Dialects of Macedonian
The dialects of Macedonian comprise the Slavic dialects spoken in the Republic of Macedonia as well as some varieties spoken in the wider geographic region of Macedonia.[1] They are part of the dialect continuum of South Slavic languages that joins the Macedonian language with Bulgarian to the east and Serbo-Croatian to the north. The precise delimitation between these languages is fleeting and controversial.
Macedonian authors tend to treat all dialects spoken in the geographical region of Macedonia as Macedonian, including those spoken in the westernmost part of Bulgaria (so-called Pirin Macedonia), whereas Bulgarian authors treat all Macedonian dialects as part of the Bulgarian language.[2][3] Prior to the codification of Standard Macedonian in 1945, the dialects of Macedonia were for the most part classified as Bulgarian.[4][5][6] In Greece, the identification of the dialects spoken by the local Slavophone minority with either Bulgarian or Macedonian is often avoided, and these dialects are instead described simply as "Slavic",[7] Dopia ('Local'), Stariski (old) or Našinski (ours).
Linguistically, the dialects of Macedonia in the wider sense can be divided into Eastern and Western groups (the boundary runs approximately from Skopje and Skopska Crna Gora along the rivers Vardar and Crna) based on a large group of features. In addition, a more detailed classification can be based on the modern reflexes of the Proto-Slavonic reduced vowels ("yers"), vocalic sonorants and the back nasal (o). That classification distinguishes between the following 3 major groups:[8][9]
Dialects
Dialect divisions of Macedonian[10] | |
Lower Polog
Upper Polog
Crna Gora
Kumanovo / Kratovo
Central
Reka
Mala Reka / GaliÄnik
Debar
Drimkol / Golo Brdo
VevÄani / Radοžda
Upper Prespa / Ohrid |
Mariovo / Tikveš
Å tip / Strumica
Maleševo / Pirin
Solun / Voden
Ser / Drama
Lower Prespa
KorÄa
Kostur
Nestram |
Northern dialects
- Western group:
- Eastern group:
- Kumanovo dialect
- Kratovo dialect
- Kriva Palanka dialect
- OvÄe Pole dialect
Western Dialects:
- Central group:
- Western and north western group:
- Upper Polog dialect
- Reka (Torbeš) dialect
- GalιÄnik (Malorekanski or Mala Reka) dialect[13]
- Debar dialect
- Drimkol-Golo Brdo dialect
- VevÄani-Radožda dialect[14]
- Struga dialect
- Ohrid dialect
- Upper Prespa dialect
- Lower Prespa dialect
Eastern and Southern dialects
- Eastern group:
- Tikveš-Mariovo dialect
- Å tip-Strumica dialect
- Maleševo-Pirin dialect[15]
- South-western group:[16]
- Nestram-Kostenar dialect
- KorÄa (Gorica) dialect
- Kostur dialect
- South-eastern group:
Most linguists classify the dialects in the Pirin (Blagoevgrad) region of Bulgaria and in the far east of Greek Macedonia as Bulgarian and the dialects in the rest of Greece and in Republic of Macedonia as Macedonian.[18][19]
Variation in consonants
As far as consonantal features are concerned, the entire Western region is distinguished from the East by loss of /x/ (except Tetovo, Gora and KorÄa) and the loss of /v/ in the intervocalic position (except Mala Reka and parts of Kostur-KorÄa): /É¡lava/ (head) = /É¡la/, /É¡lavi/ (heads) = /É¡laj/. The Eastern region preserves /x/ (except TikveÅ¡-Mariovo and Kumanovo-Kriva Palanka) and intervocalic /v/. The East is also characterised by the development of epenthetic /v/ before original /o/ where the West has epenthetic /j/: Eastern /vaÉ¡lÉ›n/ (coal) but Western /jaÉ¡lÉ›n/. The diphonemic reflexes are most characteristic of the dialects of Greek Macedonia and Blagoevgrad province, Kostur-KorÄa and Ohrid-Prespa. The Serres – Nevrokop dialects have a series of phonemically palatalised consonants.
Variation in word stress and its effects on vowels
The Western dialects generally have fixed stress, antepenultimate in the Republic of Macedonia, and penultimate in Greece and Albania. The Eastern region, along with the neighbouring Bulgarian dialects, has various non-fixed stress systems. In Lower Vardar and Serres-Nevrokop unstressed /a, É›, É”/ are reduced (raised) to [É™, i, u]. The reduction of unstressed vowels (as well as the aforementioned allophonic palatalisation of consonants) is characteristic of East Bulgarian as opposed to West Bulgarian dialects, so these dialects are regarded by Bulgarian linguists as transitional between East and West Bulgarian.
References
- ↑ isp. БольшaÑ Ð¡Ð¾Ð²ÐµÑ‚ÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐнциклопедиÑ, tom. 37, Moscow 1938, Ñ€ 743–744
- ↑ Institute of Bulgarian Language (1978). ЕдинÑтвото на българÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÐµÐ·Ð¸Ðº в миналото и Ð´Ð½ÐµÑ (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. p. 4. OCLC 6430481.
- ↑ Стойков (Stoykov), Стойко (2002) [1962]. БългарÑка Ð´Ð¸Ð°Ð»ÐµÐºÑ‚Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ (Bulgarian dialectology) (in Bulgarian). СофиÑ: Ðкад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов". ISBN 954-430-846-6. OCLC 53429452.
- ↑ Mazon, Andre. Contes Slaves de la Macédoine Sud-Occidentale: Etude linguistique; textes et traduction; Notes de Folklore, Paris 1923, p. 4.
- ↑ Селищев, ÐфанаÑий. Избранные труды, МоÑква 1968.
- ↑ K. Sandfeld, Balkanfilologien (Copenhagen, 1926, MCMXXVI).
- ↑ Ethnologue. By Barbara F. Grimes, Richard Saunders Pittman, Joseph Evans Grimes, Summer Institute of Linguistics ISBN 0-88312-815-2, ISBN 978-0-88312-815-2
- ↑ ÑÑ‚Ñ€. 244 МакедонÑки јазик за Ñредното образование- Стојка БојковÑка, Димитар Пандев, Лилјана Минова-Ѓуркова, Живко ЦветковÑки- ПроÑветно дело- Скопје 2001
- ↑ Z. Topolińska – B. Vidoeski, Polski~macedonski- gramatyka konfrontatiwna, z.1, PAN, 1984
- ↑ After Z. Topolińska and B. Vidoeski (1984), Polski-macedonski gramatyka konfrontatiwna, z.1, PAN.
- ↑ ÑÑ‚Ñ€.68 Граматика на македонÑкиот литературен јазик, Блаже КонеÑки, Култура- Скопје 1967
- ↑ Ðкадемик Божидар видоеÑки, КичевÑкиот говор. МЈ, 1957, VIII, 1, ÑÑ‚Ñ€. 31–90.
- ↑ Belić 1935: A. Belić, GaliÄki dijalekat, Srpski dijalektoloÅ¡ki zbornik, VII, Srpska kraljevska akademija, Belgrade – Sr. Karlovci, 1-352+IV
- ↑ The Radožda-VevÄani Dialect of Macedonian: Structure, Texts, Lexicon by P. Hendriks. The Slavic and East European Journal, Vol. 22, No. 1 (Spring, 1978), pp. 111–112
- ↑ A Comparative Historical Analysis of Nominal Accentuation in Archaic (MaleÅ¡evo) and Transitional (NiviÄino) Eastern Macedonian Dialects," in Proceedings of the Third North American-Macedonian Conference on Macedonian Studies. Indiana Slavic Studies 10:135–151. 1999
- ↑ МакедонÑките дијалекти во ЕгејÑка Македонија: (Обид за клаÑификација). МакедонÑките дијалекти во ЕгејÑка Македонија: научен Ñобир, Скопје 23–24 декември 1991. Скопје: ÐœÐÐУ, 1994, ÑÑ‚Ñ€. 23–60.
- 1 2 str. 249- 252 Makedonski jazik za srednoto obrazovanie- S. Bojkovska, D. Pandev, L. Minova-Ǵurkova, Ž.Cvetkovski- Prosvetno delo AD- Skopje 2001
- ↑ Trudgill P., 2000, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity". In: Stephen Barbour and Cathie Carmichael (eds.), Language and Nationalism in Europe, Oxford : Oxford University Press, p.259.
- ↑ Schmieger, R. 1998. "The Situation of the Macedonian Language in Greece: Sociolinguistic Analysis", International Journal of the Sociology of Language 131, 125–55.
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