asia	World
Shrublands, woodlands and grasslands	36%	37%	37%
Sparse or barren vegetation; snow and ice	34%	10%	16%
Cropland and natural vegetation mosaic	28%	34%	20%
Wetlands and water bodies	1%	2%	3%

Uses

The forests of Pakistan are a main source of lumber, paper, fuelwood, latex, medicine as well as human and animal food. Other minor products include resin (a fluid in tissue of Chir pine plant that becomes solid on exposure to the air) and 'mazri' (used for making baskets). The forests also provide for ecotourism and wildlife conservation purposes. Forests have also been planted in some areas like Thal Desert to avoid soil erosion and further desertification. Riparian zone along the river Indus have been managed to avoid excess flooding.

Annual production, 1996-1998 (source)

Parameter	Pakistan	Asia	World
Total production (000m³)	31,528	1,111,958	3,261,621
Fuelwood production (000m³)	29,312	863,316	1,739,504
Industrial roundwood production (000m³)	2,217	268,470	1,522,116
Paper (thousand metric tons)	619	88,859	313,206

Deforestation

The Federal Bureau of Statistics provisionally valued this sector at Rs.25,637 million in 2005 thus registering over 3% decline of forests in Pakistan since 2000.^[2] The main reasons of deforestation are urbanization, farming, overgrazing, global warming, and tourism development. This has led to severe consequences desertification, flooding and endangering of wildlife.

As a consequence to deforestation and changing land use patterns, the most critically affected ecosystems of Pakistan are:

• Juniper forests of northern Baluchistan, have been heavily harvested for timber and fuel wood.
• Indus River rivarian zone is the other such area where ecological changes have drastically affected the 'Riverain Forests'. Large tracts have been cleared for agriculture.
• The Himalayan temperate forests are also under severe pressure from logging for timber and firewood and making clearings for agriculture and the increasing population pressure.

Conservation

The protected areas serve the purpose of conserving the forests and wildlife of Pakistan. National Conservation Strategy of 1993 was a major landmark of start of conservation of natural resources and wildlife in Pakistan. Resource-managed man-made forests like Changa Manga, Kamalia plantation and Chichawatni plantation have also been planted to serve purpose and conserve forests. Through conservation, a large region of Thal desert has been afforested.

Natural protected forests

• Birir Valley Coniferous Forest^[3] in Chitral District (also called 'Deodar Chilghoza Oak Forest')
• Jhangar Scrub Forest^[4][5] in Chakwal District
• Sulaiman Coniferous Forest^[6] in Khyber Pukhtunkhwa (also called 'Sulaiman Chilgoza Pine Forest')
• Ziarat Juniper Forest^[7] in Ziarat District

Artificial resource managed forests

• Changa Manga Forest in Lahore District
• Chichawatni Plantation in Sahiwal District
• Khipro Reserve Forest^[8] in Sanghar District

Organizations

Research institutions

• Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Dir Upper, KPK, DIR
• Agricultural Research Institute, Quetta
• Punjab Forest School (profile), Bahawalpur
• Pakistan Forest Institute (profile), Peshawar
• The university of agriculture, Peshawar (http://www.aup.edu.pk/
• Sindh Agriculture University, Hyderabad
• University of Agriculture (profile), Faisalabad
• University of Haripur, Haripur Hazara (khyber pakhtunkhwa) (Pakistan)

^[9]

• Pir Mehar Ali Shah Arid Agricultural University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi (pakistan)

Botanical gardens

See also

• Agriculture in Pakistan
• Ecoregions of Pakistan
• Environmental issues in Pakistan
• Ministry of Environment
• Protected areas of Pakistan
• Tourism in Pakistan
• Wildlife of Pakistan

References

1. "Introduction to landscapes of Pakistan". rrcap.unep.org. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
2. "Federal Bureau of Statistics, National Accounts" (PDF). statpak.gov.pk. Government of Pakistan. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
3. "Birir Valley Coniferous Forests". wwfpak.org. WWF Pakistan. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
4. "Remains of Jhangar scrub forest". wildlifeofpakistan.com. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
5. "Jhangar Scrub Forest". wwfpak.org. WWF Pakistan. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
6. "Sulaiman Chilgoza Pine Forest". wwfpak.org. WWF Pakistan. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
7. "Zarghoon Juniper Forest". wwfpak.org. WWF Pakistan. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
8. "Khipro Reserve Forest". pakistani.tumblr.com. Mahadev Dheerani. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
9. http://www.uoh.edu.pk/

Further reading

• Jhangar, remains of the forest at wildlifeofpakistan.com
• Forestry in Pakistan at pakistanpaedia.com

External links

• Environment Protection Agency, Pakistan
• Earth Trends - Forests of Pakistan