Ethnic flag

An ethnic flag is a flag that symbolizes a certain ethnic group. Ethnic flags are often introduced to the ethnic community through the respective cultural or political ethnic movements. They are popular among ethnic minorities and some ethnic majorities, especially in multiethnic countries.

History

Like the concept of the national flag itself, that of an "ethnic flag" is modern, first arising in the late 19th century; strictly speaking, the national flags of nation states are themselves "ethnic flags", and often so used by ethnic minorities in neighbouring states, especially in the context of irredentism (e.g. the flag of the Republic of Albania used as an "ethnic Albanian flag" by Kosovar Albanians).

Ethnic flags are often used in irredentism, representing the "national flag" of a proposed or unrecognized state. The first such flags were designed at the end of the 19th century, such as the Basque flag (1894) or the "Flag of Zion" used to symbolize Zionism from 1898, which became the national flag of Israel 50 years later.

Most early ethnic flags imply a connection with an unrecognized state claimed by the respective ethnicities, such as the flag of Kurdistan which originates as the flag of the Republic of Ararat (1927). A flag of the Hispanic People was designed in 1932.

Alternatively, an "ethnic flag" may represent a Pan-nationalism, such as the Pan-Arab flag which originates as the flag of the Arab Revolt during World War I, the proposed flag of Pan-Slavism (1848), Pan-Iranism or Pan-Turkism.

The concept of using ethnic flags to symbolize ethnic groups within a multiethnic state, not necessarily connected with irredentism, became popular in the later 20th century, such as the Australian Aboriginal flag (1971), the Assyrian flag (1971), the flag of the Romani people (1971), the Berber flag (1970s), the Sami flag (1986) or the Māori flag (1990). Designing ethnic or tribal flags has become very popular since the 1990s, especially for online use, and mostly do not have any kind of "official" status and must be judged based on de facto use.

Africa

Pan-African Flag Flag of all Africans whether outside of Africa or inside of Africa.

North Africa

Berbers[2] (North Africa)

Copts (Egypt, Sudan, Libya) "The Coptic flag, created in 2005, is not officially recognised by the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, but it is commonly accepted by Coptic community as a representative symbol of its identity".

Fur (Darfur)

Dinka or Jieng (Southern Sudan)

Horn of Africa

Somalis[4] (Somalia, Ogaden, Northern Frontier District and Djibouti)	Amhara[6] (Amhara Region)	Afar[8] (Afar Region)
Harari[10] (Harari Region)	Oromo[12] (Oromia Region, Northern Frontier District and Somalia)	Tigray[14] (Tigray Region)

East and Central Africa

BaKonjo and BaAmba[16] (Rwenzururu)

Maasai (Kenya and Tanzania)

Kongo (Republic of Congo and DRC)

West Africa

Bubis (Otcho or Bioko Island)	Adamawa (Bamileke National Movement) (Cameroon)	Ashanti[18] (Ashanti Region)	Ewe (Ghana, Togo and Benin)
Ogoni (Rivers State)	Igbo people[20] (Igboland)	Hausa (Niger and Nigeria)	Yoruba (Nigeria, Togo and Benin)

Southern Africa

Swazi (Swaziland, South Africa, and Mozambique)

Basotho (Lesotho and South Africa)

Afrikaners/Boers[22] (South Africa)

Americas

North America

Anishinaabe people (Canada and United States).	Danes of Greenland	Inuit people of Nunavut (Nunavut, Canada)	Inuit people of Greenland (Greenland)
Haida (British Columbia, Canada and Alaska, United States)	Mi'kmaq (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Quebec, Canada and Maine, United States)	Natuaqanek (Eel Ground) First Nation of the Mi'kmaq (New Brunswick, Canada)	Quebecois, Canada
Iroquois (New York, United States)	Crow Tribe (Montana, United States)	Northern Cheyenne Tribe of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation (Montana, United States)
Arapaho Tribe of the Wind River Reservation (Wyoming, United States)	Oglala Sioux Tribe of the Pine Ridge Reservation (South Dakota, United States)	Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa (Iowa, United States)	Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma (Oklahoma, United States)
Cherokees (Oklahoma, United States)	Cajun flag[23] (United States)	Vietnamese Americans (United States)	Mulattoes[25] (United States, Hispanic America and Brazil)
Flag of the Southern United States or Dixie, its use is highly controversial.[26]	Flag of Hispanic America (Hispanic America and United States)	Cross of Burgundy flag used by Criollos	Flag of African-Americans[23] (United States)
Métis flag Blue or French variant, Metis people	Métis flag Red or English variant, Metis people	Flag of Acadia, Acadians
Flag of the Purépecha people (Michoacán, Mexico)	Flag of the Mixe people (Oaxaca, Mexico)	Flag of the Otomi people (Mexico: Hidalgo (state), State of Mexico, Querétaro, Puebla (state), Veracruz, Guanajuato)	Flag of the Yaqui (Sonora, Mexico)

Central America and Caribbean

Flag of Maya (Mexico, Guatemala)	Flag of the Jatibonicu Taíno Tribal Nation of Borikén (Puerto Rico)	Garifuna (Honduras, Belize, Guatemala)	Kuna (Panama, Colombia)

South America

Indigenous peoples in Colombia[28]

Quechua[30] (Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador)

Aymara (Bolivia, Peru, Chile and Argentina)

Mapuche[32] (Chile and Argentina)

Flag of the Guarani people (Paraguay, eastern Bolivia)

Asia

West Asia

^[33]

Arabs (Arab world)[note 2]	Palestinians (Palestine)	Druze[note 4] (Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan)	Jews (Israel and countries of the diaspora)
Kurds (Kurdistan)	Assyrians (Assyria)	Arameans (Aramea)	Iraqi Turkmens[35]
Zazas[37] (Turkey)	Azerbaijanis of Southern Azarbaijan[39]	Khuzestani Arabs[41] (Khuzestan)	A flag used by the Yazidi militia HPÊ

South Asia

Pashtuns (Pashtunistan)	Sindhis[note 6] (Sindh and West India)	Burusho-Hunzakuts[43] (Hunza)	Kashmiris (Kashmir and Jammu)
Ladakhis[45] (Ladakh)	Muhajir people (Pakistan)	Chagossians or Îlois[47] (Chagos Islands and Mauritius)	Assamese
Bodos (Bodoland)	Sri Lankan Tamils	Bnei Menashe (Manipur, Mizoram, Chin State, Southern Sagaing Division and Chittagong Division)[note 8]

East Asia

Uyghur people (Xinjiang, China)	Li and Miao[49] (Hainan)
Ainu people[50] (Hokkaidō, Kuril Islands and Sakhalin)	Ryukyu (Okinawa prefecture, Japan)	Salars (Xunhua Salar Autonomous County, Qinghai, China)

North Asia

Tuvans[52] (Tuva)

Buryats (Buryatia, Russia)

Yakuts or Sakha (Sakha Republic)

Southeast Asia

Akha[54] (China,[note 10] Burma, Laos and Northern Thailand)

Khmer Krom[56] (Mekong Delta)

Karen people (Kayah State and Kayin State of Burma, western Thailand, Andaman and Nicobar Islands)

Acehnese people[58] (Aceh)

Minangkabau people (West Sumatra, the western part of Riau and Jambi, the western coast of Aceh and North Sumatra, the northern part of Bengkulu, and Negeri Sembilan)

Melanesia

Kanak[59] (Kanaky) Torres Strait Islanders[61] (Torres Strait Islands, Australia)

Australasia and Polynesia

Australian Aborigines (Australia)	Moriori of Chatham Islands[63]".	Native Hawaiians or Kanaka Maoli[65] (Hawaii)	Tahitians and some other Indigenous Peoples of French Polynesia
Indigenous Peoples of Austral Islands	Indigenous Peoples of Marquesas Islands	Rapanui (Easter Island)	Māori people

Europe

Northern Europe

Faroese (Faroe Islands)	Orcadians (Orkney Islands)	Shetlanders (Shetland)	Scots (Scotland)
Irish (Island of Ireland)	Welsh (Wales)	Cornish [66] (Cornwall)	Manx (Isle of Man)
Bretons [66] (Brittany)	Normans[68] (Normandy)	Walloons (Wallonia)	Flemish (Flanders)
West Frisians (Friesland and Province of Groningen)	East Frisians (East Frisia)	North Frisians (North Frisia)	Inter-Frisian Flag of the Interfrisian Council	"The Inter-Frisian Flag
English (England)	Germans of Northern Schleswig	Danes of Southern Schleswig	Finland-Swedes[70] (Åland Islands, Ostrobothnia, Uusimaa and Eastern Uusimaa)
Sweden-Finns (Eastern Svealand)	Sami people[66] (Sápmi)	Tornedalians[72] (Meänmaa)	Karelians[75][76] (Republic of Karelia, Tver Oblast and Novgorod Oblast)
Veps[78] (Karelia, Leningrad Oblast and Vologda Oblast)	Ingrians[81][82] (Leningrad Oblast)	Izhorians (Leningrad Oblast)	Votes[84] (Leningrad Oblast and Estonia)
Setos[86] (Setomaa)
Võros (Võrumaa) older version	Võros (Võrumaa) since February 2013	Livonians[88] (Livonia and Curlandia)

Central Europe

Czechs (/Bohemians) (Bohemia)	Germans of Belgium[90] (Eastern part of the province of Liège)	Luxembourgers (Luxembourg, Belgium, France and Germany) [92]	Alsatians (Alsace)	Tyroleans of South Tyrol
Kashubians[66] (Pomerelia)	Sorbs[59] (Lusatia)	Silesians (Silesia)	Moravians (Moravia)

Western and Southern Europe

Canarians[94] (Canary Islands)	Galicians (Galicia)	Asturians (Asturias)	Basques (Basque Country, Navarre and Iparralde)
Castilians (Castile, La Mancha and La Rioja)	Aragonese[96] (Aragon)	Valencians (Valencian Community and El Carche)	Balearics (Balearic Islands)
Catalans (Catalonia, La Franja and Northern Catalonia)	Occitans[98] (Occitania)	Corsicans (Corsica)	Sardinians (Sardinia)
Arpitans[99] (Arpitania)	Savoyards (Savoy)	Ladin people[99] (Ladinia)	Maltese (Malta)

Southeastern Europe

Serbs (Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,[101] Macedonia, Montenegro, Slovenia)	Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina	Macedonians [103] (Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, Albania, Greece and Bulgaria)	Bosniaks of Sandžak[105]
Bosniaks of Bosnia and Herzegovina	Pomaks (Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia, Turkey)	Albanians (Albania, Kosovo, Western part of the Republic of Macedonia, Epirus[106] and Arbëria)	Greeks (Greece, Cyprus, Albania)

Eastern Europe

Rusyns[108] (Carpathian Ruthenia)	Gagauzes (Gagauzia)	Crimean Tatars[110] (Crimea, Turkey, Uzbekistan and Dobruja)	Lipka Tatars (Belarus, Lithuania and Poland)
Komis (Komi Republic)	Maris (Mari El)	Erzyans[112] (Mordovia, Samara Oblast and Tataristan)	Mokshas[114] (Mordovia)
Mordvins (Mordovia)	Udmurts (Udmurtia)	Chuvashes (Chuvashia)	Volga Tatars (Tatarstan and the historical region of Idel-Ural; Ryazan Oblast, Tambov Oblast, Astrakhan Oblast Kazakhstan and Central Asia)
Bashkirs (Bashkortostan, Chelyabinsk Oblast and Orenburg Oblast)	Don Cossacks (southern Russia)	Romani people[66] (Europe and Brazil)

Caucasus and Anatolia

Lezgins^[115] (Dagestan and Azerbaijan)

Circassians: Adyghe, Cherkess and Kabardins[117] (Adyghea, Karachay–Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Krasnodar Krai, Turkey and Middle East)	Abazins (Abazinia)	Abkhazians[119] (Abkhazia and Turkey)	Balkars (Kabardino-Balkaria)
Karachays (Karachay–Cherkessia)	Ossetians (South Ossetia and North Ossetia–Alania)	Ingush (Ingushetia, Eastern part of Prigorodny District, Chechnya and Turkey)	Chechens (Chechnya, Ingushetia and Dagestan)
Kalmyks (Kalmykia)	Kumyks[121] (Dagestan)
Meskhetians[123] (Samtskhe-Javakheti, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Krasnodar Krai, Turkey and Kyrgyzstan)	Adjarians[125] (Adjaria, Guria, Kvemo Kartli, Kakheti and Northeastern Turkey)
Greeks of Pontus	Kalmyks (Kalmykia)

See also

Flags of active autonomist and secessionist movements List of cultural flags Flags of formerly independent states Flags of subnational entities

Flags of micronations Flags of unrecognized states Rainbow flag Vexillology

Notes

1. This is the flag of the Arab Revolt.
2. This is the flag of the Arab Revolt.
3. To be precise, the Druze are a religious and cultural group rather than a distinct ethnic group.
4. To be precise, the Druze are a religious and cultural group rather than a distinct ethnic group.
5. See also the concept of Sindhudesh.
6. See also the concept of Sindhudesh.
7. This is just one of several flags used by groups that make up this macro-group.
8. This is just one of several flags used by groups that make up this macro-group.
9. Akha are considered part of the Hani by the government of People's Republic of China, though this is a subject of some dispute among the Akha themselves.
10. Akha are considered part of the Hani by the government of People's Republic of China, though this is a subject of some dispute among the Akha themselves.

Citations

1. "Berbers". Flags of the World. April 24, 2009. Retrieved April 24, 2010.
2. "Berbers". Flags of the World. April 24, 2009. Retrieved April 24, 2010.
3. "History of the flag". Flags of the World. June 26, 2006. Retrieved April 25, 2010. The Flag of Somalia, created by Mohammed Awale Liban, was designed to represent pan-Somali territories.
4. "History of the flag". Flags of the World. June 26, 2006. Retrieved April 25, 2010. The Flag of Somalia, created by Mohammed Awale Liban, was designed to represent pan-Somali territories.
5. "Amhara (Ethiopia)". Flags of the World. September 13, 2003. Retrieved October 25, 2010.
6. "Amhara (Ethiopia)". Flags of the World. September 13, 2003. Retrieved October 25, 2010.
7. "Afar (Ethiopia)". Flags of the World. September 13, 2003. Retrieved October 25, 2010.
8. "Afar (Ethiopia)". Flags of the World. September 13, 2003. Retrieved October 25, 2010.
9. "Harari (Ethiopia)". Flags of the World. June 24, 2006. Retrieved October 25, 2010.
10. "Harari (Ethiopia)". Flags of the World. June 24, 2006. Retrieved October 25, 2010.
11. "Oromo traditional colours". Flags of the World. May 29, 2003. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
12. "Oromo traditional colours". Flags of the World. May 29, 2003. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
13. "Tigray (Ethiopia)". Flags of the World. April 29, 2004. Retrieved October 25, 2010.
14. "Tigray (Ethiopia)". Flags of the World. April 29, 2004. Retrieved October 25, 2010.
15. "Bakonjo People". Flags of the World. July 12, 2008. Retrieved April 24, 2010.
16. "Bakonjo People". Flags of the World. July 12, 2008. Retrieved April 24, 2010.
17. "Ashanti People". Flags of the World. November 4, 2006. Retrieved April 24, 2010.
18. "Ashanti People". Flags of the World. November 4, 2006. Retrieved April 24, 2010.
19. Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 762. ISBN 0-313-32384-4. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
20. Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 762. ISBN 0-313-32384-4. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
21. "Afrikaner". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
22. "Afrikaner". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
23. Znamierowski, p236
24. Miller, Richard. "From History to Destiny". The Mulatto People. Archived from the original on February 15, 2001. Retrieved April 22, 2010.
25. Miller, Richard. "From History to Destiny". The Mulatto People. Archived from the original on February 15, 2001. Retrieved April 22, 2010.
26. Chapman, Roger (2011). Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices. M.E. Sharpe. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-7656-2250-1. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
27. "Native Peoples of Colombia". Flags of the World. July 3, 2009. Retrieved July 9, 2010. According to FOTW, this flag represent primarily the Guambiano or Misak tribe, but it also represents Native peoples of Southwestern Colombia.
28. "Native Peoples of Colombia". Flags of the World. July 3, 2009. Retrieved July 9, 2010. According to FOTW, this flag represent primarily the Guambiano or Misak tribe, but it also represents Native peoples of Southwestern Colombia.
29. "Inca (Quechua/Aymara) people". Flags of the World. June 16, 2007. Retrieved April 23, 2010. The term Wiphala is referred to flags of Inca origin, today used by the Native Andean peoples to represent themselves.
30. "Inca (Quechua/Aymara) people". Flags of the World. June 16, 2007. Retrieved April 23, 2010. The term Wiphala is referred to flags of Inca origin, today used by the Native Andean peoples to represent themselves.
31. "Mapuche". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
32. "Mapuche". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
33. Smith, Whitney. "Flag of Israel". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
34. "Iraqi Turkmen". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
35. "Iraqi Turkmen". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
36. "Zazaistan". Flags of the World. April 24, 2009. Retrieved June 19, 2010. FOTW shows this banner as the alleged flag of Zazas. Moreover, according to an article published in Le Monde, signed by Lucien Philippe, the site states that the flag has been used in several ethnic riots until 1980. Finally FOTW shows other three flags that are not supported by any source definable as reliable.
37. "Zazaistan". Flags of the World. April 24, 2009. Retrieved June 19, 2010. FOTW shows this banner as the alleged flag of Zazas. Moreover, according to an article published in Le Monde, signed by Lucien Philippe, the site states that the flag has been used in several ethnic riots until 1980. Finally FOTW shows other three flags that are not supported by any source definable as reliable.
38. Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
39. Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
40. "Ahwazi". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
41. "Ahwazi". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
42. "Hunza". Flags of the World. June 7, 2008. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
43. "Hunza". Flags of the World. June 7, 2008. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
44. "Ladakh". Flags of the World. February 14, 2007. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
45. "Ladakh". Flags of the World. February 14, 2007. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
46. "Chagossians at UNO". chagos.org. January 30, 2003. Retrieved June 20, 2010.
47. "Chagossians at UNO". chagos.org. January 30, 2003. Retrieved June 20, 2010.
48. "Hainan". Flags of the World. February 10, 2007. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
49. "Hainan". Flags of the World. February 10, 2007. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
50. Gross, Pascal. "Flag of Ainu People". Flags of the World. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
51. "Tuva". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
52. "Tuva". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
53. "Akha People". Flags of the World. August 9, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
54. "Akha People". Flags of the World. August 9, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
55. "Khmer Krom". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
56. "Khmer Krom". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
57. "Free Aceh Movement". Flags of the World. December 13, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
58. "Free Aceh Movement". Flags of the World. December 13, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
59. Znamierowski, p238
60. "Torres Strait Flag". Torres Strait Regional Authority (TSRA). Retrieved 2015-07-03.
61. "Torres Strait Flag". Torres Strait Regional Authority (TSRA). Retrieved 2015-07-03.
62. "Denise Davis: Moriori. Te Ara — the Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Solomon, Māui. Retrieved June 9, 2006.
63. "Denise Davis: Moriori. Te Ara — the Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Solomon, Māui. Retrieved June 9, 2006.
64. "'Original' flag raises debate". Honolulu Advertiser. February 12, 2001. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
65. "'Original' flag raises debate". Honolulu Advertiser. February 12, 2001. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
66. Znamierowski, p237
67. "Mouvement Normand". Flags of the World. June 14, 2003. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
68. "Mouvement Normand". Flags of the World. June 14, 2003. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
69. "Svenska Brevmärken 1922" (in Swedish). Svenska Centralarkivet. Retrieved April 5, 2010. The flag of Finland-Swedes appears on some stamps issued by the Swedish People's Party in 1922.
70. "Svenska Brevmärken 1922" (in Swedish). Svenska Centralarkivet. Retrieved April 5, 2010. The flag of Finland-Swedes appears on some stamps issued by the Swedish People's Party in 1922.
71. "Meänkieliset ottavat käyttöön Meän maan lipun" (in Finnish). Kaleva Online. July 13, 2007. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
72. "Meänkieliset ottavat käyttöön Meän maan lipun" (in Finnish). Kaleva Online. July 13, 2007. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
73. "East Karelia". Flags of the World. September 12, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
74. "Lyydi people". Flags of the World. September 12, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
75. "East Karelia". Flags of the World. September 12, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
76. "Lyydi people". Flags of the World. September 12, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
77. "Vepsia". Flags of the World. April 14, 2007. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
78. "Vepsia". Flags of the World. April 14, 2007. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
79. "Inkeri". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
80. "Ingria". Flags of the World. April 14, 2007. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
81. "Inkeri". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
82. "Ingria". Flags of the World. April 14, 2007. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
83. Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 2018. ISBN 0-313-32384-4. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
84. Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 2018. ISBN 0-313-32384-4. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
85. "In pictures: The Seto people — Anthem and flag". BBC News Online. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
86. "In pictures: The Seto people — Anthem and flag". BBC News Online. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
87. "Livonian People". Flags of the World. February 18, 2006. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
88. "Livonian People". Flags of the World. February 18, 2006. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
89. "German-speaking Community (Belgium)". Flags of the World. January 17, 2009. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
90. "German-speaking Community (Belgium)". Flags of the World. January 17, 2009. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
91. "The Red Lion is the Civil Ensign of the Gran Duchy of Luxemburg. In 2006, the banner was proposed as the new national flag. On 6 July 2007, the Government of Luxembourg refused the proposal, but, at the same time, established the equal status of this flag and the Official Tricolor. Instead, in the Belgian province of Luxemburg, the Red Lion has not an official status, but it (with a different shade of blue) is of common use: it is used even by the Provincial Council on public buildings or in official occurrences". http://www.province.luxembourg.be/provlux/provlux_fr_profils_province_lux/l-institution-provinciale/blason-palais-logo-drapeau-et-chant-provincial/drapeau/drapeau.htm http://www.gouvernement.lu/dossiers/viepol/drapeau/index.html
92. "The Red Lion is the Civil Ensign of the Gran Duchy of Luxemburg. In 2006, the banner was proposed as the new national flag. On 6 July 2007, the Government of Luxembourg refused the proposal, but, at the same time, established the equal status of this flag and the Official Tricolor. Instead, in the Belgian province of Luxemburg, the Red Lion has not an official status, but it (with a different shade of blue) is of common use: it is used even by the Provincial Council on public buildings or in official occurrences". http://www.province.luxembourg.be/provlux/provlux_fr_profils_province_lux/l-institution-provinciale/blason-palais-logo-drapeau-et-chant-provincial/drapeau/drapeau.htm http://www.gouvernement.lu/dossiers/viepol/drapeau/index.html
93. "Estatuto de Autonomía de Canarias" (PDF) (in Spanish). Gobierno de Canarias. Retrieved June 13, 2010. The flag, which was made official by the Organic Law 10/82 on 16 August 1982, is based upon the original design attributed to Carmen Sarmiento, Jesús Cantero and Arturo Cantero and adopted by the Canarias Libre movement in 1961.
94. "Estatuto de Autonomía de Canarias" (PDF) (in Spanish). Gobierno de Canarias. Retrieved June 13, 2010. The flag, which was made official by the Organic Law 10/82 on 16 August 1982, is based upon the original design attributed to Carmen Sarmiento, Jesús Cantero and Arturo Cantero and adopted by the Canarias Libre movement in 1961.
95. "Estatuto de Autonomía de Aragón" (PDF) (in Spanish). Boletín Oficial de Aragón. April 23, 2007. Retrieved April 10, 2010. The Statute defines Aragonese People as an "historical nationality".
96. "Estatuto de Autonomía de Aragón" (PDF) (in Spanish). Boletín Oficial de Aragón. April 23, 2007. Retrieved April 10, 2010. The Statute defines Aragonese People as an "historical nationality".
97. "Occitania". Flags of the World. December 26, 2009. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
98. "Occitania". Flags of the World. December 26, 2009. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
99. "Legge 15 Dicembre 1999, n. 482 - Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche" (in Italian). Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana. December 20, 1999. Retrieved April 5, 2010.
100. http://www.skdprosvjeta.com/news.php?id=66
101. http://www.skdprosvjeta.com/news.php?id=66
102. Danforth, Loring (1995), The Macedonian Conflict, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, p. 164, ISBN 978-0-691-04356-2
103. Danforth, Loring (1995), The Macedonian Conflict, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, p. 164, ISBN 978-0-691-04356-2
104. "Symbols of the Bosniaks of Sandžak". Flags of the World. March 18–19, 2005. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
105. "Symbols of the Bosniaks of Sandžak". Flags of the World. March 18–19, 2005. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
106. Vickers, Miranda (2007), The Cham Issue — Where to Now?, ARAG Balkan Series, Swindon, United Kingdom: Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, p. 21, ISBN 978-1-905962-01-3
107. "Rusyn Symbols". Academy of Rusyn Culture in the Slovak Republic. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
108. "Rusyn Symbols". Academy of Rusyn Culture in the Slovak Republic. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
109. "Crimean Tatars". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
110. "Crimean Tatars". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
111. "Erzian ethnic flag". Flags of the World. February 2, 2002. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
112. "Erzian ethnic flag". Flags of the World. February 2, 2002. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
113. http://uralistica.com/profiles/blogs/flag-mokshan
114. http://uralistica.com/profiles/blogs/flag-mokshan
115. История Лезгинского народа (in Russian). Lezgini Kultuuriühing Eestis. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
116. "Circassia". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
117. "Circassia". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
118. "Abkhazia". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
119. "Abkhazia". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
120. "Flags of daghestanian ethnic groups". Flags of the World. January 8, 2003. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
121. "Flags of daghestanian ethnic groups". Flags of the World. January 8, 2003. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
122. "Meshtekistan". Flags of the World. January 30, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
123. "Meshtekistan". Flags of the World. January 30, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
124. "Ajaria". Flags of the World. April 24, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
125. "Ajaria". Flags of the World. April 24, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2010.

Bibliography and references

• Znamierowski, Alfred (2001). The World Encyclopedia of Flags. London, UK: Hermes House.
• Flags of the World - FOTW

External links

Southern Asia

• Talysh ethnic flag Talysh people (Southeastern Republic of Azerbaijan, Western Ardabīl Province and Northern Gilan Province)
• Kannada ethnic flag Kannada people (Karnataka)
• Malayali ethnic flag Malayali people^{[ref 1]} (Kerala)
• Telugu ethnic flag Telugus of Telangana

Notes and citations for external links

1. "Asia: flags of the ethnic minorities and stateless nations". Encyclopædia Heraldica. Retrieved May 4, 2010.