Mannheim

This article is about the city in Germany. For other uses, see Mannheim (disambiguation).
Mannheim

View of Mannheim Palace

Flag
Coat of arms
Mannheim

Coordinates: 49°29′20″N 8°28′9″E / 49.48889°N 8.46917°E / 49.48889; 8.46917Coordinates: 49°29′20″N 8°28′9″E / 49.48889°N 8.46917°E / 49.48889; 8.46917
Country Germany
State Baden-Württemberg
Admin. region Karlsruhe
District urban district
Government
 • Lord Mayor Peter Kurz (SPD)
Area
 • City 144.96 km2 (55.97 sq mi)
Population (2013-12-31)[1]
 • City 296,690
 • Density 2,000/km2 (5,300/sq mi)
 • Metro 2,362,046[2]
Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Postal codes 68001–68309
Dialling codes 0621
Vehicle registration MA
Website www.mannheim.de
Mannheim on the Rhine and Neckar rivers
Aerial view of Mannheim, showing the grid layout

Mannheim (German pronunciation: [ˈmanhaɪm]  listen , Palatine German: Monnem or Mannem) is a city in the southwestern part of Germany, the third-largest in the German state of Baden-Württemberg after Stuttgart and Karlsruhe. Mannheim is among the twenty largest cities in Germany, with a 2012 population of approximately 295,000 inhabitants. The city is at the centre of the larger densely populated Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region which has a population of 2,400,000[3] and is Germany's eighth-largest metropolitan region.

Mannheim is located at the confluence of the Rhine and the Neckar in the northwestern corner of Baden-Württemberg. The Rhine separates Mannheim from the city of Ludwigshafen, just to the west of it in Rhineland-Palatinate, and the border of Baden-Württemberg with Hesse is just to the north. Mannheim is downstream along the Neckar from the city of Heidelberg.

Mannheim is unusual among German cities in that its streets and avenues are laid out in a grid pattern, leading to its nickname "die Quadratestadt" ("city of the squares"). The eighteenth century Mannheim Palace, former home of the Prince-elector of the Palatinate, now houses the University of Mannheim.

The city is home to major corporations including Daimler, John Deere, Caterpillar, ABB, Fuchs Petrolub, IBM, Roche, Reckitt Benckiser, Unilever, Phoenix Group, Siemens, and several other well-known companies. In addition, Mannheim's SAP Arena is not only the home of the German ice hockey record champions the Adler Mannheim, but also the well-known handball team, the Rhein-Neckar Löwen. According to the Forbes magazine, Mannheim is known for its exceptional inventive power and was ranked 11th among the Top 15 of the most inventive cities worldwide.[4][5] The New Economy Magazine elected Mannheim under the 20 cities that best represent the world of tomorrow emphasizing Mannheim's positive economic and innovative environment.[6] Since 2014, Mannheim has been a member of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network and holds the title of "Unesco City of Music".[7]

The city's tourism slogan is "Leben. Im Quadrat." (Life. Squared.). The civic symbol of Mannheim is der Wasserturm, a Romanesque water tower completed in 1886 that rises to 60 metres above the highest point of the art nouveau area Friedrichsplatz. Mannheim is the starting and finishing point of the Bertha Benz Memorial Route.

History

Early history

The name of the city was first recorded as Mannenheim in a legal transaction in 766, surviving in a twelfth-century copy in the Codex Laureshamensis from Lorsch Abbey. The name is interpreted as "the home of Manno", a short form of a Germanic name such as Hartmann or Hermann.[8] Mannheim remained a mere village throughout the Middle Ages.

Early Modern Age

In 1606, Frederick IV, Elector Palatine started building the fortress of Friedrichsburg and the adjacent city centre with its grid of streets and avenues. On January 24, 1607, Frederick IV gave Mannheim the status of a "city", whether it really was one by then or not.

Mannheim was mostly leveled during the Thirty Years War circa 1622 by Johan Tilly's troops. After being rebuilt, it was severely damaged again in 1689 during the Nine Years' War by the French Army.

After the rebuilding of Mannheim that began in 1698, the capital of the Electorate of the Palatinate was moved from Heidelberg to Mannheim in 1720. At this time Karl III Philip, Elector Palatine began the construction of the Mannheim Palace and the Jesuit Church. These were completed in the year 1760.

18th and 19th centuries

Mannheim in 1758
Historical map of Mannheim in 1880

During the eighteenth century, Mannheim was the home of the "Mannheim School" of classical music composers. Mannheim was said to have one of the best court orchestras in Europe under the leadership of the conductor Carlo Grua. The royal court of the Palatinate left Mannheim in 1778. In 1802, two decades later, Mannheim was removed from the Palatinate and given to the Grand Duchy of Baden.

Wasserturm (water tower), Mannheim's landmark

In 1819, Norwich Duff wrote of Mannheim:

Mannheim is in the Duchy of Baden and situated at the confluence of the Rhine and Neckar over both of which there is a bridge of boats. This is the third town of this name having been twice burnt. The houses are large, and the streets broad and at right angles to each other, and is one of the most airy clean towns I have seen in Germany. It was formerly fortified, but the fortifications were raised in 1806 and gardens fill their places. There is a large château here belonging to the Grand Duke and a very good garden; part of the château was destroyed when the town was bombarded and has never since been repaired, the other part is occupied by the Grand Duchess widow of the late Grand Duke who was succeeded by his uncle having left only three daughters. She is the sister of Eugene Beauharnais [sic, in fact, she was his second cousin]. There is a cathedral, a theatre which is considered good, an observatory, a gallery of pictures at the château, and some private collections. About two km (one mile) below the town the Russian Army crossed the Rhine in 1813. Population 18,300.

“
”

In 1819, August von Kotzebue was assassinated in Mannheim.

The climate crisis of 1816-17 caused famine and the death of many horses in Mannheim. That year Karl Drais invented the first bicycle.

Infrastructure improvements included the establishment of Rhine Harbour in 1828 and construction of the first Baden railway, which opened from Mannheim to Heidelberg in 1840. Influenced by the economic rise of the middle class, another golden age of Mannheim gradually began. In the March Revolution of 1848, the city was a centre for political and revolutionary activity.

In 1865, Friedrich Engelhorn founded the Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik (Baden Aniline and Soda Factory, BASF) in Mannheim, but the factory was constructed across the Rhine in Ludwigshafen because people of Mannheim feared air pollution from its operations. From this dye factory, BASF has developed into the largest chemical company in the world. After opening a workshop in Mannheim during 1871 and patenting engines from 1878, in 1886, Karl Benz patented the first motor car. He was born in Mühlburg (now a borough of Karlsruhe).

Early 20th century and World War I

The Schütte-Lanz company, founded by Karl Lanz and Johann Schütte in 1909, built 22 airships. The company's main competitor was the Zeppelin works.

When World War I broke out in 1914, Mannheim's industrial plants played a key role in Germany's war economy. This contributed to the fact that, on 27 May 1915, Ludwigshafen was the world's first civilian settlement behind the battle lines to be bombed from the air. French aircraft attacked the BASF plants, thereby killing twelve people. The precedent was set for this attack by Germany's repeated air raids against British civilian populations throughout southeastern Britain during the first half of 1915.

When Germany lost the war in 1918, according to the peace terms, the left bank of the Rhine was occupied by French troops. The French occupation lasted until 1930, and some of Ludwigshafen's most elegant houses were erected for the officers of the French garrison.

Inter-war period

After the First World War, the Heinrich Lanz Company built the Bulldog, an advanced tractor, powered by heavy oil. As a result of the invention of the pre-combustion chamber by Prosper L'Orange, Benz & Cie. developed the world's first compact diesel-powered car at its motor works in Mannheim in 1923. In 1922, the Grosskraftwerk Mannheim (Mannheim large power station) was opened. By 1930, the city, along with its sister city of Ludwigshafen, which had developed out of the old Mannheim Rheinschanze, had a population of 385,000.

World War II

US troops in street fighting in Mannheim, 1945

During the Third Reich, at least 2,262 of Mannheim's Jews were despatched for extermination.[9] Air raids on Mannheim almost completely destroyed the city during the Second World War. Since Mannheim was an important industrial centre for Nazi Germany, Mannheim was heavily damaged during aerial bombing by the R.A.F. and the U.S. Air Force. In addition to bombing the important factories, the R.A.F. razed the city center of Mannheim with nighttime area bombing. Some sources state that the first deliberate "terror bombing" of German civilians by the R.A.F. occurred at Mannheim on December 16, 1940.[10]

The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Mannheim in late March 1945, which was potentially well-defended by German forces, however, they suddenly abandoned the city and the U.S. 44th Infantry Division entered unopposed on 29 March 1945.[11] There has been a large American military presence in the Mannheim area ever since (see United States military installations below).

1950s to 1980s

Victoria Tower (Victoria-Turm)
The Wasserturm Garden

Rebuilding of the city began laboriously. Mannheim Palace and the water tower (Wasserturm) eventually were rebuilt and the National Theatre was replaced by a new building at a new location. At the old location there is a monument to Friedrich Schiller and the Zum Zwischen-Akt pub. The housing shortage led to the development of many new residential areas.

In 1964, the City Hospital (Städtische Krankenhaus) became part of the Neckar Faculty of Heidelberg University for Clinical Medicine in Mannheim. In 1967, the University of Mannheim was established in the city.

In 1975, the Bundesgartenschau (Federal horticulture show) was celebrated in Luisen and Herzogenried parks. A number of pieces of infrastructure were developed for the show: the telecommunications tower and a second bridge across the Rhine were built, the pedestrian zone was established, the new Rosengarten conference centre was opened and the Aerobus was installed as a temporary transport system.

A number of major projects were completed in the 1980s and 1990s: a planetarium, an extension to the art gallery, the new Reiß Museum, Stadthaus, a new May Market ground, synagogue, mosque, State Museum for Technology and Work, Carl-Benz stadium and the Fahrlach tunnel were opened.

Mannheim has lost many industrial jobs, although in the recent past the city was economically dominated by manufacturing. The city tried in the past to prevent the establishment of service providers by designating some locations as industrial areas. A prime example of the current trend is the construction of the Victoria Tower (Victoria-Turm) in 2001, one of the tallest buildings in the city, on railway land.

Post-reunification

In 2007, Mannheim celebrated its 400th anniversary with a series of cultural and other events spread over the whole year. The 400th anniversary proper was in 2006, since Frederick IV, Elector Palatine laid the foundations of the Mannheim citadel, on 17 March 1606. In preparation for the anniversary, some urban activities were implemented, beginning in 2000: the building of the SAP Arena with access to the city’s new eastern ring road, the rehabilitation of the pedestrian zone in Breite Straße, the arsenal and the palace, the complete transformation of the old fair ground and the new Schafweide tram line. The concept of the anniversary of the city aimed at a diverse range of events without a dominant central event.

Demographics

The following list shows significant minority groups in the city of Mannheim by nationalities.

Rank Nationality Population (2014)
1 Turkey 17,341
2 Italy 8,055
3 Poland 6,826
4 Bulgaria 4,763
5 Romania 3,750
6 Croatia 3,079
7 Greece 3,018
9 Spain 1,570
10 Serbia 1,501

Inventions

Some important inventions were made in Mannheim.

Politics

Town hall in E 5
City council in 2009

City council

The council has 48 seats and is elected by direct suffrage for five years. In the local elections in Baden-Württemberg, voters are allowed to take advantage of cumulative voting and vote splitting. Since the Second World War the SPD, except in the elections of 1999 and 2004, has received more votes than the CDU. The next municipal election will take place in 2019.

The outcome of the local elections of 25 May 2014 and the current members of the council is as follows:

City Council election 2014
SPD
27.3%
−3.3
13 seats
−3
CDU
26.1%
−2.6
12 seats
−3
Greens
16.3%
+0.4
8 seats
±0
Mannheim List
9.3%
+1.9
4 seats
+1
AfD
7.8%
+7.8
4 seats
+4
The Left
6.2%
+1.3
3 seats
+1
FDP
4.5%
−3.5
2 seats
−2
Mittelstand für Mannheim
1.4%
+1.4
1 seats
+1
NPD
1.1%
+1.1
1 seats
+1

The SPD, CDU, Greens, Mannheim List and AfD have official party status.

Mayor Peter Kurz

Mayor

The mayor is the head of the city council and chairman of the council, being selected by direct suffrage for a term of eight years. The current mayor is Peter Kurz (SPD), who was elected during 2007 with 50.53 percent on a turnout of 36.64 percent in the first round.

The city leaders since 1810 are:

  • 1810–1820: Johann Wilhelm Reinhardt
  • 1820–1832: Valentin Möhl
  • 1833–1835: Heinrich Andriano
  • 1836–1849: Ludwig Jolly
  • 1849–1852: Friedrich Reiß
  • 1852–1861: Heinrich Christian Diffené
  • 1861–1870: Ludwig Achenbach
  • 1870–1891: Eduard Moll
  • 1891–1908: Otto Beck
  • 1908–1913: Paul Martin
  • 1914–1928: Theodor Kutzer
  • 1928–1933: Hermann Heimerich (SPD)
  • 1933–1945: Carl Renninger (NSDAP)
  • 1945–1948: Josef Braun (CDU)
  • 1948–1949: Fritz Cahn-Garnier (SPD)
  • 1949–1955: Hermann Heimerich (SPD)
  • 1956–1972: Hans Reschke (independent)
  • 1972–1980: Ludwig Ratzel (SPD)
  • 1980–1983: Wilhelm Varnholt (SPD)
  • 1983–2007: Gerhard Widder (SPD)
  • since 2007: Peter Kurz (SPD)

Theatre

The National Theatre Mannheim was founded in 1779 and is the oldest "Stage" in Germany. In 1782 the premier of Die Räuber, written by Friedrich Schiller, was shown.

Recently, more smaller stages have opened, such as the Oststadt-Theater, the TIG7 (Theater im Quadrat G7), the Theater Oliv, the Freilichtbühne, the Theater31, the Theater ImPuls, the Theater Felina-Areal, the Mannheimer Puppenspiele, the Kleinkunstbühne Klapsmühl', Schatzkistl, and zeitraumexit.

Education

The University of Mannheim is one of Germany's younger universities. Although founded in 1967, it has its origins in the 1763-established Palatine Academy of Sciences and the former Handelshochschule. Situated in Mannheim Palace, it is Germany's leading university in business and economics and attracts students from around the world. Described by "Die Zeit" magazine as the 'Harvard of Germany' it is seen as the alma mater of German businessmen and women.

The University of Mannheim's main campus – the Palace in a 180-degree panoramic view

The university town also houses one of the medical schools of Heidelberg University, the Hochschule Mannheim, a branch of the Duale Hochschule of the State of Baden-Württemberg and several musical and theatrical academies, including the Pop Academy Mannheim, the Musikhochschule and the Theaterakademie. These institutions draw a large and diverse student body.

Dependents of U.S. military personnel attended Mannheim Elementary School until its closing in June 2012.[12] In the 1980s the school had 2,200 students.[13]

Climate

Climate data for Mannheim, Germany for 1981–2010 (Source: DWD)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.4
(61.5)		 20.2
(68.4)		 26.1
(79)		 32.0
(89.6)		 32.2
(90)		 36.6
(97.9)		 39.0
(102.2)		 39.8
(103.6)		 34.3
(93.7)		 28.5
(83.3)		 22.6
(72.7)		 17.5
(63.5)		 39.8
(103.6)
Average high °C (°F) 4.7
(40.5)		 6.7
(44.1)		 11.6
(52.9)		 16.2
(61.2)		 20.6
(69.1)		 23.7
(74.7)		 26.1
(79)		 25.9
(78.6)		 21.2
(70.2)		 15.3
(59.5)		 8.9
(48)		 5.3
(41.5)		 15.50
(59.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.8
(35.2)		 2.8
(37)		 6.7
(44.1)		 10.7
(51.3)		 15.2
(59.4)		 18.2
(64.8)		 20.3
(68.5)		 19.9
(67.8)		 15.6
(60.1)		 10.7
(51.3)		 5.7
(42.3)		 2.8
(37)		 10.85
(51.53)
Average low °C (°F) −1.3
(29.7)		 −0.8
(30.6)		 2.3
(36.1)		 5.0
(41)		 9.4
(48.9)		 12.4
(54.3)		 14.5
(58.1)		 14.2
(57.6)		 10.6
(51.1)		 6.7
(44.1)		 2.5
(36.5)		 -0.0
(32)		 6.28
(43.3)
Record low °C (°F) −18.7
(−1.7)		 −21.1
(−6)		 −13.6
(7.5)		 −6.4
(20.5)		 −0.1
(31.8)		 4.0
(39.2)		 4.7
(40.5)		 5.3
(41.5)		 2.5
(36.5)		 −5.0
(23)		 −8.7
(16.3)		 −18.3
(−0.9)		 −21.1
(−6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 40.9
(1.61)		 43.1
(1.697)		 50.8
(2)		 49.3
(1.941)		 72.5
(2.854)		 66.6
(2.622)		 76.0
(2.992)		 57.7
(2.272)		 54.1
(2.13)		 56.4
(2.22)		 53.5
(2.106)		 54.1
(2.13)		 675.0
(26.575)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 55.2 85.6 124.0 180.2 214.1 219.1 235.1 222.1 164.1 108.8 59.0 44.9 1,712.2
Source: Data derived from Deutscher Wetterdienst[14]

Mannheim is located in Germany's warmest region, the "Rhine shift". In summer, temperatures sometimes rise up to 35 °C (95 °F) and higher. The highest recorded temperature was 39.8 °C (104 °F) on August 7, 2015. The daily lows during heat waves can be very high by north European standards (around 25 °C / 77 °F). In comparison to other regions of Germany, Mannheim has a higher humidity in summer which causes a higher heat index. Snow is rare, even in the cold months. Precipitation occurs mostly during afternoon thunderstorms during the warmer period (average days of thunderstorms in a year is 40–50). Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).[15]

Main sights

Former City Hall and St. Sebastian's Church
University of Mannheim situated in the Mannheim Palace
Jesuit Church (background) and Sternwarte (defunct observatory; in the foreground)
At the Mannheim fair (Mannheimer Mess), Oct. 2014

Industry

The successor to the Karl Benz automobile manufacturing companies begun in Mannheim, Daimler AG, has had a large presence in Mannheim. Today, diesel engines and buses are assembled there. The Swiss Hoffmann–La Roche Diagnostic group (formerly known as Boehringer Mannheim) has its division headquarters in Mannheim. Additionally, the city also hosts large factories and offices of ABB, Alstom, BASF (Ludwigshafen), Bilfinger Berger, Bombardier, Fuchs Petrolub AG, John Deere, Siemens, SCA, Südzucker, and other companies.

U.S. Army locations

A number of U.S. Army Europe installations were located in and near Mannheim. The following locations provided services to and housed the "U.S. Army Garrison Mannheim" and other units of the U.S. Army. The U.S. Army Garrison Mannheim was formally deactivated on 31 May 2011.[16]

The following locations were part of the "U.S. Army Garrison Heidelberg" but were within the area of the city of Mannheim; They were vacated in 2010 and 2011:

All personnel of the U.S. Army military community will leave Mannheim by 2015, some of them moving to Wiesbaden. With the exception of four barracks, all other barracks formerly occupied by the U.S. military had been returned to the German state for conversion to civilian use in 2011.

Transport

Roads

Roadmap of Mannheim.

The Mannheim/Ludwigshafen area is surrounded by a ring of motorways connecting it to Frankfurt in the north, Karlsruhe in the south, Saarbrücken in the west and Nuremberg in the east.

Railway

Mannheim Hauptbahnhof (central station) is at the end of the Mannheim-Stuttgart high-speed rail line and is the most important railway junction in the southwest of Germany, served by ICE high-speed train system with connections to Frankfurt am Main / Berlin, Karlsruhe / Basel, and Stuttgart / Munich. A new high speed line to Frankfurt also is planned to relieve the existing Mannheim–Frankfurt railway.

River transport

Mannheim Harbour is the second largest river port in Germany.

Airports

Mannheim City Airport

Although Frankfurt International Airport is only 65 km (40 mi) to the north, at various times over the years there were daily passenger flights from Mannheim City Airport (IATA code MHG) to London, Dresden, Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, and Saarbrücken. Currently, scheduled commercial passenger flights are serving the airports Berlin-Tegel and Hamburg.

Local Public Transport

Local public transport in Mannheim includes the RheinNeckar S-Bahn, eleven tram lines, and numerous bus lines operated by Rhein-Neckar-Verkehr (Rhine-Neckar transport) (RNV).

The RheinNeckar S-Bahn, established in 2003, connects most of the Rhine-Neckar area including lines into the Palatinate, Odenwald, and southern Hesse. All S-Bahn lines run through Mannheim Hauptbahnhof, except S5. Further S-Bahn stations are at present Mannheim-Rangierbahnhof, Mannheim-Seckenheim, and Mannheim-Friedrichsfeld-Süd.

The 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) metre gauge integrated Mannheim/Ludwigshafen tramway network also extends to Heidelberg. It is operated by RNV, a company wholly owned by the three cities mentioned and a couple of municipalities in the Palatinate. RNV is the result of a merger on 1 October 2009 between the region's five former municipal transportation companies.[17] Interurban trams are operated by RNV on a triangular route between Mannheim, Heidelberg, and Weinheim that was originally established by the Upper Rhine Railway Company (Oberrheinische Eisenbahn, OEG), and the company also operates interurban trams between Bad Dürkheim, Ludwigshafen, and Mannheim. In the 1970s a proposal to build a U-Bahn out of the Mannheim and Ludwigshafen tramways was begun, but only small sections were built due to lack of funds. The only underground station in Mannheim is the Haltestelle Dalbergstraße. U-Bahn planning now has stopped. All public transport is offered at uniform prices set by the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Neckar (Rhine-Neckar transport union, VRN).

Sport

Carl-Benz-Stadion, the home stadium of SV Waldhof Mannheim

There are two nationally renowned football clubs in Mannheim, SV Waldhof Mannheim, who currently are playing in the 4th tier Regionalliga Südwest, but who have played in the top tier, the Bundesliga; and VfR Mannheim, winner of the German championship in 1949, now playing in the 5th tier Oberliga Baden-Württemberg.

The Adler Mannheim (formerly MERC, Mannheimer Eis- und Rollsport-Club) is an ice hockey team playing in the professional Deutsche Eishockey Liga, having won the championship a total of six times.

The city is home to the Mannheim Tornados, the oldest operational baseball and softball club in Germany. The Tornados play in the first division of the Baseball Bundesliga and have won the championship 11 times, more than any other club.[18]

In 2003 the American football club MTG Rhein-Neckar Bandits was founded. The Bandits are playing in the first German Football League which is called GFL1. In the summer about 500 people watch each game.

Rhein-Neckar-Loewen (Lions) are a handball team (formerly SG Kronau-Oestringen) playing in the professional German Handball League.

The WWE visited Mannheim in 2008 and grossed more than half a million dollars with over 6,500 fans attending the event.

UFC fighter Dennis Siver lives and trains in Mannheim.

Mannheim hosted the European Show Jumping Championships in 1997, and the FEI European Jumping Championships in 2007 [19] 14–19 August, in the MVV-riding stadium.

2002 Hobby Horse Polo was invented in Mannheim, evoking the classical rivalry towards "polite society" in Heidelberg.[20] [21][22]

International relations

Telecommunication tower and Luisenpark

Twin towns – Sister cities

Mannheim is twinned with:[23]

Famous people from Mannheim

Notes and References

  1. ↑ "Gemeinden in Deutschland mit Bevölkerung am 31. Dezember 2013 (Einwohnerzahlen auf Grundlage des Zensus 2011)". Statistisches Bundesamt (in German). 2014.
  2. ↑ "Rhine-Neckar: Rhine-Neckar in figures". 7 July 2015.
  3. ↑ "Metropolregion Rhein-Neckar". M-r-n.com. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
  4. ↑ "World's 15 Most Inventive Cities". Forbes.com. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
  5. ↑ "The Manhattan of Germany: the innovative Mannheim city". The New Economy. Retrieved 2014-03-23.
  6. ↑ "The rise of the smart city". The New Economy. Retrieved 2014-03-23.
  7. ↑ "Mannheim ist jetzt offiziell "Unesco City of Music"". RNZ. Retrieved 2014-12-27.
  8. ↑ Sonja Steiner-Welz, 400 Jahre Stadt Mannheim (Dokumente zur Stadtgeschichte). Band 1: bis zur Kaiserzeit, vol. 1, 2004, ISBN 978-3-936041-96-5, p. 41.
  9. ↑ Peter Kurz: Gedenken heute on Mannheim.de: "Bislang 2 262 Namen nennt die Liste der Mannheimer jüdischen Opfer, und sie ist noch nicht als vollständig anzusehen."
  10. ↑ Germany and the Second World War. Books.google.com. 2001-11-15. ISBN 978-0-19-822888-2. Retrieved 2011-04-07.
  11. ↑ Stanton, Shelby, World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939-1946 (Revised Edition, 2006), Stackpole Books.
  12. ↑ Casebeer, Elizabeth. "Mannheim Elementary closes doors after 66 years: Teachers, students all attend ceremony to say goodb." U.S. Army. June 14, 2012. Retrieved on November 16, 2015.
  13. ↑ Montgomery, Nancy. "Closing of bases in Mannheim ends special relationship between Germans, U.S. troops." Stars and Stripes. May 22, 2011. Retrieved on November 16, 2015.
  14. ↑ "Ausgabe der Klimadaten: Monatswerte". date=July 2014 source 2= "Dekadenrekorde".
  15. ↑ "Mannheim, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase.
  16. ↑ USAG BADEN-WÜRTTEMBERG PUBLIC AFFAIRS (9 June 2011). "Mannheim Deactivation Ceremony".
  17. ↑ "Press release announcing the merger to form RNV (German-language)". of 23 September 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-06. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ↑
  19. ↑ "FEI European Jumping Championship, Mannheim". Em2007.de. Retrieved 2011-04-07.
  20. ↑ Express June 23 2013
  21. ↑ Rheinpfalz July 25 2008
  22. ↑ SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg, Germany (27 September 2014). "Steckenpferdpolo: Trendsportart in Düsseldorf im Rheinpark". SPIEGEL ONLINE.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Partner und Freundesstädte". Stadt Mannheim (in German). Retrieved 2013-07-26.
  24. ↑ "Oraşe înfrăţite (Twin cities of Minsk) [via WaybackMachine.com]" (in Romanian). Primăria Municipiului Chişinău. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 2013-07-21.
  25. ↑ "Swansea - Wales :Mannheim.de". Mannheim City website. Mannheim City. 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2011.

Further reading

External links

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