Loma Linda University

Loma Linda University
Motto To make man whole
Type Private
Established 1905
Affiliation Seventh-day Adventist Church
Endowment U.S. $436.7 million[1]
President Richard H. Hart, MD, DrPH
Provost Ronald Carter, PhD
Administrative staff
 1,068
Undergraduates 960
Postgraduates 2,467
Location Loma Linda, California, United States
34°03′11″N 117°15′40″W / 34.053°N 117.261°W / 34.053; -117.261Coordinates: 34°03′11″N 117°15′40″W / 34.053°N 117.261°W / 34.053; -117.261
Campus Suburban
Website www.llu.edu

Loma Linda University (LLU) is a Seventh-day Adventist coeducational health sciences university located in Loma Linda, California, United States. The University comprises eight schools and the Faculty of Graduate Studies. More than 100 certificate and degree programs are offered by the schools of allied health professions, behavioral health, dentistry, medicine, nursing, pharmacy, public health, and religion. Curricula offered range from certificates of completion and associate in science degrees to doctor of philosophy and professional doctoral degrees. LLU also offers distance education. It is a part of the Seventh-day Adventist education system, the world's second largest Christian school system.[2][3][4][5] The university is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC). Its on-campus church has around 7,000 members. Loma Linda Academy, a Seventh-day Adventist K-12 school, is located nearby.

The university also hosts a branch office of the Ellen G. White Estate. Affiliated with Burman University and operating on the same campus, is Loma Linda University's Marital and Family Therapy master's degree program. Loma Linda is closing its program in Alberta and is no longer admitting students.[6]

According to a New York Times blog, "Loma Linda University has the highest median starting salary (defined as salaries within five years of graduation), a function of their strong programs in nursing, dental and allied health."[7] This position does drop off by mid-career.[8]

History

Early Postcard of Loma Linda Sanitarium

Beginnings

Loma Linda University had its beginning in 1905 when Seventh-day Adventists John Burden and Ellen G. White worked together to purchase the property and develop what became known as the Loma Linda Sanitarium.[9]

In 1906, Ellen White recalled:

"While attending the General Conference of 1905, at Washington, D. C, I received a letter from Elder J. A. Burden, describing a property he had found four miles west of Redlands, five and one-half miles southeast of San Bernardino, and eight miles northeast of Riverside. As I read his letter, I was impressed that this was one of the places I had seen in vision, and I immediately telegraphed him to secure the property without delay. He did so, and as the result, Loma Linda is in our possession."[10]

In February 1906, a council of church workers met at Loma Linda. It consisted of the faculty of Fernando Academy, the faculty of the Loma Linda school, and the executive committee of the Southern California Conference. John Burden reported their ideas to Ellen White in a letter dated February 14:

"...There was perfect agreement among all present in the conclusions reached and the plans laid. It would have done you good, Sister White, to see the spirit of unity, and the desire of all that the work at Loma Linda should be made just what the Lord designed it to be. (LLM 6.6)

After carefully considering the light that has been sent to us, and the counsel that has been given with reference to the school at Loma Linda, all were unanimous in their decision that it must be the Lord's plan that a medical missionary school should be carried forward here, with a course sufficiently complete to thoroughly qualify nurses for their professional duties, and to work as educators in medical evangelistic work; and also to qualify certain ones to stand at the head of our medical evangelistic work; and also to qualify certain ones to stand at the head of our medical institutions as fully accredited physicians. (LLM 6.7)

As we studied over what would be necessary for the school to accomplish this work, it seemed to us it would be necessary to employ two physicians as teachers in the school, a Bible instructor, and one other general school man. These four instructors, with the three physicians employed by the Sanitarium and such practical instructors as those qualified to teach practical hydrotherapy, practical nursing, healthful cookery, etc., would be a strong educational faculty for the qualifying of the two classes of workers, one as nurses, and the other as physicians to engage in evangelistic medical work. (LLM 7.1)

Now in order to give these evangelistic physicians standing in the world, it was thought we should secure a charter for the school, which would enable it to grant degrees to all who finished the prescribed course of study. Many, no doubt, would enter the field without waiting to secure a degree, possibly after studying one or two years, as there are many fields in which they could labor freely as medical missionary evangelists without a degree. But from the instruction in the testimonies, we understand that some should qualify as fully accredited physicians, hence the school should plan its course accordingly... (LLM 7.2)"[11]


In 1906, The Loma Linda College of Evangelists was established. Courses included:

Religion: Bible Evangelism, Acts and Epistles, Missionary Methods, and Doctrines and Prophecies.

General: History, Languages, Mathematics, English, Music, Piano and Organ.

Industrial: Science of Gardening, Practical Gardening, Electrical Mechanics, Carpentry, Cookery, Accounting, Sewing.

Nursing/Medical: Chemistry and Anatomy, Children's Diseases, Physiology, Obstetrics, Gynecology, Hydrotherapy, Practical Nursing and Hydrotherapy.[12]


The 1910 Seventh-day Adventist Yearbook enters the school as 'Loma Linda College'. It adds the legal title, 'College of Medical Evangelists of Loma Linda' (CME) and notes that the school was chartered as a Medical College in 1909.[13] At the General Conference Committee Council held at Takoma Park, April 5–15, 1910,

"The following action was taken : —

"Whereas, It is advised that a medical school be equipped and conducted at Loma Linda, Cal.; and,—
Whereas, The Pacific Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists has petitioned that the General Conference join it in this undertaking; therefore,—

"Resolved, I. That the General Conference unite with the Pacific Union Conference [and other union conferences] in establishing a medical school at Loma Linda, Cal.
2. That we authorize the officers of the General Conference to appropriate one thousand dollars, or any fraction thereof, for the above purpose, during the year 1910.

3. That A. G. Daniells, W. A. Ruble, and H. R. Salisbury be the General Conference members on the board of control of said school."[14]

Later that same year, the minutes for the 187th Meeting of the General Conference Committee, December 2, recorded:

"G. A. Irwin spoke of the opening of Loma Linda Medical College. There are about 130 helpers and students in the family, and the Board is putting up a dormitory for 60 people. They need also a laboratory, this being an urgent need."[15]

1910 to 1919

In 1911, Church worker Sarah Turner, of Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, visited Loma Linda and sent the following letter to the Canadian Union Messenger:

"A Visit at Loma Linda. Dear Readers, You have no doubt read of Loma Linda in some of our papers, but I do not know of any thing ever appearing in the MESSENGER concerning it. I might say, it is one thing to read about it, and another thing to visit it, and to see for yourself. For three weeks it was my privilege to visit there. Loma Linda is certainly in keeping with what its name implies--Hill Beautiful. It is located in an ideal spot, and, in my opinion, is as pretty as pictured. To receive a training there must be deemed a privilege. The advantages and opportunities are excellent, and come up to one's expectations.

"Judging from appearances and the testimonies given by the students, a good class of young people are in training who seem possessed with the true missionary spirit, desiring to lay all on the altar of service. The training is thorough in all lines; nothing is regarded as menial. The spiritual interest of all is carefully guarded; the word of God and the Testimonies being held up as the only standard. "One is impressed with the quickness and quietness with which all work is done. Perfect harmony seems to prevail in all lines. We were reminded of the words of Holy Writ,--"Let all things be done decently and in order."

"Young people desiring an education to prepare themselves for the Lord's work, but through lack of finances are unable to attend our colleges, are at this place enabled to pay expenses by work. It is an extremely busy place, no need of any one being idle, and thereby a tool for the enemy. There are two hundred students here in training. "It is not the aim to have many people settle at Loma Linda. Only those are wanted who are needed to carry on the work, or are in training. The Lord has set his seal to the work here. By his direction it was established, and by him it has been carried on and sustained. Those receiving training here certainly increase their responsibility. "I read with interest the reports in the MESSENGER each week, and the work and workers are remembered at the throne of grace. May all be filled with determination to be faithful till Jesus comes is my prayer. Yours in the truth. SARAH E. TURNER. St. Helena, Cal."[16]

Early Clinical Developments

From 1913 to 1962, the university taught basic sciences in Loma Linda, but sent its students to Los Angeles for clinical experience.

Ellen White promoted rural settings for Adventist schools, but to train medical students, the school needed clinical experience. Loma Linda Sanitarium did not have such a clinic.[17] The American Medical Association would not recognize the medical college if it did not provide adequate clinical experience for its students.

In 1905, the American Medical Association formed their Council on Medical Education. Dr. Nathan Porter Colwell (1870–1936) became its first secretary the next year.

"From that time he made numerous contributions to the subject of medical education. As secretary of the Council he bore a large share of the responsibility for direct investigation and report on medical schools, for aiding the trend of discussions at the annual conferences on medical education, and for setting forth clearly the facts in relationship to medical education in the United States."[18]

Adventists leaders interested in developing the medical school met with Dr. Colwell. He visited the campus and gave counsel on how to proceed.

E. E. Andross, President of the Pacific Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists and Chairman of the Board for the College of Medical Evangelists, reported on a special meeting of the constituency of the college convened at Loma Linda, January 27, 1913. A large number of General Conference men were in California at time. Andross called this meeting in order to benefit from their counsel. In his report, he wrote:

While it is not the purpose of those carrying the responsibility in this institution to make it conform to the world in anything that affects the vital principles of this message, yet so far as the educational standard erected by state law or advocated by the medical associations is concerned, it is our purpose to meet these standards, and to place the institution on such a basis as to enable it to graduate physicians who, from an educational viewpoint, will stand even in the eyes of the world, without prejudice. We have been instructed that the education of our physicians should be of the highest order, so that no sensible physician would have the opportunity of saying that the graduates were not proficient.

In order to accomplish this, we must have facilities that will enable our faculty to do proficient work in every line. This will require an investment in a clinical hospital and in dispensary work. But all this is absolutely necessary to give our young men and women who take the medical course a proficient training in rational methods of treatment.[19]

On September 29, 1913, the College of Medical Evangelists opened the First Street Dispensary in the heart of Los Angeles.[20]

Los Angeles Hospital

The December 16, 1915 Review and Herald reported on the General Conference Committee's Biennial Council which met in November at Loma Linda:

"In order to equip and properly complete the medical college at Loma Linda, Cal., it will be necessary to build in Los Angeles a hospital requiring an outlay of approximately $60,000. The constituency of the medical college voted to erect this building when the funds have been provided, so that there will be no further increase of indebtedness. A memorial presented, suggesting that the necessary funds to this end be raised by the women of the denomination, and that a committee of sisters be appointed to promote this work..."[21]

World War I and a 'B' Rating

In the May 30, 1918 edition of the Review and Herald, E. E. Andross, still president of the Pacific Union Conference, reported:

During the present school year, 192 students have matriculated. A number of our students in the medical course were taken in the first military draft, but, in the providence of God, these have all been returned, and are to be permitted to complete their course and to spend one year in addition in hospital interne work before being called into army service. The rating of the college by the American Medical Association has recently been raised from " C " to " B" grade, placing it, with the Federal authorities, in the class of acceptable medical colleges. We are profoundly thankful to God for the manifest tokens of his favor.[22]

The United States federal government exempted medical students from the military draft. But they would only recognize 'A' and 'B' rated medical schools. The College of Medical Evangelists only had a 'C' rating. The California state authorities supported a higher rating. After a nationwide effort, Percy T. Magan and colleagues persuaded Dr. Colwell to visit the school and determine whether a 'B' rating could be given. After the AMA's visit, the rating was upgraded to 'B'. Medical students who had already left for their military duties returned to finish their medical training.

Margaret Rossiter White, Historical Records Librarian at Loma Linda, writes:

"This tremendous victory called for an appropriate celebration at Loma Linda. New Year's Day, 1918, was appointed Jubilee Day, and invitations were sent to, all the doctors and their families on the Los Angeles and Loma Linda faculty, members of the Loma Linda church and their families, members of the surrounding churches, including the faculties of the Glendale Sanitarium and Paradise Valley Sanitarium, and everyone else they could think of who had a special interest in the college. A free dinner was offered for students, nurses, and visiting physicians, and special guests. The church was decorated with plants, ferns, flowers, and holly; the orchestra offered some "good triumphant pieces"; Miss Katherine Hansen sang, in her lovely contralto voice, "God Will Take Care of You" (by special request from Dr. Magan). Dr. Magan was master of ceremonies, and Elder John Burden had been asked to make "the big speech." All in all, it was a great occasion, a combination of Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Year's. And not the least thankful among the joyous crowd were the boys who had returned from camp (all but one), to continue their studies in the College of Medical Evangelists.[23]

1919-1960

'A' Rating

In Los Angeles, November 3, 1922, Dr. Colwell met Dr. Evans, of Loma Linda, and Dr. Magan, of Los Angeles. They gave him a tour of the Boyle Avenue hospital block. At a luncheon held at the Athletic Club of Los Angeles attended by fifteen of the leading physicians of Los Angeles and the Pacific Coast, Dr. Colwell shared his thoughts on the medical college:

"...When the Seventh-day Adventists first started, a number of us felt they were doomed to defeat. I told them over and over again not to make a start. But today I confess that their faith has triumphed over my unbelief. Some years ago Dr. Magan took me over the place which their hospital plant now covers. It was then a mass of weeds and cockleburs, and there were two or three sorry-looking animals feeding upon it. Dr. Magan remarked to me that someday they would have a great medical institution there. I thought to myself: "You poor soul; you do not know what you are talking about. You will never be able to have a first-class medical school." But today I walked over that same block covered with beautiful buildings and a veritable hive of medical activity. I have not completed my inspection yet, but I am almost certain as to the kind of a report I will make; and I am sure you will be satisfied with it."[24]

On November 16, 1922, Dr. Colwell reported that the Council on Medical Education had granted an 'A' rating to the College of Medical Evangelists.

A shopping center at Loma Linda University campus pictured in the early 1950s.

Accreditation of Pre-Medical Programs in Adventist Colleges

The medical world, under the leadership of men like Dr. Colwell and W.E. Musgrave, was quickly developing standards for medical education and for the quality of hospitals. The requirements for accreditation developed as well. The July 12, 1923 Review and Herald presented the addresses given at the Educational Convention held at Colorado Springs, Colo., June 5–19, 1923. In an article entitled 'Separation from the World in Education', W.E. Howell, former President of the Loma Linda College of Evangelists (1906)[25] and at the time of the article, the Secretary, or director, of the SDA General Conference Education Department[26] expressed concern for where dependence on accreditation would lead Adventist schools. Under the subtitle 'Medical Standardization,' he said:

"While our teachers were resorting to centers of learning in increasing numbers, followed to no small degree by student graduates and undergraduates, a new menace arose from an unexpected quarter. Wisely or unwisely, our medical college had linked up with an organization (AMA) which assumed the task of defining and dictating standards for medical schools, with a view to eliminating incompetent institutions. While the step we took looked innocent enough at first, the inevitable result of tying up an institution of our own with an organization of entirely different aims, soon showed itself in a surprising way. A new standard was promulgated, requiring that all entrants to a standard medical college should present their credits from a school that was registered as standard by an association of educators who had assumed a similar task of standardizing literary schools.

"From that day to this, the idea has been kept before our educators of registering our colleges in a secular standardizing association, thus tying them by much more than a thread to the educational policies of those who do not discern the voice of God and, who will not hearken to His commandments. Only two colleges have taken such a step, on the most moderate scale that could be discovered,— that of registering only the junior college department. Where this step will lead these schools and any others that may take it, only He who reads the future as well as the past, can predict. It would almost seem like tying ourselves to the' tail of a kite, to be carried whither the holder of the string may list — seemingly in the direction of less efficiency to serve the cause of God."[27]

The 47th General Hospital

LLU's 47 General Hospital, Milne Bay

During World War II, the CME sponsored the 47th General Hospital. The college's Alumni Journal, August 1946, reports:

"... The 47th was an affiliated hospital unit in the United States Army sponsored by the College of Medical Evangelists. The Unit left the States under the command of colonel Ben E. Grant, '20 January, 1944, and upon arrival at New Guinea was stationed at Milne Bay until July 1945. At that time the 47th General Hospital, commanded by Colonel Earl B. Ray, '29, was transferred to the Philippine Islands, and established at Villasis on Luzon Island for two months..."[28]

1960-1980

University Status and Name Change

In 1961 the college was upgraded to university status and renamed after the city. All its science and clinical faculty were consolidated within the city by 1962.

On July 9, 1967, the university opened the Loma Linda University Medical Center with more than 125 patients from the old community hospital.[29] The university also operated the Seventh-day Adventist liberal arts college in Riverside from 1967 to 1990, which is now known as La Sierra University.

In 1980, the state designated LLU the only Level I trauma center in San Bernardino, Riverside, Inyo and Mono counties, which comprise more than a fourth of the state's land mass. About 1,600 emergency helicopters land there each year.[29]

1980-2011

In October 1984, at Loma Linda University Medical Center, Baby Fae became the first human to receive a heart of a baboon. The transplant appeared to be successful, but Baby Fae died 21 days later of heart failure due to rejection of the transplant.

In 1991, B. Lyn Behrens became the first female president of LLU. Serving until March 2008, she was succeeded by Richard Hart, who had previously served as LLU's chancellor.

Loma Linda University celebrated the Grand Opening of its new 150,000-square-foot (14,000 m2) Centennial Complex on October 28, 2009. The complex includes new classrooms, two 100-seat amphitheaters and more than 100 workstations with labs for dental, medical, physical therapy and graduate students. Updated technology allows the university to link to several areas around the globe. Additionally, the complex houses simulation labs where students can practice medical skills on live actors and sophisticated robotic mannequins. The complex was expected to bump up the university's growth by 25 percent from its current enrollment of 4,000 students to 5,000 students by 2010.[30]

Loma Linda Mayor Bob Christman said, "The city wouldn't even be here if the university and medical center weren't here. It's had a significant, beneficial impact on the city. In fact, in my opinion, it's had a significant, beneficial impact on the entire Inland Empire."[29]

Grants and funding

The University applies for and receives grants from various organizations. Some of the research grants include:

Federal government support

The special relationship between Loma Linda University and Representative Jerry Lewis, R – San Bernardino, first came to light in a Pulitzer Award winning expose written by Jerry Kammer.[34] Lewis has lent significant help in funding important school operations. From 1998-2003, Loma Linda has received $167.2 million in federal funds, the number one academic recipient in the country receiving nearly $60 million more than the runner up, the University of South Florida.[35] In 2000, it was the single largest recipient of higher education grants at $36 million. Several grants were from the Department of Defense, plus $5 million from NASA for space radiation research. Critics point out that the brother of Lewis is employed by Loma Linda University.[36] In 2008, Loma Linda University received nearly $9.5 million of which $5 million came from the Department of Defense.[37]

Academic programs

Loma Linda University offers more than 100 degrees and certificate programs in the following Schools:

School of Public Health

The Loma Linda University School of Public Health was founded in 1967. The school is an accredited member of the Association of Schools of Public Health (ASPH).[38] The Master of Public Health (MPH) degree is offered with the following concentrations:[39]

MPH concentrations

Additional degrees offered

The School of Public Health also offers a Master of Science MS, Master of Business Administration MBA, Doctor of Public Health DrPH, and Certificates in various programs.[40]

School of Behavioral Health

The Loma Linda University School of Behavioral Health was created in 2012 to unite LLU's behavioral health disciplines. The school's departments and the degrees they offer are listed below:

The School of Behavioral Health also provides outpatient services at the Behavioral Health Institute.[42]

Medical Center

The Loma Linda University Medical Center, in Loma Linda, California, admits more than 30,000 patients per year.[43] LLUMC, as it is commonly known, also houses the Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Proton Treatment Center, Transplantation Institute & Liver Center, and Loma Linda International Heart Institute.[44]

Notable alumni

School of Medicine

Name Class of Notability Residency Fellowships Ref.
T.R.M. Howard, M.D. 1935 Nationally known civil rights leader, entrepreneur, mentor to Medgar Evers, key figure in the investigation of the lynching of Emmett Till, President of the National Medical Association and Chief Surgeon of the Taborian Hospital of Mound Bayou, Mississippi City Hospital, Number Two, in St. Louis, Missouri
Frank Jobe, M.D. 1956 A world-renowned Orthopedic Surgeon and Professor of Orothopedics at the Keck School of Medicine of USC. Orthopaedic Consultant for the Los Angeles Dodgers baseball team, PGA Tour & Senior PGA Tour,

Los Angeles Lakers basketball team, Los Angeles Kings hockey team, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim baseball team

 Orthopaedic Surgery, Los Angeles County Hospital in Los Angeles, California
Melvin Paul Judkins, M.D. 1947 A pioneer in Coronary angiography Urology, Loma Linda University Medical Center [45]
Leo P. Krall, M.D. 1943 A world-renowned leader in the field of diabetes, one of the original founders of Joslin Diabetes Center, Joslin International Fellows and director of Joslin's Education Division. Chaired annual Harvard-Joslin course and lectured at Harvard Medical School. In 1985, elected president of the International Diabetes Federation. U.S. Marine Hospital in Staten Island, NY and San Francisco, CA; as well as the New England Deaconess Hospital in Boston, MA. [46]
[47]
William J Sandborn, M.D. 1987 Head of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research and Professor of Medicine at the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Internal Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. [48]
[49]
Bernd W. Scheithauer, M.D. 1973 A world-renowned Neuropathologist and Professor of Pathology at the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Neuropathology and Anatomic Pathology Stanford University Medical Center Surgical Pathology Stanford University Medical Center [50]
Cynara L. Coomer, M.D. 2002 Chief of Breast Surgery and Director of the Comprehensive Breast Center at Staten Island University Hospital and a Fox News medical contributor. SUNY Downstate Health Sciences Medical Center

School of Public Health

Name Class of Notability Ref.
Floyd Petersen, M.P.H. 1976 Assistant Professor of Biostatistics at Loma Linda University Schools of Public Health, Medicine and Nursing. City Council (1990), Mayor pro tempore (1992–1996) and Mayor (1996–2004) for the City of Loma Linda, California. [51]
David Williams, Ph.D., M.Div., M.P.H. 19?? Norman and Laura Smart Norman Professor of Public Health in the Department of Society, Human Development, and Health at Harvard University School of Public Health. Prior HSPH, Williams was the Harold W. Cruse Collegiate Professor of Sociology, a senior research scientist at the Institute for Social Research, and an associate professor of sociology at the School of Public Health at the University of Michigan. [52]
Lars D. Houmann, M.H.A. 1981 President and Chief Executive Officer of Florida Hospital and Adventist Health System's Florida Division which includes 17 hospitals. [53][54]
Paul Wangai Jr., Ph.D., MD, MPH, MRSH, FICA, FACPM 1985 Medical Director of New Life Home Trust, Director of Medicare Wellness Centre, Consultant Physician of Aga Khan Hospital, Chairman/Consultant Physician of Nairobi Women's Hospital, Medical Advisor to the Shell Group of Companies of East Africa, and Consultant Advisor to the World Health Organization & the UICC (International Union Against Cancer). [55]
Lee Berk, DrPH 1981 Dr. Berk is a faculty member whose noteworthy research includes laughter and its positive health effects. [56]
Joan Sabaté, MD,DrPH 1988 Dr. Sabaté is the Chair of the Loma Linda University School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition. Dr. Sabaté served as principal investigator in a nutritional study that directly linked the consumption of walnuts to significant reductions in serum cholesterol. His findings were published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1993. He also gave evidence for the health and nutrition property of nuts before an FDA commission resulting in the qualified health claim. [57]

[58]

Other

Name Class of Notability Ref.
Heather Knight 1984 President of Pacific Union College
Jerry Yang 19?? Poker player and winner of the 2007 World Series of Poker Main Event. [59]
Edmund C. Jaeger 191x Renowned naturalist and author. (Attended Loma Linda College of Medical Evangelists years 1911-12 and 1912-13.) [60]

See also

References

  1. ↑ As of June 30, 2009. "U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2009 Endowment Market Value and Percentage Change in Endowment Market Value from FY 2008 to FY 2009" (PDF). 2009 NACUBO-Commonfund Study of Endowments. National Association of College and University Business Officers. Retrieved March 15, 2010.
  2. ↑ http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2010/1115/For-real-education-reform-take-a-cue-from-the-Adventists"the second largest Christian school system in the world has been steadily outperforming the national average – across all demographics."
  3. ↑ http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/denominations/seventh_day_adventist.htm
  4. ↑ "Department of Education, Seventh-day Adventist Church". Retrieved 2010-06-18.
  5. ↑ Rogers, Wendi; Kellner, Mark A. (April 1, 2003). "World Church: A Closer Look at Higher Education". Adventist News Network. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  6. ↑ "Directory of Universities, Colleges and Schools in Canada". Canadian Information Centre for International Credentials. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
  7. ↑ "Do Elite Colleges Produce the Best-Paid Graduates?" by Catherine Rampell, July 20, 2009
  8. ↑ http://www.payscale.com/best-colleges/top-us-colleges-graduate-salary-statistics.asp. The figures are based on self-reporting as collected by PayScale
  9. ↑ Review and Herald, September 20, 1906, p. 24. Online access may be found at the SDA General Conference Online Document Archives linked here.
  10. ↑ Review and Herald, June 21, 1906, p. 8
  11. ↑ Loma Linda Messages, unabridged pp. 6 and 7. These can be found online at The White Estate database linked here.
  12. ↑ The 1907 Yearbook for the Seventh-day Adventist Denomination, p. 107
  13. ↑ The 1910 Yearbook of the Seventh-day Adventist Denomination, p. 150
  14. ↑ Review and Herald, April 28, 1910, p. 14
  15. ↑ General Conference Committee Minutes for 1910, p. 181
  16. ↑ The Canadian Union Messenger, January 24, 1912, p. 1 The 1911 SDA Yearbook includes S.E. Turner as a Missionary Licentiate residing in Hamilton, On. The September 13, 1911, North Pacific Union Gleaner reports that Miss Bertha Orchard, matron at Loma Linda Sanitarium, and Miss Sarah E. Turner, on her way to St. Helena, Cal., to take a position in the home of Sister E. G. White, made a short call recently to Portland Sanitarium. Then the September 19, 1912, Pacific Union Recorder reports that she was on her way to Shanghai, China, with a group of missionaries, to visit her sister and brother-in-law, Mr. and Mrs. Horn.
  17. ↑ In the early 1900s these walk-in clinics were called dispensaries or treatment rooms.
  18. ↑ Obituary for Nathan Porter Colwell, Journal of the American Medical Association, January 18, 1936, p. 231
  19. ↑ Pacific Union Recorder, February 6, 1913, p. 1
  20. ↑ 'Obtaining the B Rating' by Margaret Rossiter White, Historical Records Librarian, Vernier Radcliffe Memorial Library, Loma Linda, California. Ministry Magazine, August, 1960, p. 23
  21. ↑ Review and Herald, December 16, 1915, p. 8
  22. ↑ Review and Herald, May 30, 1918, p.12
  23. ↑ Obtaining the 'B' Rating by Margaret Rossiter White, Ministry Magazine, September 1960, p. 46
  24. ↑ Letter of Percy T. Magan to Mae Covington, Dec. 12, 1922, as cited by M.R. White in Ministry Magazine, November, 1960, p.32
  25. ↑ The 1907 Year Book of the Seventh-day Adventist Denomination, p. 109
  26. ↑ The 1924 Year Book of the Seventh-day Adventist Denomination, p. 12
  27. ↑ Review and Herald, July 12, 1923, p. 15
  28. ↑ The Alumni Journal, Volume 17, Issue 1, August 1946 as quoted in Loma Linda University History website linked here. A picture of the CME's 47th General Hospital stationed at Milne Bay is available at the U.S. Army Medical Department Office of Medical History linked here.
  29. 1 2 3 Glenn, Stacia (October 31, 2007). "Loma Linda University: From humble beginnings to world renown". San Bernardino Sun. Retrieved 2007-11-15.
  30. ↑ Kennedy-Ross, Selicia (October 17, 2007). "What's in the future for I. E. universities?". San Bernardino Sun. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
  31. ↑ "Walnuts & Weight". walnuts.org. Retrieved 2008-12-09. Archived September 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  32. ↑ "Designs for Health". llu.edu. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
  33. ↑ http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=0650347&WT.z_pims_id=5261
  34. ↑ "A Steady Flow of Influence". pbs.org. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
  35. ↑ "Pork? Funds for Collages Raise Objections". pe.com. July 9, 2006. Retrieved 2008-06-29. Archived July 20, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
  36. ↑ "New Democrats Leaders Love Pork Barrel Spending". conservative.org. Archived from the original on 2008-03-04. Retrieved 2008-06-29.
  37. ↑ "Congressional Earmarks for Higher Education, 2008". chronicle.com.
  38. ↑ "Association of Schools of Public Health Accreditation".
  39. ↑ "LLU School of Public Health Departments".
  40. ↑ "School of Public Health Degrees".
  41. ↑ http://www.llu.edu/behavioral-health/programs.page
  42. ↑ http://lomalindahealth.org/medical-center/behavioral-health-institute/index.page
  43. ↑ "Loma Linda University Medical Center".
  44. ↑ "LLUMC Departments".
  45. ↑ Melvin Paul Judkins, A Pioneer in Coronary Angiography
  46. ↑ "Leo P. Krall, a founder of Joslin Diabetes Center, dies at 87". Harvard Gazette. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
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  48. ↑ "Mayo Clinic Research". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
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  51. ↑ "Board Member Profiles". San Bernardino International Airport. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
  52. ↑ "Williams joins Department of Society, Human Development, and Health". Harvard Gazette. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
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  54. ↑ "Lars Houmann tapped for Florida Hospital's top job". Orlando Biz Journal. 2006-02-28. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
  55. ↑ "Achieving excellence in AIDS programs in Africa". Center for International Development at Harvard University. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
  56. ↑ "Berk on NBC: the healing power of laughter". Loma Linda University. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
  57. ↑ "Effects of Walnuts on Serum Lipid Levels and Blood Pressure in Normal Men". Loma Linda University. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
  58. ↑ "Qualified Health Claims: Letter of Enforcement Discretion - Nuts and Coronary Heart Disease (Docket No 02P-0505)". Loma Linda University. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
  59. ↑ http://www.pe.com/localnews/inland/stories/PE_News_Local_H_poker19.3dbdc6f.html
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