List of rulers of China

The list of rulers of China includes rulers of China with various titles. From the Zhou dynasty to the Qin dynasty, rulers usually held the title "king" (Chinese: 王; pinyin: wáng). With the separation of China into different Warring States, this title had become so common that the unifier of China, the first Qin Emperor Qin Shihuang created a new title for himself, that of "emperor" (pinyin: huángdì). The title of emperor of China continued to be used for the remainder of China's imperial history, right down to the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912. While many other monarchs existed in and around China throughout its history, this list covers only those with a quasi-legitimate claim to the majority of China, or those who have traditionally been named in king-lists. The following list of Chinese monarchs is in no way comprehensive. Chinese sovereigns were known by many different names, and how they should be identified is often confusing. Sometimes the same emperor is commonly known by two or three separate names, or the same name is used by emperors of different dynasties. The tables below do not necessarily include all of an emperor's names – for example, posthumous names could run to more than twenty characters and were rarely used in historical writing – but, where possible, the most commonly used name or naming convention has been indicated.
These tables may not necessarily represent the most recently updated information on Chinese monarchs; please check the page for the relevant dynasty for possible additional information.
Follow these links to see how they are related:
Family tree of ancient Chinese emperors → Chinese emperors family tree (early) → Chinese emperors family tree (middle) → Chinese emperors family tree (late)
Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
Although it is ingrained in Chinese mythology that the earliest mythological rulers of China included three huáng (皇, generally translated "sovereign" or "august one", denoting demigod status) and five dì (å¸, generally translated "emperor", but denoting much more reverential status than the modern term "emperor"). Their identities have differed between different sources, with some individuals such as the Yellow Emperor being regarded as either sovereign or emperor, depending on the source. The two characters would later be taken together by Qin Shihuang to form the new title huángdì (皇å¸, emperor), thus claiming legendary status for himself. These figures are all legendary, not historical.
Sovereigns/Emperors | Title | Other names | Years of reign | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sovereign1,4,5 (Empress3) | NÇšwÄ | 女媧 | — | (180,000 Years) |
Sovereign (Emperor3) | Yǒucháo | 有巢 | — | (110,000 Years) |
(Sovereign4) Emperor3 | Suìrén | 燧人 | — | (456,000 Years) |
Sovereign1,4,5 (Emperor2,3) | FúxÄ« | ä¼ç¾² | — | 2852–2737 BC |
Sovereign1 (Emperor2,3) | Yán Emperor | ç‚Žå¸ | Shennong (神農) | 2737–2699 BC |
(Sovereign5) Emperor1,2 | Yellow Emperor | é»ƒå¸ | Gongsun Xuanyuan (å…¬å«è»’è½…) | 2699–2588 BC |
Emperor2 | ShÇŽohà o | 少昊 | Jintian-shi (金天æ°) | 2587–2491 BC |
Emperor1,2 | ZhuÄnxÅ« | é¡“é Š | Gaoyang (高陽) | 2490–2413 BC |
Emperor1 | Kù | åš³ | Gaoxin-shi (高辛æ°) | 2412–2343 BC |
Emperor1 | Zhì | 摯 | Qingyang-shi (é’陽æ°) | 2343–2333 BC |
Emperor1 | Yáo | å ¯ | Tangyao (å”å ¯) | 2333–2234 BC |
Emperor1 | Shùn | 舜 | Youyu (有虞) | 2233–2184 BC |
1 — According to the Records of the Grand Historian. 2 — According to the Chu Ci. 3 — According to the Book of Rites. 4 — According to the Shangshu dazhuan (尚書大傳) and Baihu tongyi (白虎通義). 5 — According to the Diwang shiji (å¸çŽ‹ä¸–ç´€) |
Traditional dates are provided. |
Xia dynasty
C. 2070–1600 BCE1
Reign name² | Given name | Notes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yǔ | 禹 | Also known as: Dà Yǔ, 大禹 (Yǔ the Great) | |||||
QÇ | å•Ÿ | Son of YÇ”; beginning of hereditary succession | |||||
Tà i KÄng | 太康 | KÄng | 康 |   | |||
Zhòng KÄng | 仲康 | KÄng | 康 |   | |||
XiÄng | 相 |   | |||||
No king | About 40 years | ||||||
Shà o KÄng | 少康 | KÄng | 康 |   | |||
Zhù | æ¼ |   | |||||
Huái | æ§ |   | |||||
Máng | 芒 |   | |||||
Xiè | 洩 |   | |||||
Jià ng | é™ |   | |||||
JiÅng | 扃 |   | |||||
Yìn JiÇŽ | 胤甲 | JÇn | 廑 |   | |||
KÇ’ng JiÇŽ | å”甲 |   | |||||
GÄo | çš‹ |   | |||||
FÄ | 發 |   | |||||
LÇš GuÇ | 履癸 | Jié | æ¡€ |  Reign ended in Battle of Mingtiao | |||
1 — The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide. | |||||||
2 — The reign name is sometimes preceded by the name of the dynasty, Xià (å¤). |
Shang dynasty
C. 1600–1046 BCE1
Temple name | Regnal name² | Given name³ | Reign years1 | Capital | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TiÄn YÇ | 天乙 | TÄng | 湯 | 1600–1300 BC | Bó 亳 | ||
Wà i BÇng | 外丙 | Shèng | å‹ | ||||
Zhòng Rén | 仲壬 | YÅng | 庸 | ||||
Tà izÅng | 太宗 | Tà i JiÇŽ | 太甲 | Zhì | 至 | ||
Wò DÄ«ng | æ²ƒä¸ | Xuà n | çµ¢ | ||||
Tà i Gēng | 太庚 | Bià n | 辯 | ||||
XiÇŽo JiÇŽ | å°ç”² | GÄo | 高 | ||||
YÅng JÇ | é›å·± | Zhòu | ä¼· | ||||
Tà i Wù | 太戊 | Mì | 密 | ||||
Zhòng DÄ«ng | ä»²ä¸ | ZhuÄng | 莊 | Ão éšž | |||
Wà i Rén | 外壬 | FÄ | 發 | ||||
JiÄn JiÇŽ | 戔甲 | ZhÄ›ng | æ•´ | Xià ng 相 | |||
ZhÅngzÅng | ä¸å®— | ZÇ” YÇ | 祖乙 | Téng | 滕 | Bì 庇 | |
Zǔ Xīn | 祖辛 | Dà n | 旦 | ||||
Wò Jiǎ | 沃甲 | Yú | 踰 | ||||
ZÇ” DÄ«ng | ç¥–ä¸ | XÄ«n | æ–° | ||||
Nán GÄ“ng | å—庚 | GÄ“ng | æ›´ | YÇŽn 奄 | |||
Yáng Jiǎ | 陽甲 | Hé | 和 | ||||
Pán Gēng4 | 盤庚 | Xún | 旬 | 1300–1251 BC | Yīn 殷 | ||
XiÇŽo XÄ«n | å°è¾› | Sòng | é Œ | ||||
XiÇŽo YÇ | å°ä¹™ | LiÇŽn | æ–‚ | ||||
GÄozÅng | 高宗 | WÇ” DÄ«ng | æ¦ä¸ | ZhÄo | æ˜ | 1250–1192 BC | |
ZÇ” GÄ“ng | 祖庚 | Yuè | èº | 1191–1148 BC | |||
Zǔ Jiǎ | 祖甲 | Zà i | 載 | ||||
LÇn XÄ«n | 廩辛 | XiÄn | å…ˆ | ||||
KÄng DÄ«ng | åº·ä¸ | XiÄo | 囂 | ||||
WÇ” YÇ | æ¦ä¹™ | Qú | çž¿ | 1147–1113 BC | |||
Wén DÄ«ng5 | æ–‡ä¸ | TuÅ | 托 | 1112–1102 BC | |||
Dì YÇ | å¸ä¹™ | Xià n | 羡 | 1101–1076 BC | |||
Di Xin (King Zhou of Shang) | å¸è¾› | Shòu | å— | 1075–1046 BC | |||
1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide. | |||||||
2 The reign name is sometimes preceded by the name of the dynasty, Shang (商). | |||||||
3 The Shang royal family name was ZÇ (å). | |||||||
4 The period of the Shang dynasty starting from Pan Geng is also frequently referred to as the Yin (æ®·) dynasty. because he changed capital to Yin. | |||||||
5 Also known as Tai Ding (太ä¸). |
Zhou dynasty
Circa 10461–256 BC, traditionally divided into:
- Western Zhou dynasty, c. 1046–771 BC
- Eastern Zhou dynasty, 770–256 BC, which is in turn split into :
- the Spring and Autumn period, 770–476 BC
- the Warring States period, 475–221 BC
Posthumous name | Given name | Reign years1 | Common name | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pinyin | Chinese | Pinyin | Chinese | ||
WÇ” Wáng | æ¦çŽ‹ | FÄ | 發 | 1046–1043 BC1 | King Wu of Zhou |
Chéng Wáng | æˆçŽ‹ | Sòng | 誦 | 1042–1021 BC1 | King Cheng of Zhou |
KÄng Wáng | 康王 | ZhÄo | 釗 | 1020–996 BC1 | King Kang of Zhou |
ZhÄo Wáng | æ˜çŽ‹ | Xiá | ç‘• | 995–977 BC1 | King Zhao of Zhou |
Mù Wáng | 穆王 | Mǎn | 滿 | 976–922 BC1 | King Mu of Zhou |
GÅng Wáng | 共王 | YÄ«hù | 繄扈 | 922–900 BC1 | King Gong of Zhou |
Yì Wáng | 懿王 | JiÄn | å› | 899–892 BC1 | King Yi of Zhou (Jian) |
Xià o Wáng | å王 | BìfÄng | 辟方 | 891–886 BC1 | King Xiao of Zhou |
Yà Wáng | 夷王 | Xiè | 燮 | 885–878 BC1 | King Yi of Zhou (Xie) |
Lì Wáng | 厲王 | Hú | 胡 | 877–841 BC1 | King Li of Zhou |
Gonghe 共和 (regency) | 841–828 BC | Gonghe | |||
XuÄn Wáng | 宣王 | Jìng | éœ | 827–782 BC | King Xuan of Zhou |
YÅu Wáng | 幽王 | GÅngshÄ“ng | 宮湦 | 781–771 BC | King You of Zhou |
Ping Wang | 平王 | Yijiu | 宜臼 | 770–720 BC | King Ping of Zhou |
Huan Wang | 桓王 | Lin | 林 | 719–697 BC | King Huan of Zhou |
Zhuang Wang | 莊王 | Tuo | 佗 | 696–682 BC | King Zhuang of Zhou |
Xi Wang | é‡çŽ‹ | Huqi | 胡齊 | 681–677 BC | King Xi of Zhou |
Hui Wang | æƒ çŽ‹ | Lang | é–¬ | 676–652 BC | King Hui of Zhou |
Xiang Wang | 襄王 | Zheng | é„ | 651–619 BC | King Xiang of Zhou |
Qing Wang | é ƒçŽ‹ | Renchen | 壬臣 | 618–613 BC | King Qing of Zhou |
Kuang Wang | 匡王 | Ban | ç | 612–607 BC | King Kuang of Zhou |
Ding Wang | 定王 | Yu | 瑜 | 606–586 BC | King Ding of Zhou |
Jian Wang | 簡王 | Yi | 夷 | 585–572 BC | King Jian of Zhou |
Ling Wang | éˆçŽ‹ | Xiexin | 泄心 | 571–545 BC | King Ling of Zhou |
Jing Wang | 景王 | Gui | 貴 | 544–521 BC | King Jing of Zhou (Gui) |
Dao Wang | 悼王 | Meng | 猛 | 520 BC | King Dao of Zhou |
Jing Wang | 敬王 | Gai | ä¸ | 519–476 BC | King Jing of Zhou (Gai) |
Yuan Wang | 元王 | Ren | ä» | 475–469 BC | King Yuan of Zhou |
Zhending Wang | 貞定王 | Jie | 介 | 468–442 BC | King Zhending of Zhou |
Ai Wang | 哀王 | Quji | 去疾 | 441 BC | King Ai of Zhou |
Si Wang | æ€çŽ‹ | Shu | å” | 441 BC | King Si of Zhou |
Kao Wang | 考王 | Wei | 嵬 | 440–426 BC | King Kao of Zhou |
Weilie Wang | å¨çƒˆçŽ‹ | Wu | åˆ | 425–402 BC | King Weilie of Zhou |
An Wang | 安王 | Jiao | 驕 | 401–376 BC | King An of Zhou |
Lie Wang | 烈王 | Xi | 喜 | 375–369 BC | King Lie of Zhou |
Xian Wang | 顯王 | Bian | æ‰ | 368–321 BC | King Xian of Zhou |
Shenjing Wang | æ…ŽéšçŽ‹ | Ding | 定 | 320–315 BC | King Shenjing of Zhou |
Nan Wang | 赧王 | Yan | 延 | 314–256 BC | King Nan of Zhou |
1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC, the beginning of the Gonghe regency. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide. |
Qin dynasty
Title | Given Name | Period of Reign | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Qin Shi Huang1 | 秦始皇 | Zhèng | 政 | 221–210 BC |
Qin Er Shi | 秦二世 | Húhà i | 胡亥 | 209–207 BC |
Qin San Shi (King Ziying)2 | 秦三世 | ZiyÄ«ng | å嬰 | 207 BC |
1 — Qin Shi Huang became king of the State of Qin in 246 BC, but did not unite China and proclaim himself "Emperor" until 221 BC. | ||||
2 — Ziying is often referred to by his personal name and as king, rather than emperor, of Qin (秦王å嬰). |
Han dynasty
Posthumous Name | Personal Name | Period of Reign | Era Name | Range of years | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Convention: "Han" + posthumous name, excepting Liu Gong, Liu Hong, Ruzi Ying, the Prince of Changyi, the Marquess of Beixiang, and the Prince of Hongnong. | |||||||
Western Han dynasty 206 BC – 9 AD | |||||||
Gao Zu (Emperor Gaozu) | 高祖 | Liu Bang | 劉邦 | 206–195 BC | Did not exist | ||
Hui Di (Emperor Hui) | æƒ å¸ | Liu Ying | 劉盈 | 195–188 BC | Did not exist | ||
Shao Di (Liu Gong, the Emperor Shao/Young Emperor) | å°‘å¸ | Liu Gong | 劉æ | 188–184 BC | Did not exist | ||
Shao Di (Liu Hong, the Emperor Shao/Young Emperor) | å°‘å¸ | Liu Hong | 劉弘 | 184–180 BC | Did not exist | ||
Wen Di (Emperor Wen) | æ–‡å¸ | Liu Heng | åŠ‰æ† | 179–157 BC | Hòuyuán | 後元 | 163–156 BC |
Jing Di (Emperor Jing) | æ™¯å¸ | Liu Qi | 劉啟 | 156–141 BC | ZhÅngyuán | ä¸å…ƒ | 149–143 BC |
Hòuyuán | 後元 | 143–141 BC | |||||
Wu Di (Emperor Wu) | æ¦å¸ | Liu Che | 劉徹 | 140–87 BC | Jià nyuán | 建元 | 140–135 BC |
YuánguÄng | 元光 | 134–129 BC | |||||
Yuánshuò | 元朔 | 128–123 BC | |||||
Yuánshòu | 元狩 | 122–117 BC | |||||
YuándÇng | 元鼎 | 116–111 BC | |||||
YuánfÄ“ng | å…ƒå° | 110–105 BC | |||||
Tà ichÅ« | å¤ªåˆ | 104–101 BC | |||||
TiÄnhà n | 天漢 | 100–97 BC | |||||
Tà ishÇ | 太始 | 96–93 BC | |||||
ZhÄ“nghé | å¾å’Œ | 92–89 BC | |||||
Hòuyuán | 後元 | 88–87 BC | |||||
Zhao Di (Emperor Zhao) | æ˜å¸ | Liu Fuling | 劉弗陵 | 86–74 BC | ShÇyuán | 始元 | 86–80 BC |
Yuánfèng | 元鳳 | 80–75 BC | |||||
YuánpÃng | 元平 | 74 BC | |||||
The Prince of Changyi | 昌邑王 or æµ·æ˜ä¾¯ | Liu He | 劉賀 | 74 BC | YuánpÃng | 元平 | 74 BC |
Xuan Di (Emperor Xuan) | å®£å¸ | Liu Xun | 劉詢 | 73–49 BC | BÄ›nshÇ | 本始 | 73–70 BC |
Dìjié | 地節 | 69–66 BC | |||||
YuánkÄng | 元康 | 65–61 BC | |||||
Shénjué | 神爵 | 61–58 BC | |||||
Wǔfèng | 五鳳 | 57–54 BC | |||||
GÄnlù | 甘露 | 53–50 BC | |||||
Huánglóng | é»ƒé¾ | 49 BC | |||||
Yuan Di (Emperor Yuan) | å…ƒå¸ | Liu Shi | åŠ‰å¥ | 48–33 BC | ChÅ«yuán | åˆå…ƒ | 48–44 BC |
YÇ’ngguÄng | 永光 | 43–39 BC | |||||
Jià nzhÄo | å»ºæ˜ | 38–34 BC | |||||
JìngnÃng | 竟寧 | 33 BC | |||||
Cheng Di (Emperor Cheng) | æˆå¸ | Liu Ao | åŠ‰é© | 32–7 BC | Jià nshÇ | 建始 | 32–28 BC |
HépÃng | 河平 | 28–25 BC | |||||
Yángshuò | 陽朔 | 24–21 BC | |||||
HóngjiÄ | 鴻嘉 | 20–17 BC | |||||
YÇ’ngshÇ | 永始 | 16–13 BC | |||||
Yuányán | 元延 | 12–9 BC | |||||
SuÄ«hé | ç¶å’Œ | 8–7 BC | |||||
Ai Di (Emperor Ai) | å“€å¸ | Liu Xin | 劉欣 | 6–1 BC | Jià npÃng | 建平 | 6–3 BC |
Yuánshòu | 元壽 | 2–1 BC | |||||
Ping Di (Emperor Ping) | å¹³å¸ | Liu Kan | 劉衎 | 1 BC – 5 AD | YuánshÇ | 元始 | 1 BC – 5 AD |
Ruzi Ying (Child Ying) | åºå嬰 | Liu Ying | 劉嬰 | 6–8 | Jùshè | å±…æ” | 6 – Oct. 8 |
ChÅ«shÇ | åˆå§‹ | Nov. 8 – Dec. 8 | |||||
Xin dynasty (AD 9–23) | |||||||
Xin dynasty of Wang Mang (王莽) | 9–23 | ShÇjià nguó | 始建國 | 9–13 | |||
TiÄnfÄ“ng | 天鳳 | 14–19 | |||||
Dìhuáng | 地皇 | 20–23 | |||||
Continuation of Han dynasty | |||||||
Geng Shi Emperor | æ›´å§‹å¸ | Liu Xuan | 劉玄 | 23–25 | GÄ“ngshÇ | 更始 | 23–25 |
Eastern Han dynasty 25–220 | |||||||
Guang Wu Di (Emperor Guangwu) | å…‰æ¦å¸ | Liu Xiu | 劉秀 | 25–57 | Jià nwÇ” | å»ºæ¦ | 25–56 |
Jià nwÇ”zhÅngyuán | 建æ¦ä¸å…ƒ | 56–57 | |||||
Ming Di (Emperor Ming) | æ˜Žå¸ | Liu Zhuang | 劉莊 | 58–75 | YÇ’ngpÃng | 永平 | 58–75 |
Zhang Di (Emperor Zhang) | ç« å¸ | Liu Da | 劉炟 | 76–88 | Jià nchÅ« | å»ºåˆ | 76–84 |
Yuánhé | 元和 | 84–87 | |||||
ZhÄnghé | ç« å’Œ | 87–88 | |||||
He Di (Emperor He) | å’Œå¸ | Liu Zhao | 劉肇 | 89–105 | YÇ’ngyuán | 永元 | 89–105 |
Yuánxīng | 元興 | 105 | |||||
Shang Di (Emperor Shang) | æ®¤å¸ | Liu Long | 劉隆 | 106 | YánpÃng | 延平 | 9 months in 106 |
An Di (Emperor An) | å®‰å¸ | Liu Hu | 劉祜 | 106–125 | YÇ’ngchÅ« | æ°¸åˆ | 107–113 |
YuánchÅ« | å…ƒåˆ | 114–120 | |||||
YÇ’ngnÃng | 永寧 | 120–121 | |||||
Jià nguÄng | 建光 | 121–122 | |||||
YánguÄng | 延光 | 122–125 | |||||
Shao Di, the Marquess of Beixiang | å°‘å¸ or 北鄉侯 | Liu Yi | 劉懿 | 125 | YánguÄng | 延光 | 125 |
Shun Di (Emperor Shun) | é †å¸ | Liu Bao | åŠ‰ä¿ | 125–144 | YÇ’ngjià n | 永建 | 126–132 |
YángjiÄ | 陽嘉 | 132–135 | |||||
Yǒnghé | 永和 | 136–141 | |||||
Hà n'Än | 漢安 | 142–144 | |||||
Jià nkÄng | 建康 | 144 | |||||
Chong Di (Emperor Chong) | æ²–å¸ | Liu Bing | 劉炳 | 144–145 | YÅngxÄ« | 永嘉 | 145 |
Zhi Di | è³ªå¸ | Liu Zuan | 劉纘 | 145–146 | BÄ›nchÅ« | æœ¬åˆ | 146 |
Huan Di (Emperor Huan) | æ¡“å¸ | Liu Zhi | 劉志 | 146–168 | Jià nhé | 建和 | 147–149 |
HépÃng | 和平 | 150 | |||||
YuánjiÄ | 元嘉 | 151–153 | |||||
Yǒngxīng | 永興 | 153–154 | |||||
Yǒngshòu | 永壽 | 155–158 | |||||
Yánxī | 延熹 | 158–167 | |||||
YÇ’ngkÄng | 永康 | 167 | |||||
Ling Di (Emperor Ling) | éˆå¸ | Liu Hong | åŠ‰å® | 168–189 | Jià nnÃng | 建寧 | 168–172 |
XÄ«pÃng | 熹平 | 172–178 | |||||
GuÄnghé | 光和 | 178–184 | |||||
ZhÅngpÃng | ä¸å¹³ | 184–189 | |||||
Emperor Shao, the Prince of Hongnong | å°‘å¸ or 弘農王 | Liu Bian | 劉辯 | 189 | GuÄ«ngxÄ« | 光熹 | 189 |
Zhà onÃng | æ˜å¯§ | 189 | |||||
Xian Di (Emperor Xian) | ç»å¸ | Liu Xie (liú xié) | åŠ‰å” | 189–220 | YÇ’nghà n | 永漢 | 189 |
ChÅ«pÃng | åˆå¹³ | 190–193 | |||||
XÄ«ngpÃng | 興平 | 194–195 | |||||
Jià n'Än | 建安 | 196–220 | |||||
YánkÄng | 延康 | 220 |
Three Kingdoms Period
Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wei(é) or [Cao Wei(曹é)] established by Cao Cao 220–265 | |||||||
Convention: "Wei" + posthumous name, sometimes except Cao Pi who was referred using personal names. | |||||||
Emperor Wen | æ–‡å¸ | 曹丕 | Cáo PÄ« | 220–226 | HuángchÅ« | é»ƒåˆ | 220–226 |
Emperor Ming | æ˜Žå¸ | æ›¹å¡ | Cáo Ruì | 226–239 | Tà ihé | 太和 | 227–233 |
QÄ«nglóng | é’é¾ | 233–237 | |||||
JÇngchÅ« | æ™¯åˆ | 237–239 | |||||
Prince Qi | 齊王 | 曹芳 | Cáo FÄng | 239–254 | ZhèngshÇ | æ£å§‹ | 240–249 |
JiÄpÃng | 嘉平 | 249–254 | |||||
Duke Gaoguixiang | 高貴鄉公 | 曹髦 | Cáo Máo | 254–260 | Zhèngyuán | æ£å…ƒ | 254–256 |
GÄnlù | 甘露 | 256–260 | |||||
Emperor Yuan | å…ƒå¸ | æ›¹å¥ | Cáo Huà n | 260–265 | JÇngyuán | 景元 | 260–264 |
Xiánxī | 咸熙 | 264–265 | |||||
Shu(蜀) or Shu Han(蜀漢) 221–263 | |||||||
Convention: use personal name | |||||||
Emperor Zhaolie | æ˜çƒˆå¸ | 劉備 | Liú Bèi | 221–223 | ZhÄngwÇ” | ç« æ¦ | 221–223 |
Last Emperor (Hòuzhǔ) | 後主 | 劉禪 | Liú Shà n | 223–263 | Jià nxīng | 建興 | 223–237 |
Yánxī | 延熙 | 238–257 | |||||
JÇngyà o | 景耀 | 258–263 | |||||
Yánxīng | 炎興 | 263 | |||||
Wu(å³) 222–280 | |||||||
Convention: use personal name | |||||||
Great Emperor (Da Di) | å¤§å¸ | å«æ¬Š | SÅ«n Quán | 222–252 | HuángwÇ” | é»ƒæ¦ | 222–229 |
Huánglóng | é»ƒé¾ | 229–231 | |||||
JiÄhé | 嘉禾 | 232–238 | |||||
ChìwÅ« | èµ¤çƒ | 238–251 | |||||
Tà iyuán | 太元 | 251–252 | |||||
Shénfèng | 神鳳 | 252 | |||||
Prince Kuaiji | 會稽王 | å«äº® | SÅ«n Lià ng | 252–258 | Jià nxÄ«ng | 建興 | 252–253 |
Wǔfèng | 五鳳 | 254–256 | |||||
Tà ipÃng | 太平 | 256–258 | |||||
Emperor Jing | æ™¯å¸ | å«ä¼‘ | SÅ«n XiÅ« | 258–264 | YÇ’ngÄn | 永安 | 258–264 |
Marquis Wucheng (WÅ«chéng Hóu) | çƒç¨‹ä¾¯ | å«çš“ | SÅ«n Hà o | 264–280 | YuánxÄ«ng | 元興 | 264–265 |
GÄnlù | 甘露 | 265–266 | |||||
BÇŽodÇng | 寶鼎 | 266–269 | |||||
Jià nhéng | 建衡 | 269–271 | |||||
Fènghuáng | 鳳凰 | 272–274 | |||||
TiÄncè | 天冊 | 275–276 | |||||
TiÄnxÇ | 天璽 | 276 | |||||
TiÄnjì | 天紀 | 277–280 |
Jin dynasty
Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號) |
Personal Names | Period of Reigns |
Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Convention: "Jin" + posthumous name in Chinese, or posthumous name of Jin Dynasty in English | |||||||||||
Xi (Western) Jin dynasty 西晉/西晋 265–317 | |||||||||||
Emperor Wu | æ¦å¸ | SÄ«mÇŽ Yán | å¸é¦¬ç‚Ž | 265–290 | Tà ishÇ | 泰始 | 265–274 | ||||
XiánnÃng | 咸寧 | 275–280 | |||||||||
Tà ikÄng | 太康 | 280–289 | |||||||||
Tà ixī | 太熙 | 290 | |||||||||
Emperor Hui | æƒ å¸ | SÄ«mÇŽ ZhÅng | å¸é¦¬è¡· | 290–306 | YÇ’ngxÄ« | 永熙 | 290 | ||||
Yǒngpīng | 永平 | 291 | |||||||||
YuánkÄng | 元康 | 291–299 | |||||||||
YÇ’ngkÄng | 永康 | 300–301 | |||||||||
YÇ’ngnÃng | 永寧 | 301–302 | |||||||||
Tà iÄn | 太安 | 302–303 | |||||||||
YÇ’ngÄn | 永安 | 304 | |||||||||
Jià nwÇ” | å»ºæ¦ | 304 | |||||||||
YÇ’ngÄn | 永安 | 304 | |||||||||
Yǒngxīng | 永興 | 304–306 | |||||||||
GuÄngxÄ« | 光熙 | 306 | |||||||||
Emperor Huai | æ‡·å¸ | SÄ«mÇŽ Chì | å¸é¦¬ç†¾ | 307–313 | YÇ’ngjiÄ | 永嘉 | 307–313 | ||||
Emperor Min | æ„å¸ | SÄ«mÇŽ Yè | å¸é¦¬é„´ | 313–317 | Jià nxÄ«ng | 建興 | 313–317 | ||||
Dong (Eastern) Jin dynasty æ±æ™‰/东晋 317–420 | |||||||||||
Emperor Yuan | å…ƒå¸ | SÄ«mÇŽ Ruì | å¸é¦¬ç¿ | 317–322 | Jià nwÇ” | å»ºæ¦ | 317–318 | ||||
Dà xīng | 大興 | 318–321 | |||||||||
YÇ’ngchÄng | 永昌 | 321–322 | |||||||||
Emperor MÃng | æ˜Žå¸ | SÄ«mÇŽ Shà o | å¸é¦¬ç´¹ | 322–325 | YÇ’ngchÄng | 永昌 | 322–323 | ||||
Tà inÃng | 太寧 | 323–325 | |||||||||
Emperor Cheng | æˆå¸ | SÄ«mÇŽ YÇŽn | å¸é¦¬è¡ | 325–342 | Tà inÃng | 太寧 | 325 | ||||
Xiánhé | 咸和 | 326–334 | |||||||||
XiánkÄng | 咸康 | 335–342 | |||||||||
Emperor Kang | åº·å¸ | SÄ«mÇŽ Yuè | å¸é¦¬å²³ | 342–344 | Jià nyuán | 建元 | 343–344 | ||||
Emperor Mu | ç©†å¸ | Sima DÄn | å¸é¦¬èƒ | 345–361 | YÇ’nghé | 永和 | 345–356 | ||||
ShÄ“ngpÃng | å‡å¹³ | 357–361 | |||||||||
Emperor Ai | å“€å¸ | SÄ«mÇŽ PÄ« | å¸é¦¬ä¸• | 361–365 | Lónghé | 隆和 | 362–363 | ||||
XÄ«ngnÃng | 興寧 | 363–365 | |||||||||
Emperor Fei | å»¢å¸ | SÄ«mÇŽ Yì | å¸é¦¬å¥• | 365–371 | Tà ihé | 太和 | 365–371 | ||||
Emperor Jianwen | ç°¡æ–‡å¸ | SÄ«mÇŽ Yù | å¸é¦¬æ˜± | 371–372 | XiánÄn | 咸安 | 371–372 | ||||
Emperor Xiaowu | åæ¦å¸ | SÄ«mÇŽ Yà o | å¸é¦¬æ›œ | 372–396 | NÃngkÄng | 寧康 | 373–375 | ||||
Tà iyuán | 太元 | 376–396 | |||||||||
Emperor An | å®‰å¸ | SÄ«mÇŽ DézÅng | å¸é¦¬å¾·å®— | 396–418 | LóngÄn | 隆安 | 397–401 | ||||
Yuánxīng | 元興 | 402–404 | |||||||||
Yìxī | 義熙 | 405–418 | |||||||||
Emperor Gong | æå¸ | SÄ«mÇŽ Déwén | å¸é¦¬å¾·æ–‡ | 419–420 | YuánxÄ« | 元熙 | 419–420 |
Sixteen Kingdoms Period
Temple Names (Miao Hao 廟號) | Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years |
---|---|---|---|---|
Convention: use personal name | ||||
Han Zhao 漢趙 304–329 (addressed separately in traditional texts as Han æ¼¢ and Former Zhao å‰è¶™) | ||||
Han 304–318 | ||||
Gao Zu 高祖 |
Emperor Guangwen å…‰æ–‡å¸ |
Liu Yuan 劉淵 |
304–310 | Jià nxīng (建興) 304–307 Yǒngfèng (永鳳) 308 |
Did not exist | Prince Liang æ¢çŽ‹ |
Liu He 劉和 |
7 days in 310 | GuÄngxÄ«ng (光興) 310 (continuation) |
Lie Zong 烈宗 |
Emperor Zhaowu æ˜æ¦å¸ |
Liu Cong åŠ‰è° |
310–318 | GuÄngxÄ«ng (光興) 310 (continuation) JiÄpÃng (嘉平) 311–315 |
Did not exist | Emperor Yin éš±å¸ |
Liu Can 劉粲 |
a month and days in 318 | Hà nchÄng (漢昌) 318 (until renaming as Former Zhao) |
Qian (Former) Zhao å‰è¶™ 318–329 | ||||
Did not exist | Last Emperor 後主 |
Liu Yao 劉曜 |
318–329 | GuÄngchÅ« (å…‰åˆ) 318–329 (until conquest by Later Zhao) |
Hou (Later) Zhao Empire åŽè¶™ 319–351 | ||||
Gaozu Emperor 高祖 |
Emperor Ming æ˜Žå¸ |
Shi Le 石勒 |
319–333 | Prince Zhao (趙王) 319–327 Tà ihé (太和) 328–329 |
Did not exist | Prince Haiyang 海陽王 |
Shi Hong 石弘 |
333–334 | YánxÄ« (延熙) 333 (continuation) Jià nwÇ” (建æ¦) 334 |
Taizu Emperor 太祖 |
Emperor Wu æ¦å¸ |
Shi Hu 石虎 |
334–349 | Jià nwÇ” (建æ¦) 334–348 TaìnÃng (太寧) 349 |
Did not exist | Prince Qiao è™çŽ‹ |
Shi Shi 石世 |
73 days in 349 | TaìnÃng (太寧) 349 (continuation) |
Did not exist | Prince Pangcheng å½åŸŽçŽ‹ |
Shi Zun çŸ³éµ |
183 days in 349 | TaìnÃng (太寧) 349 (continuation) |
Did not exist | Prince Yiyang 義陽王 |
Shi Jian 石鑒 |
103 days within 349–350 | QÄ«nglóng (é’é¾) (changed mid-year) |
Did not exist | Prince Xinxing 新興王 |
Shi Zhi 石祗 |
350–351 | YÇ’ngnÃng (永寧) 350–351 (until Ran Min's coup) |
Cheng Han æˆæ¼¢ 303–347 (addressed separately in traditional texts as Cheng and Han) | ||||
Cheng 303–338 | ||||
ShÃzu Emperor 始祖 or Shìzu Emperor 世祖 |
Emperor Jing æ™¯å¸ |
Li Te æŽç‰¹ |
303 | Jià nchÅ« (建åˆ) or JÇngchÅ« (景åˆ) 303 |
Did not exist | Prince Qin Wen 秦文王 |
Li Liu æŽæµ |
several months in 303 | Jià nchÅ« (建åˆ) or JÇngchÅ« (景åˆ) 303 (continuation) |
Taizong Emperor 太宗 |
Emperor Wu æ¦å¸ |
Li Xiong æŽé›„ |
303–334 | Jià nchÅ« (建åˆ) or JÇngchÅ« (景åˆ) 303 (continuation) Jià nxÄ«ng (建興) 304–305 |
Did not exist | Emperor Ai å“€å¸ |
Li Ban æŽç |
7 months in 334 | Yùhéng (玉衡) 334 (continuation) |
Did not exist | Duke You 幽公 |
Li Qi æŽæœŸ |
334–338 | Yùhéng (玉æ†) 334–337 (continuation) Hà nxÄ«ng (漢興) |
Han 338–347 | ||||
Zhongzong Emperor ä¸å®— |
Emperor Zhaowen æ˜æ–‡å¸ |
Li Shou æŽå£½ |
338–343 | Hà nxīng (漢興) 338–343 (continuation) |
Did not exist | Marquis Guiyi
æ¸ç¾©ä¾¯ |
Li Shi æŽå‹¢ |
343–347 | Hà nxīng (漢興) 343 (continuation) Tà ihé (太和) 344–345 |
Qian (Former) Yan å‰ç‡• 337–370 | ||||
Taizu Emperor 太祖 |
Emperor Wenming æ–‡æ˜Žå¸ |
Murong Huang æ…•å®¹çš |
337–348 | Yà nwáng (燕王) 337–348 |
Liezong Emperor 烈宗) |
Emperor Jingzhao 景æ˜å¸ |
Murong Jun 慕容俊 |
348–360 | Yà nwáng (燕王) 348 (continuation) Yà nyuán (燕元) 349–351 |
Did not exist | Prince You å¹½å¸ |
Murong Wei æ…•å®¹æš |
360–370 | Jià nxī (建熙) 360–365 (continuation) Jià nyuán (建元) 366–370 |
Hou (Later) Yan åŽç‡• 384–407 | ||||
Shizu Emperor 世祖 |
Emperor Wucheng æ¦æˆå¸ |
Murong Chui 慕容垂 |
384–396 | Yà nwáng (燕王) 384–385 Jianxing (建興) 386–396 |
Liezong Emperor 烈宗 |
Emperor Huimin æƒ æ„å¸ |
Murong Bao 慕容寶 |
396–398 | Yongkang (永康 yÇ’ng kÄng) 396–398 |
Zhongzong Emperor ä¸å®— |
Emperor Zhaowu æ˜æ¦å¸ |
Murong Sheng 慕容盛 |
398–401 | Jianping (建平) 398 Changle (長樂) 399–401 |
Did not exist | Emperor Zhaowen æ˜æ–‡å¸ |
Murong Xi 慕容熙 |
401–407 | Guangshi (光始) 401–406 Jianshi (建始) 407 |
Nan (Southern) Yan å—燕 398–410 | ||||
Shi Zong 世宗 |
Emperor Xianwu ç»æ¦å¸ |
Murong De 慕容德 |
398–405 | Yanwang (燕王) 398–400 Jianping (建平) 400–405 |
Did not exist | Last Emperor 後主 |
Murong Chao 慕容超 |
405–410 | Taishang (太上) 405–410 |
Bei (Northern) Yan 北燕 407–436 | ||||
Did not exist | Emperor Huiyi æƒ æ‡¿å¸ |
Gao Yun 高雲 |
407–409 | Zhengshi (æ£å§‹) 407–409 |
Taizu 太祖 |
Emperor Wencheng æ–‡æˆå¸ |
Feng Ba 馮跋 |
409–430 | Taiping (太平) 409–430 |
Did not exist | Emperor Zhaocheng æ˜æˆå¸ |
Feng Hong 馮弘 |
430–436 | Daxing (大興) 430–436 |
Qian (Former) Liang å‰å‡‰ 320–376 | ||||
Did not exist | Duke Cheng æˆå…¬ |
Zhang Mao 張茂 |
320–324 | Jianxing (建興) 320–324 |
Did not exist | Duke Zhongcheng å¿ æˆå…¬ |
Zhang Jun 張駿 |
324–346 | Jianxing (建興) 324–346 |
Did not exist | Duke Huan æ¡“å…¬ |
Zhang Chonghua å¼µé‡è¯ |
346–353 | Jianxing (建興) 346–353 |
Did not exist | Duke Ai 哀公 |
Zhang Yaoling å¼µæ›œéˆ |
3 months (the ninth to the twelfth month) in 353 | Jianxing (建興) 353 |
Did not exist | Prince Wei å¨çŽ‹ |
Zhang Zuo 張祚 |
353–355 | Jianxing (建興) 353–354 Heping (和平) 354–355 |
Did not exist | Duke Jingdao 敬悼公 or Duke Chong 沖公 |
Zhang Xuanjing å¼µçŽ„é– |
355–363 | Jianxing (建興) 355–361 Shengping (å‡å¹³) 361–363 |
Did not exist | Duke Dao 悼公 |
Zhang Tianxi 張天錫 |
364–376 | Shengping (å‡å¹³) 364–376 |
Hou (Later) Liang åŽå‡‰ 386–403 | ||||
Taizu 太祖 |
King Yiwu 懿æ¦çŽ‹ |
Lü Guang 呂光 |
386–399 | Taian (太安) 386–389 Linjia (麟嘉 389–396 |
Did not exist | King Yin 隱王 |
Lü Shao 呂紹 |
399 | Longfei (é¾é£›) 399 |
Did not exist | King Ling éˆçŽ‹ |
Lü Zuan 呂纂 |
399–401 | Xianning (咸寧) 399–401 |
Did not exist | Duke Shangshu 尚書公 or Duke Jiankang 建康公 |
Lü Long 呂隆 |
401–403 | Shending (神鼎) 401–403 |
Nan (Southern) Liang å—凉 397–414 | ||||
Lie Zu 烈祖 |
King Wu æ¦çŽ‹ |
Tufa Wugu 禿髮çƒå¤ |
397–399 | Taichu (太åˆ) 397–399 |
Did not exist | King Kang 康王 |
Tufa Lilugu ç¦¿é«®åˆ©é¹¿å¤ |
399–402 | Jianhe (建和) 399–402 |
Did not exist | King JÇng 景王 or King Jìng 敬王 |
Tufa Rutan 禿髮傉檀 |
402–414 | Hongchang (弘昌) 402–404 Jiaping (嘉平) 409–414 |
Bei (Northern) Liang 北凉 397–439 (as Kings of Gaochang 442–460) | ||||
Did not exist | Did not exist | Duan Ye æ®µæ¥ |
397–401 | Shenxi (神璽) 397–399 Tianxi (天璽) 399–401 |
Tai zu 太祖 |
King Wuxuan æ¦å®£çŽ‹ |
Juqu Mengxun æ²®æ¸ è’™éœ |
401–433 | Yongan (永安) 401–412 Xuanshi (玄始) 412–428 |
Did not exist | King Ai 哀王 |
Juqu Mujian æ²®æ¸ ç‰§çŠ |
433–439 | Yonghe (永和) 433–439 |
Did not exist | Did not exist | Juqu Wuhui æ²®æ¸ ç„¡è«± |
442–444 | Chengping (承平) 442–443 Qianshou (乾壽) 443–444 |
Did not exist | Did not exist | Juqu Anzhou æ²®æ¸ å®‰å‘¨ |
444–460 | Chengping (承平) 444–460 |
Xi (Western) Liang 西凉 400–421 | ||||
Tai zu 太祖 |
King Wuzhao æ¦æ˜çŽ‹ |
Li Gao æŽæš |
400–417 | Gengzi (庚å) 400–405 Jianchu (建åˆ) 406–416 |
Did not exist | Later King 後主 |
Li Xin æŽæ† |
417–420 | Jiaxing (嘉興) 417–420 |
Did not exist | Last King 後主 |
Li Xun æŽæ‚ |
420–421 | Yongjian (永建) 420–421 |
Qian Former Qin Empire å‰ç§¦ 351–394 | ||||
Gao Zu 高祖 |
Emperor Jing Ming æ™¯æ˜Žå¸ |
Fu Jian è‹»å¥ |
351–355 | Huangshi (皇始) 351–355 |
Did not exist | King Li 厲王 |
Fu Sheng 苻生 |
355–357 | Shouguang (壽光) 355–357 |
Shi Zu 世祖 |
Emperor Xuan Zhao 宣æ˜å¸ |
Fu Jian è‹»å … |
357–385 | Yongxing (永興) 357–359 Ganlu (甘露) 359–364 |
Did not exist | Emperor Ai Ping å“€å¹³å¸ |
Fu Pi 苻丕 |
385–386 | Taian (太安) 385–386 |
Tai Zong 太宗 |
Emperor Gao é«˜å¸ |
Fu Deng 苻登 |
386–394 | Taichu (太åˆ) 385–394 |
Did not exist | Last Emperor 後主 |
Fu Chong 苻崇 |
several months in 394 | Yanchu (延åˆ) 394 |
Hou (Later) Qin åŽç§¦ 384–417 | ||||
Tai zu 太祖 |
Emperor Wu Zhao æ¦æ˜å¸ |
Yao Chang å§šè‡ |
384–393 | Baique (白雀) 384–386 Jianchu (建åˆ) 386–393 |
Gao Zu 高祖 |
Emperor Wen Huan æ–‡æ¡“å¸ |
Yao Xing 姚興 |
394–416 | Huangchu (皇åˆ) 394–399 Hongshi (弘始) 399–416 |
Did not exist | Last Emperor 後主 |
Yao Hong 姚泓 |
416–417 | Yonghe (永和) 416–417 |
Xi (Western) Qin 西秦 385–400, 409–431 | ||||
Lie Zu 烈祖 |
King Xuanlie 宣烈王 |
Qifu Guoren 乞ä¼åœ‹ä» |
385–388 | Jianyi (建義) 385–388 |
Gao Zu 高祖 |
King Wu Yuan æ¦å…ƒçŽ‹ |
Qifu Gangui 乞ä¼ä¹¾æ¸ |
388–400, 409–412 | Taichu (太åˆ) 388–400 Gengshi (更始) 409–412 |
Tai Zu 太祖 |
King Wen Zhao æ–‡æ˜çŽ‹ |
Qifu Chipan 乞ä¼ç†¾ç£ |
412–428 | Yongkang (永康) 412–419 Jianhong (建弘) 420–428 |
Did not exist | Last King 後主 |
Qifu Mumo 乞ä¼æš®æœ« |
428–431 | Yonghong (永弘) 428–431 |
Xia å¤ 407–431 | ||||
Shi Zu 世祖 |
Emperor Wulie æ¦çƒˆå¸ |
Helian Bobo 赫連勃勃 |
407–425 | Longsheng (é¾å‡) 407–413 Fengxiang (鳳翔) 413–418 |
Did not exist | Prince Qin 秦王 |
Helian Chang 赫連昌 |
425–428 | Chengguang (承光) 425–428 |
Did not exist | Prince Pingyuan 平原王 |
Helian Ding 赫連定 |
428–431 | Shengguang (å‹å…‰) 425–428 |
Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years |
---|---|---|---|
Convention: use personal name | |||
Ran Wei 冉é 350–352 (addressed as Wei in traditional texts) | |||
Wudao Tianwang (Wudao Heavenly King)
æ¦æ‚¼å¤©çŽ‹ |
Ran Min 冉閔 |
350–352 | Yongxing (永興) 350–352 |
Xi (Western) Yan 西燕 384–394 | |||
Emperor Wei å¨å¸ |
Murong Hong 慕容泓 |
384 | Yanxing (燕興) 384 |
Did not exist | Murong Chong 慕容沖 |
384–386 | Yanxing (燕興) 384–385 Gengshi (更始) 385–386 |
Did not exist | Duan Sui 段隨 |
386 | Changping (昌平) 386 |
Did not exist | Murong Yi 慕容顗 |
386 | Jianming (建明) 386 |
Did not exist | Murong Yao 慕容瑤 |
386 | Jianping (建平) 386 |
Did not exist | Murong Zhong æ…•å®¹å¿ |
386 | Jianwu (建æ¦) 386 |
Did not exist | Murong Yong 慕容永 |
386–394 | Zhongxing (ä¸èˆˆ) 386–394 |
Shu 蜀 405–413 | |||
King Chengdu æˆéƒ½çŽ‹ |
Qiao Zong è™ç¸± |
405–413 | Did not exist |
Chieftains of Tiefu Tribe 匈奴支系éµå¼—éƒ¨é¦–é ˜ (mid-3rd century – 391) | |||
Did not exist | Liu Qubei åŠ‰åŽ»å‘ |
mid-3rd century | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Liu Gaoshengyuan 劉誥å‡çˆ° |
mid-3rd century – late 3rd century | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Liu Hu 劉虎 |
early 4th century (309?) – 341 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Liu Wuheng åŠ‰å‹™æ’ |
341–356 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Liu Eloutou 劉閼陋é |
356–358 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Liu Xiwuqi 劉悉勿祈 |
358–359 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Liu Weichen 劉衛辰 |
359–391 | Did not exist |
Chieftains of Yuwen Tribe 宇文部鮮å‘é¦–é ˜ (late-3rd century – 345) | |||
Did not exist | Yuwen Mohuai å®‡æ–‡èŽ«æ§ |
late 3rd century – 293 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yuwen Puhui 宇文普回 or Yuwen Pubo 宇文普撥 |
293 – late 3rd century | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yuwen Qiubuqin 宇文丘ä¸å‹¤ |
late 3rd century | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yuwen Mogui å®‡æ–‡èŽ«åœ |
late 3rd century (299?)- early 4th century (302?) | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yuwen Xiduguan 宇文悉ç¨å®˜ |
early 3rd century | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yuwen Qidegui å®‡æ–‡ä¹žå¾—æ¸ |
early 3rd century – 333 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yuwen Yidougui å®‡æ–‡é€¸è±†æ¸ |
333–345 | Did not exist |
Dukes of Liaoxi é¼è¥¿å…¬ 303–338 | |||
Did not exist | Duan Wuwuchen 段務勿塵 |
303 – 310 or 311 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Duan Jilujuan 段疾陸眷 |
310 or 311 – 318 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Duan Shefuchen 段涉復辰 |
318 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Duan Pidi 段匹磾 |
318–321 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Duan Mopei 段末柸 |
318–325 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Duan Ya 段牙 |
325 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Duan Liao æ®µé¼ |
326–338 | Did not exist |
Chieftains, Dukes and Kings of Chouchi, Wuxing and Yinping (late 2nd century- mid-6th century (555?)) | |||
First Phase of Chouchi å‰ä»‡æ± (late 2nd century – 371) | |||
Did not exist | Yang Teng 楊騰 |
late 2nd century- early 3rd century | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yang Ju 楊駒 |
early 3rd century | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yang Qianwan 楊åƒè¬ |
early 3rd century – mid-3rd century | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yang Feilong æ¥Šé£›é¾ |
mid-3rd century – late 3rd century | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yang Maosou æ¥ŠèŒ‚æœ |
late 3rd century – 317 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yang Nandi 楊難敵 |
317–334 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yang Yi 楊毅 |
334–337 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yang Chu æ¥Šåˆ |
337–355 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yang Guo 楊國 |
355–356 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yang Jun 楊俊 |
356–360 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yang Shi 楊世 |
360–370 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yang Cuan 楊篡 |
370–371 | Did not exist |
Second Phase of Chouchi åŽä»‡æ± 385–473 | |||
King WÇ” æ¦çŽ‹ |
Yang Ding 楊定 |
385–394 | Did not exist |
King Huìwén æƒ æ–‡çŽ‹ |
Yang Sheng 楊盛 |
394–425 | Did not exist |
King Xià ozhÄo åæ˜çŽ‹ |
Yang Xuan 楊玄 |
425–429 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yang Baozong 楊ä¿å®— |
429 and 443 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yang Nandang 楊難當 |
429–441 | Jianyi (建義) 436–440 |
Did not exist | Yang Baochi 楊ä¿ç†¾ |
442–443 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yang Wende 楊文德 |
443–454 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yang Yuanhe 楊元和 |
455–466 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yang Sengsi 楊僧嗣 |
466–473 | Did not exist |
Kings of Wuxing æ¦èˆˆçŽ‹ 473–506 and 534–555 | |||
Did not exist | Yang Wendu 楊文度 |
473–477 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yang Wenhong 楊文弘 |
477–482 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yang Houqi 楊後起 |
482–486 | Did not exist |
An Wang 安王 |
Yang Jishi 楊集始 |
482–503 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yang Shaoxian 楊紹先 |
503–506, 534–535 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yang Zhihui 楊智慧 |
535–545 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yang Bixie 楊辟邪 |
545–553 | Did not exist |
Note: Yang Zhihui and Yang Bixie could be the same person | |||
Kings of Yinping 陰平王 477 – mid-6th century | |||
Did not exist | Yang Guangxiang 楊廣香 |
477–483? | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yang Jiong 楊炯 |
483–495 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yang Chongzu 楊崇祖 |
495-before 502 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yang Mengsun 楊åŸå« |
before 502–511 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Yang Ding 楊定 |
511- ? | Did not exist |
Chieftains of Tuoba Tribe ç´¢é 部鮮å‘æ—é¦–é ˜ 219–377 (as Kings of Dai 代王 305?–377) | |||
The Tuoba clan was the ruling family of Northern Wei dynasty, founded by Tuoba Gui. Hence the Table of Northern Wei dynasty will start with him, not as a continuation of this table. | |||
Note: All chieftains were revered as emperors in Weishu and Beishi which they never were. They were denoted here as 王(wáng) which was inherited by all successors of Tuoba Yi Lu. | |||
King Shényuán 神元王 |
Tuoba Liwei 拓拔力微 |
219–277 | Did not exist |
Note: His temple name was Shi Zu 始祖. He was the only chieftain before Tuoba Gui revered with a temple name | |||
King ZhÄng ç« çŽ‹ |
Tuoba Xilu 拓拔悉鹿 |
277–286 | Did not exist |
King PÃng 平王 |
Tuoba Chuo 拓拔綽 |
286–293 | Did not exist |
King SÄ« æ€çŽ‹ |
Tuoba Fu 拓拔弗 |
293–294 | Did not exist |
King ZhÄo æ˜çŽ‹ |
Tuoba Luguan 拓拔祿官 |
294–307 | Did not exist |
Emperor Huán æ¡“å¸ |
Tuoba Yituo 拓拔猗㌠|
295–305 | Did not exist |
King Mù 穆王 |
Tuoba Yilu 拓拔猗盧 |
295–316 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Tuoba Pugen æ‹“æ‹”æ™®æ ¹ |
316 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | ?
æ‹“æ‹”? |
316 | Did not exist |
King PÃngwén 平文王 |
Tuoba Yulü 拓拔鬱律 |
316–321 | Did not exist |
King Huì æƒ çŽ‹ |
Tuoba Heru 拓拔賀傉 |
321–325 | Did not exist |
King Yáng 煬王 |
Tuoba Hena 拓拔紇那 |
325–329 and 335–337 | Did not exist |
King Liè 烈王 |
Tuoba Yihuai æ‹“æ‹”ç¿³æ§ |
329–335 and 337–338 | Did not exist |
King ZhÄochéng æ˜æˆçŽ‹ |
Tuoba Shiyijian æ‹“æ‹”ä»€ç¿¼å¥ |
338–377 | Jianguo (建國) 338–377 |
Northern and Southern Dynasties
Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years |
---|---|---|---|
Northern dynasties åŒ—æœ | |||
Bei (Northern) Wei dynasty 北é 386–535 | |||
Convention: Bei (Northern) Wei + posthumous name in Chinese, or posthumous name of Northern Wei in English | |||
The Tuoba family changed their family name to 元 (yuán) during the reign of Xiaowen Di in 496 so that is reflected in the table as well. | |||
Emperor Daowu é“æ¦å¸ |
Tuoba Gui æ‹“æ‹”çª |
386–409 | Dengguo (登國) 386–396 Huangshi (皇始) 396–398 Tianxing (天興) 398–404 Tianci (天賜) 404–409 |
Emperor Mingyuan æ˜Žå…ƒå¸ |
Tuoba Si 拓拔嗣 |
409–423 | Yongxing (永興) 409–413 Shenrui (神瑞) 414–416 Taichang (泰常) 416–423 |
Emperor Taiwu 太æ¦å¸ |
Tuoba Tao 拓拔燾 |
424–452 | Shiguang (始光) 424–428 Shenjia (神䴥) 428–431 Yanhe (延和) 432–434 Taiyan (太延) 435–440 Taipingzhenjun (太平真å›) 440–451 Zhengping (æ£å¹³) 451–452 |
Prince Nan'an å—安王 |
Tuoba Yu 拓拔余 |
452 | Chengping (承平) 452 |
Emperor Wencheng æ–‡æˆå¸ |
Tuoba Jun 拓拔濬 |
452–465 | Xingan (興安) 452–454 Xingguang (興光) 454–455 Tai'an (太安) 455–459 Heping (和平) 460–465 |
Emperor Xianwen ç»æ–‡å¸ |
Tuoba Hong 拓拔弘 |
466–471 | Tian'an (天安) 466–467 Huangxing (皇興) 467–471 |
Emperor Xiaowen åæ–‡å¸ |
Yuan Hong (Tuoba Hong) å…ƒå® (æ‹“è·‹å®) |
471–499 | Yanxing (延興) 471–476 Chengming (承明) 476 Taihe (太和) 477–499 |
Emperor Xuanwu 宣æ¦å¸ |
Yuan Ke å…ƒæª |
499–515 | Jingming (景明) 500–503 Zhengshi (æ£å§‹) 504–508 Yongping (永平) 508–512 Yanchang (延昌) 512–515 |
Emperor Xiaoming åæ˜Žå¸ |
Yuan Xu 元詡 |
516–528 | Xiping (熙平) 516–518 Shengui (神龜) 518–520 Zhengguang (æ£å…‰) 520–525 Xiaochang (å昌) 525–527 Wutai (æ¦æ³°) 528 |
The Young Emperor 幼主 |
Yuan Zhao 元釗 |
528 | None |
Emperor Xiaozhuang åèŽŠå¸ |
Yuan Ziyou å…ƒå攸 |
528–530 | Jianyi (建義) 528 Yong'an (永安) 528–530 |
Prince Changguang 長廣王 |
Yuan Ye 元曄 |
530–531 | Jianming (建明) 530–531 |
Emperor Jianmin ç¯€é–”å¸ |
Yuan Gong å…ƒæ |
531–532 | Putai (普泰) 531–532 |
Prince Anding 安定王 |
Yuan Lang 元朗 |
531–532 | Zhongxing (ä¸èˆˆ) 531–532 |
Emperor Xiaowu åæ¦å¸ or Emperor Chu å‡ºå¸ |
Yuan Xiu 元脩 |
532–535 | Taichang (太昌) 532 Yongxing (永興) 532 Yongxi (永熙) 532–535 |
Dong (Eastern) Wei dynasty æ±é 534–550 | |||
Convention: Dong (Eastern) Wei + posthumous name in Chinese, or posthumous name of Eastern Wei in English | |||
Emperor Xiaojing åéœå¸ |
Yuan Shanjian 元善見 |
534–550 | Tianping (天平) 534–537 Yuanxiang (元象) 538–539 Xinghe (興和) 539–542 Wuding (æ¦å®š) 543–550 |
Bei (Northern) Qi dynasty 北齊 550–577 | |||
Convention: Bei (Northern) Qi + posthumous name in Chinese, or posthumous name of Northern Qi in English | |||
Emperor Wenxuan æ–‡å®£å¸ |
Gao Yang 高洋 |
550–559 | Tianbao (天ä¿) 550–559 |
Emperor Fei å»¢å¸ |
Gao Yin 高殷 |
559–560 | Qianming (乾明) 560 |
Emperor Xiaozhao åæ˜å¸ |
Gao Yan 高演 |
560–561 | Huangjian (皇建) 560–561 |
Emperor Wucheng æ¦æˆå¸ |
Gao Zhan 高湛 |
561–565 | Taining (太寧) 561–562 Heqing (河清) 562–565 |
Last Emperor 後主 |
Gao Wei 高緯 |
565–577 | Tiantong (天統) 565–569 Wuping (æ¦å¹³) 570–576 Longhua (隆化) 576 |
The Young Emperor 幼主 |
Gao Heng é«˜æ† |
577 | Chengguang (承光) 577 |
Prince Fanyang 范陽王 |
Gao Shaoyi 高紹義 |
577–579? | Did not exist |
Xi (Western) Wei dynasty 西é 535–556 | |||
Convention: Xi (Western) Wei + posthumous name in Chinese, or posthumous name of Western Wei in English | |||
Emperor Wen æ–‡å¸ |
Yuan Baoju 元寶炬 |
535–551 | Datong (大統) 535–551 |
Emperor Fei å»¢å¸ |
Yuan Qin 元欽 |
552–554 | Did not exist |
Emperor Gong æå¸ |
Tuoba Kuo 拓拔廓 |
554–556 | Did not exist |
Bei (Northern) Zhou dynasty 北周 557–581 | |||
Convention: Bei (Northern) Zhou + posthumous name in Chinese, or posthumous name of Northern Zhou in English | |||
Emperor Xiaomin åé–”å¸ |
Yuwen Jue 宇文覺 |
557 | Did not exist |
Emperor Ming æ˜Žå¸ or Emperor Xiaoming åæ˜Žå¸ |
Yuwen Yu 宇文毓 |
557–560 | Wucheng (æ¦æˆ) 559–560 |
Emperor Wu æ¦å¸ |
Yuwen Yong 宇文邕 |
561–578 | Baoding (ä¿å®š) 560–565 Tianhe (天和) 566–572 Jiande (建德) 572–578 Xuanzheng (宣政) 578 |
Emperor Xuan å®£å¸ |
Yuwen Yun 宇文贇 |
578–579 | Dacheng (å¤§æˆ dà chéng) 579 |
Emperor Jing éœå¸ |
Yuwen Chan 宇文闡 |
579–581 | Daxiang (大象) 579–581 Dading (大定) 581 |
Southern dynasties å—æœ 420–589 | |||
Liu Song dynasty 劉宋 (420–479) | |||
Convention: Song + posthumous name in Chinese, or posthumous name of Liu Song in English. Liu Yu is sometimes referred using personal name. | |||
Emperor Wu æ¦å¸ |
Liu Yu 劉裕 |
420–422 | Yongchu (æ°¸åˆ) 420–422 |
Emperor Shao å°‘å¸ |
Liu Yifu 劉義符 |
423–424 | Jingping (景平) 423–424 |
Emperor Wen æ–‡å¸ |
Liu Yilong 劉義隆 |
424–453 | Yuanjia (元嘉) 424–453 |
Emperor Xiaowu åæ¦å¸ |
Liu Jun 劉駿 |
454–464 | Xiaojian (元嘉) 454–456 Daming (大明) 457–464 |
Emperor Qian Fei å‰å»¢å¸ |
Liu Ziye 劉åæ¥ |
465 | Yongguang (永光) 465 Jinghe (景和) 465 |
Emperor Ming æ˜Žå¸ |
Liu Yu 劉彧 |
465–472 | Taishi (泰始) 465–471 Taiyu (泰豫) 472 |
Emperor Hou Fei å¾Œå»¢å¸ orPrince Cangwu 蒼梧王 |
Liu Yu 劉昱 |
473–477 | Yuanhui (元徽) 473–477 |
Emperor Shun é †å¸ |
Liu Zhun 劉準 |
477–479 | Shengming (昇明) 477–479 |
Southern Qi dynasty å—齊 479–502 | |||
Convention: Qi + posthumous name in Chinese, or posthumous name of Southern Qi in English | |||
Emperor Gao of Southern Qi
|
Xiao Daocheng
|
479–482 | Jianyuan (建元) 479–482 |
Emperor Wu of Southern Qi
|
Xiao Ze è•è³¾ |
482–493 | Yongming (永明) 483–493 |
Prince of Yulin
|
Xiao Zhaoye è•æ˜æ¥ |
493–494 | Longchang (隆昌) 494 |
Prince of Hailing
|
Xiao Zhaowen è•æ˜æ–‡ |
494 | Yanxing (延興) 494 |
Emperor Ming of Southern Qi
|
Xiao Luan è•é¸ž |
494–498 | Jianwu (建æ¦) 494–498 Yongtai (永泰) 498 |
Marquess of Donghun
|
Xiao Baojuan è•å¯¶å· |
499–501 | Yongyuan (永元) 499–501 |
Emperor He of Southern Qi
|
Xiao Baorong è•å¯¶èž |
501–502 | Zhongxing (ä¸èˆˆ) 501–502 |
Liang dynasty æ¢ (502–557) | |||
Convention: Liang + posthumous name in Chinese, or posthumous name of Liang in English | |||
Emperor Wu of Liang
|
Xiao Yan è•è¡ |
502–549 | Tianjian (天監) 502–519 Putong (普通) 520–527 Datong (大通) 527–529 Zhongdatong (ä¸å¤§é€š) 529–534 Datong (大åŒ) 535–546 Zhongdatong (ä¸å¤§åŒ) 546–547 Taiqing (太清) 547–549 |
Emperor Jianwen of Liang
|
Xiao Gang è•ç¶± |
549–551 | Dabao (大寶) 550–551 |
Prince of Yuzhang
|
Xiao Dong è•æ£Ÿ |
551–552 | Tianzheng (天æ£) 551–552 |
Emperor Yuan of Liang
|
Xiao Yi è•ç¹¹ |
552–555 | Chengsheng (承è–) 552–555 |
Marquess of Zhenyang
|
Xiao Yuanming è•æ·µæ˜Ž |
555 | Tiancheng (天æˆ) 555 |
Emperor Jing of Liang
|
Xiao Fangzhi
|
555–557 | Shaotai (紹泰) 555–556 Taiping (太平) 556–557 |
Chen dynasty 陳 557–589 | |||
Convention: Chen + posthumous name in Chinese, or posthumous name of Chen in English | |||
Emperor Wu of Chen Wu Di æ¦å¸ |
Chen Baxian 陳霸先 |
557–559 | Yongding (永定) 557–559 |
Emperor Wen of Chen Wen Di æ–‡å¸ |
Chen Qian 陳蒨 |
559–566 | Tianjia (天嘉) 560–566 Tiankang (天康) 566 |
Emperor Fei of Chen Fei Di å»¢å¸ |
Chen Bozong 陳伯宗 |
566–568 | Guangda (光大) 566–568 |
Emperor Xuan of Chen Xuan Di å®£å¸ |
Chen Xu é™³é Š |
569–582 | Taijian (太建) 569–582 |
Houzhu 後主 |
Chen Shubao 陳å”寶 |
583–589 | Zhide (至德) 583–586 Zhenming (禎明) 587–589 |
Temple Names (Miao Hao 廟號) | Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years |
---|---|---|---|---|
Convention: Nan (Southern)/Xi (Western) Liang + posthumous name in Chinese, or posthumous name of Western Liang in English | ||||
Note: some historians set Nan Liang as a continuation of the Liang dynasty since it was founded by descendants of the Xiao's, the ruling family of the Liang dynasty. | ||||
Zhong Zong ä¸å®— |
Emperor Xuan å®£å¸ |
Xiao Cha è•è©§ |
555–562 | Dading (大定) 555–562 |
Shi Zong 世宗 |
Emperor Xiaoming åæ˜Žå¸ |
Xiao Kui è•å·‹ |
562–585 | Tianbao (天ä¿) 562–585 |
Did not exist | Emperor XIaojing åé–å¸ or Duke Ju |
Xiao Cong è•ç® |
585–587 | Guangyun (廣é‹) 562–585 |
Sui dynasty
Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) | Range of years | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Convention: "Sui" + posthumous name in Chinese, or posthumous name of Sui Dynasty in English | |||||||
Emperor Wen | æ–‡å¸(Wén Dì) | æ¥Šå … | Yáng JiÄn | 581–604 | KÄihuáng | 開皇 | 581–600 |
Rénshòu | ä»å£½ | 601–604 | |||||
Emperor Yang | ç…¬å¸ (Yáng Dì) | 楊廣 | Yáng GuÇŽng | 605–617 | Dà yè | å¤§æ¥ | 605–617 |
Emperor Gong1 | æå¸ | 楊侑 | Yáng Yòu | 617–618 | YìnÃng | 義寧 | 617–618 |
Prince Qin2 | 楊浩 | Yáng Hà o | 618 | ||||
Huangtai Lord3 | æå¸ (皇泰主) | 楊侗 | Yáng Tóng | 618–619 | Huángtà i | 皇泰 | 618–619 |
1 Declared emperor by Li Yuan (the later Emperor Gaozu of Tang), implying a retirement for Emperor Yang (whom he "honoured" as Taishang Huang, or retired emperor) at the western capital Daxing (Chang'an), but only the commanderies under Li's control recognized this change; for the other commanderies under Sui control, Emperor Yang was still regarded as emperor, not as retired emperor. Now generally regarded as a legitimate emperor, due to his recognition by Li Yuan. | |||||||
2 Declared emperor by Yuwen Huaji, the general under whose leadership the plot to kill Emperor Yang was carried out, but killed by him later in 618; Yuwen Huaji then declared himself emperor of a brief Xu (許) state. As Yang Hao was completely under Yuwen's control and only "reigned" briefly, he is not usually regarded as a legitimate emperor. | |||||||
3 After news of Emperor Yang's death in 618 reached Daxing and the eastern capital Luoyang, Li Yuan deposed Emperor Gong and took the throne himself, establishing Tang dynasty, but the Sui officials at Luoyang declared Emperor Gong's brother Yang Tong (later also known as Emperor Gong) emperor. The legitimacy of his reign is disputed. |
Tang dynasty
Temple Names (Miao Hao 庙å·) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao å¹´å·) and their corresponding range of years | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Convention: "Tang" + temple name in Chinese, or temple name + of Tang Dynasty in English, except for Emperor Shang and Emperor Ai; Emperor Xuanzong (å”玄宗) is sometimes referred as Emperor Ming of Tang Dynasty (å”明皇) | |||||||
Emperor Gaozu (高祖) | LÇ YuÄn
æŽæ¸Š |
618–626 | Wude (æ¦å¾·) 618–626 | ||||
Emperor Taizong (太宗) | LÇ ShìmÃn
æŽä¸–æ°‘ |
627–649 | Zhenguan (貞觀) 627–649 | ||||
Emperor Gaozong (高宗) | LÇ Zhì
æŽæ²» |
650–683 | Yonghui (永徽) 650–655 Xianqing (顯慶) 656–661 | ||||
Emperor Zhongzong (ä¸å®—) | Li Xian
æŽæ˜¾ or Li Zhe æŽå“² |
684, 705–710 | Sisheng (å—£è–) 684 Shenlong (神é¾) 705–707 | ||||
Emperor Ruizong (ç¿å®—) | Li Dan
æŽæ—¦ |
684–690, 710–712 | Wenming (文明) 684–690 Jingyun (景雲) 710–711 | ||||
Wu Zhou Period (690 - 705) 周 | |||||||
Convention: family name + posthumous name | |||||||
Wu Zetian (æ¦åˆ™å¤©)
(no official temple name) |
Wǔ Zhà o
æ¦æ›Œ |
690–705 | Tianshou (天授) 690–692 Ruyi (如æ„) 692 | ||||
Continuation of Tang dynasty å” | |||||||
Emperor Shang (殤å¸)1 | Li Chongmao
æŽé‡èŒ‚ |
710 | Tanglong (å”隆) 710 | ||||
Emperor Xuanzong (玄宗) | Li Longji
æŽéš†åŸº |
712–756 | Xiantian (先天) 712–713 Kaiyuan (開元) 713–741 | ||||
Emperor Suzong (è‚…å®—) | Li Heng
æŽäº¨ |
756–762 | Jide (至德) 756–758 Qianyuan (乾元) 758–760 | ||||
Emperor Daizong (代宗) | Li Yu
æŽè±« |
762–779 | Baoying (寶應) 762–763 Guangde (廣德) 763–764 | ||||
Emperor Dezong (å¾·å®—) | Li Gua
æŽé€‚ |
780–805 | Jianzhong (建ä¸) 780–783 Xingyuan (興元) 784 | ||||
Emperor Shunzong (é †å®—) | Li Song
æŽèª¦ |
805 | Yongzhen (永貞) 805 | ||||
Emperor Xianzong (憲宗) | Li Chun
æŽç´” |
806–820 | Yuanhe (元和) 806–820 | ||||
Emperor Muzong (穆宗) | Li Heng
æŽæ† |
821–824 | Changqing (長慶) 821–824 | ||||
Emperor Jingzong (敬宗) | Li Zhan
æŽæ¹› |
824–826 | Baoli (寶曆) 824–826 | ||||
Emperor Wenzong (文宗) | Li Ang
æŽæ˜‚ |
826–840 | Baoli (寶曆) 826 Dahe (大和) or Taihe (太和) 827–835 | ||||
Emperor Wuzong (æ¦å®—) | Li Yan
æŽç‚Ž |
840–846 | Huichang (會昌) 841–846 | ||||
Emperor Xuanzong (宣宗) | Li Chen
æŽå¿± |
846–859 | Dachong (大ä¸) 847–859 | ||||
Emperor Yizong (懿宗) | Li Cui
æŽæ¼¼ |
859–873 | Dachong (大ä¸) 859 Xiantong (咸通) 860–873 | ||||
Emperor Xizong (僖宗) | Li Xuan
æŽå„‡ |
873–888 | Xiantong (咸通) 873–874 Qianfu (乾符) 874–879 | ||||
Emperor Zhaozong (æ˜å®—) | Li Ye
æŽæ›„ |
888–904 | Longji (é¾ç´€) 889 Dashun (å¤§é †) 890–891 | ||||
Emperor Ai (å“€å¸)1 or Emperor Zhaoxuan (æ˜å®£å¸)1 |
Li Zhu
æŽæŸ· |
904–907 | Tianyou (天佑) 904–907 | ||||
1 Shao Di å°‘å¸, Ai Di >å“€å¸ and Zhaoxuan Di æ˜å®£å¸ are posthumous names, not temple names. A new column for only three commonly used posthumous names was not be created since other Tang emperors are commonly referred using temple names. |
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Temple Names (Miao Hao 廟號) | Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years |
---|---|---|---|---|
the Five Dynasties 五代 | ||||
Convention: name of dynasty + temple name or posthumous name | ||||
Hou (Later) Liang dynasty åŽæ¢ 907–923 | ||||
Taizu
太祖 |
Emperor Xianwu (ç»æ¦) | ZhÅ« WÄ“n (朱溫) | 907–912 | KaÄ«pÃng (é–‹å¹³) 907–911 Qiánhuà (乾化) 911–912 |
Zhu Yougui 朱å‹çª | 912–913 | Qiánhuà (乾化) 912–913 Fengli 913 | ||
Did not exist | Final Emperor (末å¸) | ZhÅ« Zhèn (朱瑱) | 913–923 | Qiánhuà (乾化) 913–915 ZhÄ“nmÃng (貞明) 915–921 Lóngdé (é¾å¾·) 921–923 |
Hou (Later) Tang dynasty åŽå” 923–936 | ||||
Emperor Zhuangzong 莊宗 |
Not used when referring to this sovereign | LÇ Cúnxù (æŽå˜å‹—) | 923–926 | Tongguang (åŒå…‰) 923–926 |
Emperor Mingzong 明宗 |
Not used when referring to this sovereign | LÇ Sìyuán (æŽå—£æº) or LÇ DÇŽn (æŽäº¶) | 926–933 | Tiancheng (天æˆ) 926–930 Changxing (長興) 930–933 |
Did not exist | Emperor Min é–”å¸ |
LÇ Cónghòu (æŽå¾žåŽš) | 933–934 | Yingshun (æ‡‰é †) 913–915 |
Did not exist | Final Emperor æœ«å¸ |
LÇ CóngkÄ“ (æŽå¾žç‚) | 934–936 | Qingtai (清泰) 934–936 |
Hou (Later) Jin dynasty åŽæ™‹ 936–947 | ||||
Emperor Gaozu 高祖 | Not used when referring to this sovereign | Shi Jingtang (石敬ç‘) | 936–942 | Tianfu (天ç¦) 936–942 |
Did not exist | Emperor Chu å‡ºå¸ |
Shi Chonggui (石é‡è²´) | 942–947 | Tianfu (天ç¦) 942–944 Kaiyun (é–‹é‹) 944–947 |
Hou (Later) Han dynasty åŽæ±‰ 947–950 | ||||
Emperor Gaozu 高祖 | Not used when referring to this sovereign | Liu Zhiyuan (劉知é ) | 947–948 | Tianfu (天ç¦) 947 Qianyou (ä¹¾ç¥) 948 |
Did not exist | Emperor Yin (éš±å¸) | Liu Chengyou (劉承ç¥) | 948–950 | Qianyou (ä¹¾ç¥) 948–950 |
Hou (Later) Zhou dynasty åŽå‘¨ 951–960 | ||||
Emperor Taizu 太祖 | Not used when referring to this sovereign | Guo Wei (éƒå¨) | 951–954 | Guangshun (å»£é †) 951–954 Xiande (顯德) 954 |
Emperor Shizong 世宗 | Not used when referring to this sovereign | Chai Rong (柴榮) | 954–959 | Xiande (顯德) 954–959 |
Did not exist | Emperor Gong (æå¸ | Chai Zongxun (柴宗訓) | 959–960 | Xiande (顯德) 959–960 |
the Ten Kingdoms å国 | ||||
Convention: use personal names, noticed otherwise | ||||
Wu Yue Kingdom å³è¶Š 904–978 | ||||
Emperor Tai Zu
太祖 |
King Wusu
æ¦è‚…王 |
Qian Liu 錢é |
904–932 | Tianbao (天寶) 908–923 Baoda (寶大) 923–925 |
Emperor Shi Zong
世宗 |
King Wenmu
文穆王 |
Qian Yuanguan 錢元瓘 |
932–941 | Did not exist |
Cheng Zong
æˆå®— |
King Zhongxian
å¿ ç»çŽ‹ |
Qian Zuo éŒ¢ä½ |
941–947 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | King Zhongxun
å¿ éœçŽ‹ |
Qian Zong 錢倧 |
947 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | King Zhongyi
å¿ æ‡¿çŽ‹ |
Qian Chu 錢俶 |
947–978 | Did not exist |
Min Kingdom 閩 909–945 including Yin Kingdom 殷 943–945 | ||||
Emperor Taizu
太祖 |
King Zhongyi
å¿ æ‡¿çŽ‹ |
Wang Shenzhi 王審知 |
909–925 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Did not exist | Wang Yanhan 王延翰 |
925–926 | Did not exist |
Emperor Tai Zong
太宗 |
Emperor Hui
æƒ å¸ |
Wang Yanjun 王延鈞 |
926–935 | Longqi (é¾å•Ÿ) 933–935 Yonghe (永和) 935 |
Emperor Kang Zong 康宗 |
Not used when referring to this sovereign | Wang Jipeng 王繼鵬 |
935–939 | Tongwen (通文) 936–939 |
Emperor Jing Zong 景宗 |
Not used when referring to this sovereign | Wang Yanxi 王延羲 |
939–944 | Yonglong (永隆) 939–944 |
Did not exist | Emperor Tiande å¤©å¾·å¸ (as Emperor of Yin) |
Wang Yanzheng 王延政 |
943–945 | Tiande (天德) 943–945 |
Jingnan è†å— or Nanping Kingdom å—å¹³ 906–963 | ||||
Did not exist | King Wuxin
æ¦ä¿¡çŽ‹ |
Gao Jixing 高å£èˆˆ |
909–928 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | King Wenxian
æ–‡ç»çŽ‹ |
Gao Conghui 高從誨 |
928–948 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | King Zhenyi
貞懿王 |
Gao Baorong é«˜å¯¶èž |
948–960 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Emperor Shizhong
ä¾ä¸ |
Gao Baoxu 高寶勗 |
960–962 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Did not exist | Gao Jichong 高繼沖 |
962–963 | Did not exist |
Chu Kingdom 楚 897–951 | ||||
Did not exist | King Wumu
æ¦ç©†çŽ‹ |
Ma Yin 馬殷 |
897–930 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | King Hengyang
衡陽王 |
Ma Xisheng é¦¬å¸Œè² |
930–932 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | King Wenzhao
æ–‡æ˜çŽ‹ |
Ma Xifan 馬希範 |
932–947 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | King Fei
廢王 |
Ma Xiguang 馬希廣 |
947–950 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | King Gongxiao
æå王 |
Ma Xi'e é¦¬å¸Œè¼ |
950 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Did not exist | Ma Xichong 馬希崇 |
950–951 | Did not exist |
Wu Kingdom å³ 904–937 | ||||
Emperor Taizu
太祖 |
Emperor Xiaowu
åæ¦å¸ |
Yang Xingmi 楊行密 |
904–905 | Tianyou (天ç¥) 904–905 |
Liezong
烈宗 |
Emperor Jing
æ™¯å¸ |
Yang Wo 楊渥 |
905–908 | Tianyou (天ç¥) 905–908 |
Gaozu
高祖 |
Emperor Xuan
å®£å¸ |
Yang Longyan 楊隆演 |
908–921 | Tianyou (天ç¥) 908–919 Wuyi (æ¦ç¾©) 919–921 |
Did not exist | Emperor Rui
ç¿å¸ |
Yang Pu 楊溥 |
921–937 | Shunyi (é †ç¾©) 921–927 Qianzhen (乾貞) 927–929 |
Nan (Southern) Tang Kingdom å—å” 937–975 | ||||
Convention for this kingdom only : Nan (Southern) Tang + posthumous names. Hou Zhu was referred to as Li Houzhu (æŽå¾Œä¸»). | ||||
Emperor Xianzhu 先主 or
Emperor Lie Zu 烈祖 |
Not used when referring to this sovereign | Li Bian æŽæ˜ª |
937–943 | Shengyuan (昇元) 937–943 |
Emperor Zhongzhu ä¸ä¸» or
Emperor Yuanzong 元宗 |
Not used when referring to this sovereign | Li Jing æŽç’Ÿ |
943–961 | Baoda (ä¿å¤§) 943–958 Jiaotai (交泰) 958 |
Emperor Houzhu of Southern Tang 後主 | King Wu
æ¦çŽ‹ |
Li Yu
æŽç…œ |
961–975 | Did not exist |
Nan (Southern) Han Kingdom å—æ¼¢ 917–971 | ||||
Gaozu
高祖 |
Tianhuang Dadi
å¤©çš‡å¤§å¸ |
Liú Yán 劉巖 or Liú Yǎn 劉龑 |
917–925 | QiánhÄ“ng (乾亨) 917–925 Báilóng (白é¾) 925–928 |
Did not exist | Emperor Shang
æ®¤å¸ |
Liú Bīn 劉玢 |
941–943 | GuÄngtiÄn (光天) 941–943 |
Zhongzong
ä¸å®— |
Not used when referring to this sovereign | Liú Shèng 劉晟 |
943–958 | Yìngqián (應乾) 943 Qiánhé (乾和) 943–958 |
Hou Zhu
後主 |
Did not exist | Liú Chǎng 劉鋹 |
958–971 | Dà bǎo (大寶) 958–971 |
Bei (Northern) Han Kingdom 北漢 951–979 | ||||
Emperor Shizu
世祖 |
Emperor Shenwu
神æ¦å¸ |
Liu Min 劉旻 |
951–954 | Qianyou (ä¹¾ç¥) 951–954 |
Emperor Ruizong
ç¿å®— |
Xiaohe Di
åå’Œå¸ |
Liu Chengjun 劉承鈞 |
954–970 | Qianyou (ä¹¾ç¥) 954–957 Tianhui (天會) 957–970 |
Emperor Shaozhu
少主 |
Did not exist | Liu Jien åŠ‰ç¹¼æ© |
970 | Did not exist |
Did not exist | Emperor Yingwu
英æ¦å¸ |
Liu Jiyuan 劉繼元 |
970–982 | Guangyun (廣é‹) 970–982 |
Qian (Former) Shu Kingdom å‰èœ€ 907–925 | ||||
Emperor Gaozu
高祖 |
Not used when referring to this sovereign | Wang Jian 王建 |
907–918 | Tianfu (天復) 907 Wucheng (æ¦æˆ) 908–910 |
Last Emperor
後主 |
Did not exist | Wang Yan çŽ‹è¡ |
918–925 | Qiande (乾德) 918–925 Xiankang (咸康) 925 |
Hou (Later) Shu Kingdom åŽèœ€ 934–965 | ||||
Emperor Gaozu
高祖 |
Not used when referring to this sovereign | Meng Zhixiang åŸçŸ¥ç¥¥ |
934 | Mingde (明德) 934 |
Last Emperor
後主 |
Did not exist | Meng Chang åŸæ˜¶ |
938–965 | Mingde (明德) 934–938 Guangzheng (廣政) 938–965 |
Independent Regimes during Ten Kingdoms
Name of Posts | Personal Names | Period on post | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Military Commissioner of Wuping/Hunan (æ¦å¹³/æ¹–å—節度使) | ||||
Military Commissioner of Wuping
æ¦å¹³ç¯€åº¦ä½¿ |
Liu Yan 劉言 |
950–953 | ||
Military Commissioner of Wuping
æ¦å¹³ç¯€åº¦ä½¿ |
Wang Kui 王逵 or Wang Jinkui 王進逵 |
953–956 | ||
Military Commissioner of Hunan
æ¹–å—節度使 |
Zhou Xingfeng 周行逢 |
956–962 | ||
Military Commissioner of Hunan
æ¹–å—節度使 |
Zhou Baoquan 周ä¿æ¬Š |
962–963 | ||
Military Commissioner of Quanzhang (泉漳節度使) | ||||
Commader-in-Chief of Quanzhang
泉漳都指æ®ä½¿ |
Liu Congxiao 留從效 |
945–962 | ||
Regent of Quanzhang
泉漳留守 |
Liu Shaozi 留紹鎡 |
962 | ||
Military Commissioner of Quanzhang
泉漳節度使 |
Zhang Hansi å¼µæ¼¢æ€ |
962–963 | ||
Military Commissioner of Quanzhang
泉漳節度使 |
Chen Hongjin 陳洪進 |
963–978 |
Liao dynasty
Temple Names (Miao Hao 廟號) | Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號) | Born Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years |
---|---|---|---|---|
Convention: "Liao" + temple name except Liao Tianzuodi who is referred using "Liao" + posthumous name | ||||
Emperor Taizu太祖 | Not used when referring to this sovereign | Yēlǜ Ābǎojī
耶律阿ä¿æ©Ÿ |
907–926 | Shence (神冊) 916–922 Tianzan (天贊) 922–926 |
Emperor Taizong太宗 | Not used when referring to this sovereign | YÄ“lÇœ DéguÄng
耶律德光 |
926–947 | Tianxian (天顯) 927–938 Huitong (會åŒ) 938–947 |
Emperor Shizong世宗 | Not used when referring to this sovereign | Yēlǜ Ruǎn
耶律阮 |
947–951 | Tianlu (天祿) 947–951 |
Emperor Muzong穆宗 | Not used when referring to this sovereign | YÄ“lÇœ JÇng
耶律璟 |
951–969 | Yingli (應曆) 951–969 |
Emperor Jingzong景宗 | Not used when referring to this sovereign | Yēlǜ Xián
耶律賢 |
969–982 | Baoning (ä¿å¯§) 969–979 Qianheng (乾亨) 979–982 |
Emperor Shengzongè–å®— | Not used when referring to this sovereign | YÄ“lÇœ Lóngxù
耶律隆緒 |
982–1031 | Qianheng (乾亨) 982 Tonghe (統和) 983–1012 |
Emperor Xingzong興宗 | Not used when referring to this sovereign | YÄ“lÇœ ZÅngzhÄ“n
耶律宗真 |
1031–1055 | Jingfu (景ç¦) 1031–1032 Chongxi (é‡ç†™) 1032–1055 |
Emperor Daozongé“å®— | Not used when referring to this sovereign | YÄ“lÇœ HóngjÄ«
耶律洪基 |
1055–1101 | Qingning (清寧) 1055–1064 Xianyong (å’¸é›) 1065–1074 |
Did not exist | Emperor Tianzuoå¤©ç¥šå¸ | YÄ“lÇœ YánxÇ
耶律延禧 |
1101–1125 | Qiantong (乾統) 1101–1110 Tianqing (天慶) 1111–1120 |
(Continued as Western Liao in Central Asia)
Song dynasty
Temple Names (Miao Hao 廟號) | Posthumous Names (short form)(Shi Hao 諡號) | Born Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years |
---|---|---|---|---|
Convention: "Song" + temple name or posthumous name except last emperor who was revered as Song Di Bing (宋å¸æ˜º Sòng Dì BÇng) | ||||
Bei (Northern) Song dynasty 北宋, 960- 1127 | ||||
Emperor Taizu 太祖 |
Xiao Di
åå¸ |
Zhao Kuangyin
趙匡胤 |
960–976 | Jianlong (建隆) 960–963 Qiande (乾德) 963–968 |
Emperor Taizong 太宗 |
De Di
å¾·å¸ |
Zhao Kuangyi 趙匡義 or
Zhao Guangyi 趙光義 or Zhao Jiong 趙炅 |
976–997 | Taipingxingguo (太平興國) 976–984 Yongxi (é›ç†™) 984–987 |
Emperor Zhenzong 真宗 |
Zhang Di
ç« å¸ |
Zhao Heng
è¶™æ† |
997–1022 | Xianping (咸平) 998–1003 Jingde (景德) 1004–1007 |
Emperor Renzong ä»å®— |
Wen Di
æ–‡å¸ |
Zhao Zhen
趙禎 |
1022–1063 | Tiansheng (天è–) 1023–1032 Mingdao (明é“) 1032–1033 |
Emperor Yingzong 英宗 |
Xuan Di
å®£å¸ |
Zhao Shu
趙曙 |
1063–1067 | Zhiping (治平) 1064–1067 |
Emperor Shenzong 神宗 |
Qin Di
æ¬½å¸ |
Zhao Xu
è¶™é Š |
1067–1085 | Xining (熙寧) 1068–1077 Yuanfeng (å…ƒè±) 1078–1085 |
Emperor Zhezong 哲宗 |
Zhao Di
æ˜å¸ |
Zhao Xu
趙煦 |
1085–1100 | Yuanyou (å…ƒç¥) 1086–1094 Shaosheng (ç´¹è–) 1094–1098 |
Emperor Huizong 徽宗 |
Xian Di
é¡¯å¸ |
Zhao Ji
趙佶 |
1100–1125 | Jianzhongjingguo (建ä¸é–國) 1101 Chongning (崇寧) 1102–1106 |
Emperor Qinzong 欽宗 |
Ren Di
ä»å¸ |
Zhao Huan
趙桓 |
1126–1127 | Jingkang (é–康) 1125–1127 |
Nan (Southern) Song dynasty å—宋, 1127–1279 | ||||
Emperor Gaozong 高宗 |
Xian Di
æ†²å¸ |
Zhao Gou
趙構 |
1127–1162 | Jianyan (建炎) 1127–1130 Shaoxing (紹興) 1131–1162 |
Emperor Xiaozong åå®— |
Cheng Di
æˆå¸ |
Zhao Shen
趙昚 |
1162–1189 | Longxing (隆興) 1163–1164 Qiandao (ä¹¾é“) 1165–1173 |
Emperor Guangzong 光宗 |
Ci Di
æ…ˆå¸ |
Zhao Dun
趙惇 |
1189–1194 | Shaoxi (紹熙) 1190–1194 |
Emperor Ningzong 寧宗 |
Gong Di
æå¸ |
Zhao Kuo
趙擴 |
1194–1224 | Qingyuan (慶元) 1195–1200 Jiatai (嘉泰) 1201–1204 |
Emperor Lizong ç†å®— |
An Di
å®‰å¸ |
Zhao Yun
趙昀 |
1224–1264 | Baoqing (寶慶) 1225–1227 Shaoding (紹定) 1228–1233 |
Emperor Duzong 度宗 |
Jing Di
æ™¯å¸ |
Zhao Qi
趙禥 |
1264–1274 | Xianchun (咸淳) 1265–1274 |
Emperor Gongzong æå®— |
Gong Di
æå¸ |
Zhao Xian
趙顯 |
1274–1276 | Deyou (å¾·ç¥) 1275–1276 |
Emperor Duanzong 端宗 |
not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Shi
趙昰 |
1276–1278 | Jingyan (景炎) 1276–1278 |
did not exist | Di å¸ (The Emperor) or Prince Wei 衛王 |
Zhao Bing
趙昺 |
1278–1279 | Xiangxing (祥興) 1278–1279 |
Western Xia
Temple names | Posthumous names | Chinese family name and first names | Reigns | Era names and their according durations |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chinese convention: "Western Xia" + temple name or "family name + first names" | ||||
Emperor JÇngzÅng 景宗 |
WÇ”lièdì æ¦çƒˆå¸ |
LÇ Yuánhà o
æŽå…ƒæ˜Š |
1032–1048 | XiÇŽndà o (顯é“) 1032–1034 KÄiyùn (é–‹é‹) 1034 |
Emperor YìzÅng 毅宗 |
ZhÄoyÄ«ngdì
æ˜è‹±å¸ |
LÇ Lià ngzuò
æŽè«’祚 |
1048–1067 | YánsìnÃngguó (延嗣寧國) 1048–1049 TiÄnyòuchuÃshèng (天ç¥åž‚è–) 1050–1052 |
Emperor HuìzÅng æƒ å®— |
KÄngjìngdì 康é–å¸ |
LÇ BÇngcháng
æŽç§‰å¸¸ |
1067–1086 | Qiándà o (ä¹¾é“) 1067–1069 TiÄncìlÇshèngguóqìng (天賜禮盛國慶) 1070–1074 |
Emperor ChóngzÅng 崇宗 |
Shèngwéndì è–æ–‡å¸ |
LÇ Qiánshùn æŽä¹¾é † |
1086–1139 | TiÄnyÃzhìpÃng (天儀治平) 1086–1089 TiÄnyòumÃn'Än (天ç¥æ°‘安) 1090–1097 |
Emperor RénzÅng ä»å®— |
Shèngzhēndì
è–ç¦Žå¸ |
LÇ Rénxià o
æŽä»å |
1139–1193 | Dà qìng (大慶) 1139–1143 Rénqìng (人慶) 1144–1148 |
Emperor HuánzÅng æ¡“å®— |
ZhÄojiÇŽnjì
æ˜ç°¡å¸ |
LÇ Chúnyòu æŽç´”佑 |
1193–1206 | TiÄnqìng (天慶) 1193–1206 |
Emperor XiÄngzÅng 襄宗 |
JÇngwÇ”dì
景æ¦å¸ |
LÇ Ä€nquán
æŽå®‰å…¨ |
1206–1211 | QìngtiÄn (慶天) 1206–1209 Huángjià n (皇建) 1210–1211 |
Emperor ShénzÅng 神宗 |
Yīngwéndì
è‹±æ–‡å¸ |
LÇ ZÅ«nxÅ«
æŽéµé Š |
1211–1223 | GuÄngdìng (光定) 1211–1223 |
Emperor Xià nzÅng ç»å®— |
Did not exist | LÇ Déwà ng
æŽå¾·æ—º |
1223–1226 | Qiándìng (乾定) 1223–1226 |
Emperor Mòzhǔ 末主 |
Did not exist | LÇ Xià n
æŽæ™› |
1226–1227 | Bǎoyì (寶義) 1226–1227 |
Jin dynasty
Temple Names (Miao Hao 廟號 Mià o Hà o) | Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號) | Born Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Convention: "Jin" + temple name or posthumous name in Chinese, or "temple name or posthumous name of Jurchen Jin Dynasty | |||||
Emperor Tà izǔ 太祖 |
(1) | Ä€gÇ”dÇŽ 阿骨打 or Wányán MÇn 完é¡æ—» |
1115–1123 | ShÅuguó 收國 1115–1116 TiÄnfÇ” 天輔 1117–1123 | |
Emperor Tà izÅng 太宗 |
(1) | WúqÇmÇŽi å³ä¹žè²· or Wányán Shèng 完é¡æ™Ÿ |
1123–1134 | TiÄnhuì 天會 1123–1134 | |
Emperor XÄ«zÅng 熙宗 |
(1) | Hélá åˆå‰Œ or Wányán DÇŽn 完é¡äº¶ |
1135–1149 | TiÄnhuì 天會 1135–1138 TiÄnjuà n 天眷 1138–1141 HuángtÇ’ng 皇統 1141–1149 | |
(2) | Prince Yáng of HÇŽilÃng 海陵煬王 or Prince of HÇŽilÃng 海陵王 |
迪å¤ä¹ƒ DÃgÇ”nÇŽi or Wányán Lià ng 完é¡äº® |
1149–1161 | TiÄndé 天德 1149–1153 Zhènyuán 貞元 1153–1156 Zhènglóng æ£éš† 1156–1161 | |
Emperor ShìzÅng 世宗 |
(1) | WÅ«lù çƒç¥¿ or Wányán YÅng 完é¡é› |
1161–1189 | Dà dìng 大定 1161–1189 | |
Emperor ZhÄngzÅng ç« å®— |
(1) | MádágÄ› 麻é”è‘› or Wányán JÇng 完é¡ç’Ÿ |
1190–1208 | MÃngchÄng 明昌 1190–1196 Chéng'Än 承安 1196–1200 Tà ihé æ³°å’Œ 1200–1208 | |
(2) | Prince Shà o of Weì 衛紹王 or Prince of Weì 衛王 |
Wányán YÇ’ngjì 完é¡æ°¸æ¿Ÿ |
1209–1213 | Dà 'Än 大安 1209–1212 Chóngqìng 崇慶 1212–1213 ZhìnÃng 至寧 1213 | |
Emperor XuÄnzÅng 宣宗 |
(1) | WúdúbÇ” å¾ç¹è£œ or Wányán Xún 完é¡ç£ |
1213–1223 | ZhÄ“nyòu è²žç¥ 1213–1217 XÄ«ngdìng 興定 1217–1222 YuánguÄng 元光 1222–1223 | |
Emperor Ä€izÅng 哀宗 |
(1) | NÃngjiÇŽsù 寧甲速 or Wányán ShÇ’uxù 完é¡å®ˆç·’ |
1224–1234 | Zhèngdà æ£å¤§ 1224–1232 KÄixÄ«ng 開興 1232 TiÄnxÄ«ng 天興 1232–1234 | |
(2) | Emperor Mò (Last Emperor) æœ«å¸ |
HÅ«dÅ«n 呼敦 or Wányán ChénglÃn 完é¡æ‰¿éºŸ |
1234 | (2) | |
(1) Quite long and thus not used when referring to this sovereign. (2) Did not exist. |
Yuan dynasty
Temple names | Posthumous names | Khan Names | Given names | Period of Reigns | Era names and their corresponding range of years |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Convention: use first name (e.g. Temüjin) or Khan names for khans before Kublai Khan. Use "Yuan" + temple name or posthumous name after. A mix of the three for Kublai Khan. | |||||
Note: 1) The Mongol Great Khans before Khubilai were only declared Yuan emperors after the creation of Yuan dynasty in 1271 2) To non-Chinese readers, usually the khan names are the most familiar names. 3) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with Timur the lame, or Tamerlane. | |||||
Emperor TÃ izÇ”
太祖 |
not used when referring to this sovereign | Genghis Khan | Borjigin Temüjin
å›å…’åªæ–¤éµæœ¨çœŸ (BóérzhÄ«jÄ«n TiÄ›mùzhÄ“n) |
1206–1227 | did not exist |
Emperor RuìzÅng
ç¿å®— |
not used when referring to this sovereign | Tolui | Borjigin Tolui
å›å…’åªæ–¤æ‹–é›· (BóérzhÄ«jÄ«n TuÅléi) |
1228 | did not exist |
Emperor TÃ izÅng
太宗 |
not used when referring to this sovereign | Ögedei Khan | Borjigin Ögedei
å›å…’åªæ–¤çª©é—Šå° (BóérzhÄ«jÄ«n WÅkuòtái) |
1229–1241 | did not exist |
Emperor DìngzÅng
定宗 |
not used when referring to this sovereign | Güyük Khan | Borjigin Güyük
å›å…’åªæ–¤è²´ç”± (BóérzhÄ«jÄ«n Guìyóu) |
1246–1248 | did not exist |
Emperor Xià nzÅng
憲宗 |
not used when referring to this sovereign | Möngke Khan | Borjigin Möngke
å›å…’åªæ–¤è’™å“¥ (BóérzhÄ«jÄ«n MénggÄ“) |
1251–1259 | did not exist |
Emperor Shìzǔ
世祖 |
not used when referring to this sovereign | Kublai Khan | Borjigin Kublai
å›å…’åªæ–¤å¿½å¿…烈 (BóérzhÄ«jÄ«n HÅ«bìliè) |
1260–1294 | ZhÅngtÇ’ng (ä¸çµ±) 1260–1264 Zhìyuán (至元) 1264–1294 |
Emperor ChéngzÅng
æˆå®— |
not used when referring to this sovereign | Temür Khan | Borjigin Temür
å›å…’åªæ–¤éµç©†è€³ (BóérzhÄ«jÄ«n TiÄ›mù'Ä›r) |
1294–1307 | Yuánzhēn (元貞) 1295–1297 Dà dé (大德) 1297–1307 |
Emperor WÇ”zÅng
æ¦å®— |
not used when referring to this sovereign | Külüg Khan | Borjigin Qayshan
å›å…’åªæ–¤æµ·å±± (BóérzhÄ«jÄ«n HÇŽishÄn) |
1308–1311 | Zhìdà (至大) 1308–1311 |
Emperor RénzÅng
ä»å®— |
not used when referring to this sovereign | Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan | Borjigin Ayurparibhadra
å›å…’åªæ–¤æ„›è‚²é»Žæ‹”åŠ›å…«é” (BóérzhÄ«jÄ«n ÀiyùlÃbálìbÄdá) |
1311–1320 | Huángqìng (皇慶) 1312–1313 Yányòu (延ç¥) 1314–1320 |
Emperor YÄ«ngzÅng
英宗 |
not used when referring to this sovereign | Gegeen Khan | Borjigin Suddhipala
å›å…’åªæ–¤ç¢©å¾·å…«å‰Œ (BóérzhÄ«jÄ«n ShuòdébÄlá) |
1321–1323 | Zhìzhì (至治) 1321–1323 |
did not exist (1) | Tà idìng Emperor
æ³°å®šå¸ (2) |
Yesün Temür | Borjigin Yesün-Temür
å›å…’åªæ–¤ä¹Ÿå«éµæœ¨å…’ (BóérzhÄ«jÄ«n YÄ›sÅ«ntiÄ›mùér) |
1323–1328 | Tà idìng (泰定) 1321–1328 Zhìhé (致和) 1328 |
did not exist (1) | TiÄnshùn Emperor
å¤©é †å¸ (2) |
Ragibagh Khan | Borjigin Arigaba
å›å…’åªæ–¤é˜¿é€Ÿå‰å…« (BóérzhÄ«jÄ«n Ä€sùjÃbÄ) |
1328 | TiÄnshùn (å¤©é †) 1328 |
Emperor WénzÅng
文宗 |
not used when referring to this sovereign | Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür | Borjigin Toq-Temür
å›å…’åªæ–¤åœ–帖ç¦çˆ¾ (BóérzhÄ«jÄ«n TútiÄ›mùér) |
1328–1329 and 1329–1332 | TiÄnlì (天曆) 1328–1330 Zhìshùn (è‡³é †) 1330–1332 |
Emperor MÃngzÅng
明宗 |
not used when referring to this sovereign | Khutughtu Khan Kusala | Borjigin Qoshila
å›å…’åªæ–¤å’Œä¸–剌 (BóérzhÄ«jÄ«n Héshìlà ) |
1329 | did not exist |
Emperor NÃngzÅng
寧宗 |
not used when referring to this sovereign | Rinchinbal Khan | Borjigin Irinchibal
å›å…’åªæ–¤æ‡¿ç’˜è³ªç (BóérzhÄ«jÄ«n YìlÃnzhìbÄn) |
1332 | Emperor Zhìshùn (è‡³é †) 1332 |
Emperor HuìzÅng
æƒ å®— (1) |
Emperor Shun
é †å¸ |
Toghon Temür | Borjigin Toghan-Temür
å›å…’åªæ–¤å¦¥æ‡½å¸–ç¦çˆ¾ (BóérzhÄ«jÄ«n TuÇ’huÄn TiÄ›mùér) |
1333–1370 | Zhìshùn (è‡³é †) 1333 YuántÇ’ng (元統) 1333–1335 |
(1) Convention: for these sovereigns only, use "yuan" + posthumous name, i.e. å…ƒæ³°å®šå¸ Yuán Tà idìng Dì.
(2) Not actually a posthumous name, but adopted from era name. |
Temple Names (Miao Hao 廟號 Mià o Hà o) | Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號) | Khan Names | Born Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Convention: use khan names or born names. | |||||
Note: 1) To non-Chinese readers, usually the khan names are the most familiar names. 2) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with the Timur (Timurlane or Tamerlane) who attempted to restore the Mongolian Empire in Central Asia. | |||||
Convention: for the following sovereign only, use "yuan" + posthumous name. | |||||
Emperor HuìzÅng
æƒ å®— (same person as the last Yuan emperor in China) |
Emperor Shundi
é †å¸ |
Toghon Temür | Borjigin Toghan-Temür
å›å…’åªæ–¤å¦¥æ‡½å¸–ç¦çˆ¾ (BóérzhÄ«jÄ«n TuÇ’huÄn TiÄ›mùér) |
1333–1370 | Zhìshùn (è‡³é †) 1333 YuántÇ’ng (元統) 1333–1335 |
Emperor Zhà ozÅng
æ˜å®— |
did not exist | Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara | Ayushiridara of the Borjigin clan
å›å…’åªæ–¤æ„›çŒ·è˜é‡Œé”臘 (BóérzhÄ«jÄ«n ÀiyùshÃlÇdálà ) |
1370–1378 | XuÄnguÄng (宣光) 1371–1378 |
did not exist | did not exist | Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür | Tögüs Temür of the Borjigin clan
å›å…’åªæ–¤è„«å¤æ€éµæœ¨å…’ (BóérzhÄ«jÄ«n TuÅgÇ”sÄ« TiÄ›mùér) |
1378–1387 | TiÄnguÄng (天光) 1378–1387 |
(1) Convention: for these souvereigns only, use "yuan" + posthumous name, i.e. å…ƒæ³°å®šå¸ Yuán Tà i Dìng Dì.
For the later Mongol rulers, see List of Mongol rulers |
Ming dynasty
Personal Name | Posthumous name1 (short form) |
Temple name1 | Era name | Reign years | Name by which most commonly known |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZhÅ« YuánzhÄng 朱元璋 |
Emperor GÄodì é«˜å¸ |
Tà izǔ 太祖 |
HóngwÇ” æ´ªæ¦ |
1368–1398 | Hongwu Emperor |
ZhÅ« YÇ”nwén 朱å…炆 |
Emperor Huìdì æƒ å¸ |
Huizong² | Jià nwén 建文 |
1398–1402 | Jianwen Emperor |
Zhū Dì 朱棣 |
WÄ“ndì æ–‡å¸ |
ChéngzÇ”, æˆç¥– or Tà izÅng, 太宗 |
Yǒnglè 永樂 |
1402–1424 | Yongle Emperor |
ZhÅ« GÄochì 朱高熾 |
ZhÄodì æ˜å¸ |
RénzÅng ä»å®— |
Hóngxī 洪熙 |
1424–1425 | Hongxi Emperor |
ZhÅ« ZhÄnjÄ« 朱瞻基 |
ZhÄngdì ç« å¸ |
XuÄnzÅng 宣宗 |
XuÄndé 宣德 |
1425–1435 | Xuande Emperor |
ZhÅ« QÃzhèn 朱ç¥éŽ® |
Ruìdì ç¿å¸ |
YÄ«ngzÅng 英宗 |
ZhèngtÇ’ng, æ£çµ± 1436–1449; |
1435–1449; 1457–1464³ |
Zhengtong Emperor |
ZhÅ« QÃyù 朱ç¥éˆº |
JÇngdì æ™¯å¸ |
Dà izÅng 代宗 |
JÇngtà i 景泰 |
1449–1457 | Jingtai Emperor |
Zhū Jià nshēn 朱見深 |
Chúndì ç´”å¸ |
Xià nzÅng 憲宗 |
Chénghuà æˆåŒ– |
1464–1487 | Chenghua Emperor |
ZhÅ« Yòutáng 朱ç¥æ¨˜ |
Jìngdì æ•¬å¸ |
Xià ozÅng åå®— |
Hóngzhì 弘治 |
1487–1505 | Hongzhi Emperor |
Zhū Hòuzhà o 朱厚照 |
Yìdì æ¯…å¸ |
WÇ”zÅng æ¦å®— |
Zhèngdé æ£å¾· |
1505–1521 | Zhengde Emperor |
ZhÅ« HòucÅng 朱厚熜 |
Sùdì è‚…å¸ |
ShìzÅng 世宗 |
JiÄjìng å˜‰é– |
1521–1566 | Jiajing Emperor |
Zhū Zǎihòu 朱載垕 |
ZhuÄngdì èŽŠå¸ |
MùzÅng 穆宗 |
Lóngqìng 隆慶 |
1566–1572 | Longqing Emperor |
Zhū Yìjūn 朱翊鈞 |
XiÇŽndì é¡¯å¸ |
ShénzÅng 神宗 |
Wà nlì è¬æ›† |
1572–1620 | Wanli Emperor |
Zhū Chángluò 朱常洛 |
ZhÄ“ndì è²žå¸ |
GuÄngzÅng 光宗 |
Tà ichÄng 泰昌 |
1620 | Taichang Emperor |
ZhÅ« Yóujià o æœ±ç”±æ ¡ |
Zhédì æ‚Šå¸ |
XÄ«zÅng 熹宗 |
TiÄnqÇ å¤©å•“ |
1620–1627 | Tianqi Emperor |
Zhū Yóujiǎn 朱由檢 |
ZhuÄnglièmÇnhuángdì 莊烈æ„çš‡å¸ |
SÄ«zÅng, æ€å®— or YìzÅng, 毅宗 |
Chóngzhēn 崇禎 |
1627–1644 | Chongzhen Emperor |
1 As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Ming, to avoid confusion. For example, the Hongwu emperor is frequently referred to as Ming Taizu. | |||||
2 The Yongle emperor assumed the throne of his nephew the Jianwen emperor, who was officially said to have died in a palace fire but who was suspected of escaping to live as a recluse. The Yongle emperor wiped out the record of his nephew's reign and no temple name was given him. In 1644 the Prince of Fu (ç¦çŽ‹), the new self-proclaimed emperor of the Southern Ming, conferred on Emperor Jianwen the temple name Huizong | |||||
3 After listening to the poor advice of his eunuch advisers, the Zhengtong emperor personally led a campaign in 1449 against the Mongols and was captured. His brother, the Jingtai emperor, assumed the throne and, a hostage no longer of any value, the Mongols released the Zhengtong emperor who returned to live in seclusion. However, the Zhengtong emperor was able to reclaim his position, choosing the reign name Tianshun. |
Shun dynasty
The Shun dynasty was an imperial dynasty created in the brief lapse from Ming to Qing rule in China. It was a state set up by the peasants' rebellion, in which they defeated the Ming forces, but former Ming general Wu Sangui led the Qing forces into Beijing and the Qing forces defeated the rebels.
Personal Name | Temple name | Era name | Reign years |
---|---|---|---|
Li Zicheng æŽè‡ªæˆ |
Chuǎng Wáng (The Daring King)
闖王 |
Yongchang
永昌 |
1644 |
Southern Ming dynasty
The Southern Ming dynasty refers to the Ming loyalist regimes that existed in Southern China from 1644 to 1662. The regime was established by the princes of the already destroyed Ming dynasty. All of these monarchs had their regimes crushed by the Qing forces very quickly. Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) used the Ming dynasty's name and gathered forces before fleeing to Taiwan.
Personal Name | Temple name | Era name | Reign years | Name by which most commonly known |
---|---|---|---|---|
ZhÅ« YóusÅng 朱由崧 |
Ä€nzÅng 安宗 |
HóngguÄng 弘光 |
1644–1645 | Prince of Fu ç¦çŽ‹ Fú Wáng |
ZhÅ« Yùjià n 朱è¿éµ |
Shà ozÅng 紹宗 |
LóngwÇ” éš†æ¦ |
1645–1646 | Prince of Tang å”王 Táng Wáng |
ZhÅ« ChángfÄng 朱常淓 |
None given | None given, but sometimes referred to as the |
1645 | Prince of Lu (Luh*) 潞王 Lù Wáng |
ZhÅ« YÇhÇŽi 朱以海 |
None given | None given, but sometimes referred to as the |
1645–1653 | Prince of Lu (Lou*) é¯çŽ‹ LÇ” Wáng |
ZhÅ« Yùyuè 朱è¿ð¨® |
WénzÅng 文宗 |
Shà owÇ” ç´¹æ¦ |
1646 | Prince of Tang (Shaowu) å”王 Táng Wáng |
Zhū Yóuláng 朱由榔 |
ZhÄozÅng æ˜å®— |
Yǒnglì 永曆 |
1646–1662 | Prince of Gui 桂王 Guì Wáng |
- The two characters are homonyms, both pronounced Lu; to distinguish them, one is usually kept as Lu and the other spelled differently. Luh is from Cambridge History of China; Lou is from A.C. Moule's Rulers of China (1957). When one irregular spelling is used, the other is kept as regular (Lu). The two systems are distinct and not used simultaneously.
Qing dynasty
Given name1 | Posthumous name² (short form) |
Temple name² | Reign name Chinese, Manchu |
Reign years | Name by which most commonly known |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nurhaci 努爾哈赤 |
GÄodì é«˜å¸ |
Tà izǔ 太祖 |
TiÄnmìng 天命 |
1616–1626³ | Nurhaci |
Hong Taiji4 皇太極 |
Wéndì æ–‡å¸ |
Tà izÅng 太宗 |
TiÄncÅng å¤©è° |
1626–1643 | Huang Taiji |
FúlÃn ç¦è‡¨ |
ZhÄngdì ç« å¸ |
Shìzǔ 世祖 |
Shùnzhì é †æ²» |
1643–16615 | Shunzhi Emperor |
Xuányè çŽ„ç‡ |
Réndì ä»å¸ |
ShèngzÇ” è–祖 |
KÄngxÄ« 康熙 |
1661–1722 | Kangxi Emperor |
Yìnzhēn 胤禛 |
Xià ndì æ†²å¸ |
ShìzÅng 世宗 |
YÅngzhèng é›æ£ |
1722–1735 | Yongzheng Emperor |
Hónglì 弘曆 |
Chúndì ç´”å¸ |
GÄozÅng 高宗 |
Qiánlóng 乾隆 |
1735–1796 (died 1799)6 |
Qianlong Emperor |
YóngyÇŽn é¡’ç° |
Ruìdì ç¿å¸ |
RénzÅng ä»å®— |
JiÄqìng 嘉慶 |
1796–1820 | Jiaqing Emperor |
MÃnnÃng 旻寧 |
Chéngdì æˆå¸ |
XuÄnzÅng 宣宗 |
DÃ oguÄng é“å…‰ |
1820–1850 | Daoguang Emperor |
YìzhÇ” å¥•è© |
XiÇŽndì é¡¯å¸ |
WénzÅng 文宗 |
XiánfÄ“ng å’¸è± |
1850–1861 | Xianfeng Emperor |
Zǎichún 載淳 |
Yìdì æ¯…å¸ |
MùzÅng 穆宗 |
Tóngzhì åŒæ²» |
1861–18757 | Tongzhi Emperor |
Zǎitián 載湉 |
JÇngdì æ™¯å¸ |
DézÅng å¾·å®— |
GuÄngxù 光緒 |
1875–19087 | Guangxu Emperor |
Pǔyà 溥儀 |
Xùndì 8 éœå¸ |
GongzÅng 9
æå®— |
XuÄntÇ’ng 宣統 |
1908–191110 (died 1967) |
Xuantong Emperor |
1 The Qing imperial family name was Aisin Gioro (愛新覺羅 aixin jueluo), but it was not common Manchu practice to include the family or clan name in an individual's personal name. | |||||
2 As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Qing, to avoid confusion. For example, the Qianlong emperor is frequently referred to as Qing Gaozong. | |||||
3 Nurhaci founded the Jin (金) or Later Jin (後金) dynasty in 1616, but it was his son Hong Taiji who changed the name of the dynasty to Qing in 1636. Nurhaci adopted the reign name Tianming but his Qing titles were all conferred posthumously. | |||||
4 Hong Taiji is referred to erroneously in some historical literature as Abahai (阿巴海). | |||||
5 The Shunzhi emperor was the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper following the occupation of Beijing in 1644. | |||||
6 The Qianlong emperor officially retired in 1796, taking the title Emperor Emeritus (太上皇å¸). This was an act of filial piety to ensure that he would not reign longer than his illustrious grandfather, the Kangxi emperor. However, he remained the ultimate authority until his death in 1799, at which point his son, the Jiaqing emperor, began to exercise the power that had been his in name only from 1796. | |||||
7 The Empress Dowager Cixi, concubine of the Xianfeng emperor, mother of the Tongzhi emperor, and adoptive mother of the Guangxu emperor, used her considerable skills of political manipulation to act as the power behind the throne or on the throne from 1861 until her death in 1908. She acted as a regent during the minorities of the two young emperors and confined the Guangxu emperor in the Summer Palace after he attempted to introduce reforms in 1898. The death of the Guangxu emperor was announced the day before her own. | |||||
8 Xundi ("The Abdicated Emperor") is the posthumous name given by mainland China and Taiwan's history books to Pu-yi. | |||||
9 In 2004 the descendants of the Qing imperial family have conferred a posthumous name and temple name upon the late Puyi. Posthumous name: Mindi (æ„å¸). Temple name: Gongzong (æå®—). It remains to be seen whether these names will be accepted by the Chinese public. | |||||
10 The Qing dynasty was overthrown in 1911, and the last emperor, Puyi, abdicated officially on February 12, 1912. However, that same day the Republic of China granted the "Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Emperor of the Great Qing after his Abdication" (清å¸é€€ä½å„ªå¾…æ¢ä»¶) which allowed Puyi to retain his imperial title and stated that he should be treated by the government of the Republic with the protocol attached to a foreign monarch. These articles were revised on November 5, 1924, after the coup by General Feng Yuxiang: the revised articles stated that Puyi was losing his imperial title and henceforth becoming a regular citizen of the Republic of China. Puyi was expelled from the Forbidden City that same day. Thus, Puyi was ruling emperor until February 12, 1912 (and also briefly between July 1 and July 12, 1917), and non-ruling emperor between February 12, 1912 and November 5, 1924. Puyi also later became the puppet leader of Japanese-controlled Manchukuo under the reign name Datong (大åŒ) (1932–1934), then the puppet emperor of the same under the reign name Kangde (康德) (1934–1945). |
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
Personal name | Reign name 年號 |
Reign years | Name by which most commonly known |
---|---|---|---|
Hong Xiuquan 洪秀全 |
Yuánnián 元年 |
11 January 1851 – 1 June 1864 | Hong Xiuquan |
Hong Tianguifu æ´ªå¤©è²´ç¦ |
None given | 6 June 1864 – 18 November 1864 | Hong Tianguifu |
Empire of China
A short-lived attempt by statesman and general Yuan Shikai who attempted to establish himself as emperor in 1915, but his rule is universally accepted as inauthentic. After 83 days, the reign collapsed.
Personal name | Reign name 年號 |
Reign years | Name by which most commonly known |
---|---|---|---|
Yuan Shikai è¢ä¸–凱 |
Hóngxià n 洪憲 |
22 December 1915 – 22 March 1916 (10 March 1912 – 22 December 1915 as the President of the Republic of China) |
Yuan Shikai |
See also
References
External links
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