MathML

MathML
Developed by	World Wide Web Consortium
Type of format	Markup language
Extended from	XML
Standard	W3C MathML

Mathematical Markup Language (MathML) is a mathematical markup language, an application of XML for describing mathematical notations and capturing both its structure and content. It aims at integrating mathematical formulae into World Wide Web pages and other documents. It is part of HTML5 and an ISO standard ISO/IEC DIS 40314 since 2015.

History

MathML 1 was released as a W3C recommendation in April 1998 as the first XML language to be recommended by the W3C. Version 1.01 of the format was released in July 1999 and version 2.0 appeared in February 2001.

In October 2003, the second edition of MathML Version 2.0 was published as the final release by the W3C math working group.

MathML was originally designed before the finalization of XML namespaces. However it was assigned a namespace immediately after the Namespace Recommendation was completed, and for XML use, the elements should be in the namespace with namespace URI http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML. When MathML is used in HTML (as opposed to XML) this namespace is automatically inferred by the HTML parser and need not be specified in the document.

MathML version 3

Version 3 of the MathML specification was released as a W3C Recommendation on 20 October 2010. A recommendation of A MathML for CSS Profile was later released on 7 June 2011;^[1] this is a subset of MathML suitable for CSS formatting. Another subset, Strict Content MathML, provides a subset of content MathML with a uniform structure and is designed to be compatible with OpenMath. Other content elements are defined in terms of a transformation to the strict subset. New content elements include <bind> which associates bound variables (<bvar>) to expressions, for example a summation index. The new <share> element allows structure sharing.^[2]

The development of MathML 3.0 went through a number of stages. In June 2006 the W3C rechartered the MathML Working Group to produce a MathML 3 Recommendation until February 2008 and in November 2008 extended the charter to April 2010. A sixth Working Draft of the MathML 3 revision was published in June 2009. On 10 August 2010 version 3 graduated to become a "Proposed Recommendation" rather than a draft.^[2]

The Second Edition of MathML 3.0 was published as a W3C Recommendation on April 10, 2014.^[3] The specification was approved as an ISO/IEC international standard 40314:2015 on June 23, 2015.^[4]

Presentation and semantics

MathML deals not only with the presentation but also the meaning of formula components (the latter part of MathML is known as “Content MathML”). Because the meaning of the equation is preserved separate from the presentation, how the content is communicated can be left up to the user. For example, web pages with MathML embedded in them can be viewed as normal web pages with many browsers, but visually impaired users can also have the same MathML read to them through the use of screen readers (e.g. using the MathPlayer plugin for Internet Explorer, Opera 9.50 build 9656+ or the Fire Vox extension for Firefox).

Presentation MathML

Presentation MathML focuses on the display of an equation, and has about 30 elements. The elements' names all begin with m. A Presentation MathML expression is built up out of tokens that are combined using higher-level elements, which control their layout (there are also about 50 attributes, which mainly control fine details).

Token elements generally only contain characters (not other elements). They include:

<mi>x</mi> – identifiers;
<mo>+</mo> – operators;
<mn>2</mn> – numbers.
<mtext>non zero</mtext> – text.

Note however that these token elements may be used as extension points, allowing markup in host languages. MathML in HTML5 allows most inline HTML markup in mtext, and

<mtext><b>non</b> zero</mtext>

is conforming, with the HTML markup being used within the MathML to mark up the embedded text (making the first word bold in this example).

These are combined using layout elements, that generally contain only elements. They include:

<mrow> – a horizontal row of items;
<msup>, <munderover> , and others – superscripts, limits over and under operators like sums, etc.;
<mfrac> – fractions;
<msqrt> and <mroot> – roots;
<mfenced> - surrounding content with fences, such as parentheses.

As usual in HTML and XML, many entities are available for specifying special symbols by name, such as π and &RightArrow;. An interesting feature of MathML is that entities also exist to express normally-invisible operators, such as ⁢ for implicit multiplication. They are: U+2061 FUNCTION APPLICATION; U+2062 INVISIBLE TIMES; U+2063 INVISIBLE SEPARATOR; and U+2064 INVISIBLE PLUS. The full specification of MathML entities is closely coordinated with the corresponding specifications for use with HTML and XML in general.

Thus, the expression $ax^{2}+bx+c$ requires two layout elements: one to create the overall horizontal row and one for the superscripted exponent. Including only the layout elements and the (not yet marked up) bare tokens, the structure looks like this:

    <mrow>
      a &InvisibleTimes; <msup>x 2</msup>
      + b &InvisibleTimes; x
      + c
    </mrow>

However, the individual tokens also have to be identified as identifiers (mi), operators (mo), or numbers (mn). Adding the token markup, the full form ends up as:

    <mrow>
      <mi>a</mi> <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo> <msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup>
      <mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo><mi>x</mi>
      <mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi>
    </mrow>

A valid MathML document typically consists of the XML declaration, DOCTYPE declaration, and document element. The document body then contains MathML expressions which appear in <math> elements as needed in the document. Often, MathML will be embedded in more general documents, such as HTML, DocBook, or other XML schemas. A complete document that consists of just the MathML example above, is shown here:

 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
  <!DOCTYPE math PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD MathML 2.0//EN"
           "http://www.w3.org/Math/DTD/mathml2/mathml2.dtd">
  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
    <mrow>
      <mi>a</mi>
      <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
      <msup>
        <mi>x</mi>
        <mn>2</mn>
      </msup>
      <mo>+</mo>
      <mi>b</mi>
      <mo>&InvisibleTimes; </mo>
      <mi>x</mi>
      <mo>+</mo>
      <mi>c</mi>
    </mrow>
  </math>

Content MathML

Content MathML focuses on the semantics, or meaning, of the expression rather than its layout. Central to Content MathML is the <apply> element that represents function application. The function being applied is the first child element under <apply>, and its operands or parameters are the remaining child elements. Content MathML uses only a few attributes.

Tokens such as identifiers and numbers are individually marked up, much as for Presentation MathML, but with elements such as ci and cn. Rather than being merely another type of token, operators are represented by specific elements, whose mathematical semantics are known to MathML: times, power, etc. There are over a hundred different elements for different functions and operators (see ).

For example, <apply><sin/><ci>x</ci></apply> represents $\sin(x)$ and <apply><plus/><ci>x</ci><cn>5</cn></apply> represents $x+5$ . The elements representing operators and functions are empty elements, because their operands are the other elements under the containing <apply>.

The expression $a x^2+b x+c$ could be represented as

<math>
    <apply>
        <plus/>
        <apply>
            <times/>
            <ci>a</ci>
            <apply>
                <power/>
                <ci>x</ci>
                <cn>2</cn>
            </apply>
        </apply>
        <apply>
            <times/>
            <ci>b</ci>
            <ci>x</ci>
        </apply>
        <ci>c</ci>
    </apply>
</math>

Content MathML is nearly isomorphic to expressions in a functional language such as Scheme. <apply>...</apply> amounts to Scheme's (...), and the many operator and function elements amount to Scheme functions. With this trivial literal transformation, plus un-tagging the individual tokens, the example above becomes:

  (plus
    (times a (power x 2))
    (times b x)
    c)

This reflects the long-known close relationship between XML element structures, and LISP or Scheme S-expressions.^[5]^[6]

Example and comparison to other formats

The well-known quadratic formula:

x=\frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}

would be marked up using LaTeX syntax like this:

x=\frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}

in troff/eqn like this:

x={-b +- sqrt{b sup 2 – 4ac}} over 2a

in Apache OpenOffice Math and LibreOffice Math like this (all three are valid):

x={-b plusminus sqrt {b^2 – 4 ac}} over {2 a}
x={-b +- sqrt {b^2 – 4ac}} over 2a
x={-b ± sqrt {b^2 – 4ac}} over 2a

in AsciiMath like this:

x=(-b +- sqrt(b^2 – 4ac))/(2a)

The above equation could be represented in Presentation MathML as an expression tree made up from layout elements like mfrac or msqrt elements:

<math mode="display" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
 <semantics>
  <mrow>
    <mi>x</mi>
    <mo>=</mo>
    <mfrac>
      <mrow>
        <mo form="prefix">&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo>
        <mi>b</mi>
        <mo>&#x00B1;<!-- &PlusMinus; --></mo>
        <msqrt>
          <msup>
            <mi>b</mi>
            <mn>2</mn>
          </msup>
          <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo>
          <mn>4</mn>
          <mo>&#x2062;<!-- &InvisibleTimes; --></mo>
          <mi>a</mi>
          <mo>&#x2062;<!-- &InvisibleTimes; --></mo>
          <mi>c</mi>
        </msqrt>
      </mrow>
      <mrow>
        <mn>2</mn>
        <mo>&#x2062;<!-- &InvisibleTimes; --></mo>
        <mi>a</mi>
      </mrow>
    </mfrac>
  </mrow>
  <annotation encoding="TeX">
     x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}
  </annotation>
  <annotation encoding="StarMath 5.0">
     x={-b plusminus sqrt {b^2 - 4 ac}} over {2 a}
  </annotation>
 </semantics>
</math>

This example uses the <annotation> element, which can be used to embed a semantic annotation in non-XML format, for example to store the formula in the format used by an equation editor such as StarMath or the markup using LaTeX syntax.

Although less compact than TeX, the XML structuring promises to make it widely usable and allows for instant display in applications such as Web browsers and facilitates an interpretation of its meaning in mathematical software products. MathML is not intended to be written or edited directly by humans.^[7]

Embedding MathML in HTML/XHTML files

MathML, being XML, can be embedded inside other XML files such as XHTML files using XML namespaces. Recent browsers such as Firefox 3+ and Opera 9.6+ (support incomplete) can display Presentation MathML embedded in XHTML.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html  PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1 plus MathML 2.0//EN"
  "http://www.w3.org/Math/DTD/mathml2/xhtml-math11-f.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en">
  <head>
    <title>Example of MathML embedded in an XHTML file</title>
    <meta name="description" content="Example of MathML embedded in an XHTML file"/>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1>Example of MathML embedded in an XHTML file</h1>
    <p>
      The area of a circle is 
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
        <mi>&#x03C0;<!-- π --></mi>
        <mo>&#x2062;<!-- &InvisibleTimes; --></mo>
        <msup>
          <mi>r</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
        </msup>
      </math>.
    </p>
  </body>
</html>

A rendering of the formula for a circle in MathML+XHTML using Firefox 22 on Mac OS X

Inline MathML is also supported in HTML5 files in the current versions of WebKit (Safari), Gecko (Firefox). There is no need to specify namespaces like in the XHTML.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8">
    <title>Example of MathML embedded in an HTML5 file</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1>Example of MathML embedded in an HTML5 file</h1>
    <p>
      The area of a circle is 
      <math>
        <mi>&pi;</mi>
        <mo>&InvisibleTimes;</mo>
        <msup>
          <mi>r</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
        </msup>
      </math>.
    </p>
  </body>
</html>

Software support

Web browsers

Of the major web browsers, Gecko-based browsers (e.g., Firefox and Camino) have the most complete native support for MathML.^[8]^[9]

While the WebKit layout engine has a development version of MathML,^[10] this feature is only available in version 5.1 and higher of Safari,^[11] Chrome 24^[12]^[13] but not in later versions of Chrome.^[14] Google removed support of MathML claiming architectural security issues and low usage do not justify their engineering time.^[15] As of October 2013, the WebKit/Safari implementation has numerous bugs.^[16]

Opera, between version 9.5 and 12, supports MathML for CSS profile,^[17]^[18] but is unable to position diacritical marks properly.^[19] Prior to version 9.5 it required User JavaScript or custom stylesheets to emulate MathML support.^[20] Starting with Opera 14, Opera drops support for MathML by switching to the Chromium 25 engine.^[21]

Internet Explorer does not support MathML natively. Support for IE6 through IE9 can be added by installing the MathPlayer plugin.^[22] IE10 has some crashing bugs with MathPlayer and Microsoft decided to completely disable in IE11 the binary plug-in interface that MathPlayer needs.^[23] MathPlayer has a license that may limit its use or distribution in commercial webpages and software. Using or distributing the MathPlayer plugin to display HTML content via the WebBrowser control in commercial software may also be forbidden by this license.

The KHTML-based Konqueror currently does not provide support for MathML.^[24]

The quality of rendering of MathML in a browser depends on the installed fonts. The STIX Fonts project have released a comprehensive set of mathematical fonts under an open license. The Cambria Math font supplied with Microsoft Windows had a slightly more limited support.^[25]

According to a member of the MathJax team, none of the major browser makers paid any of their developers for any MathML-rendering work; whatever support exists is overwhelmingly the result of unpaid volunteer time/work.^[26]

Editors

Some editors with native MathML support (including copy and paste of MathML) are MathFlow and MathType from Design Science, MathMagic, Publicon from Wolfram Research, and WIRIS.^[27] Full MathML editor list at W3C.^[28]

MathML is also supported by major office products such as Apache OpenOffice (via OpenOffice Math), LibreOffice (via LibreOffice Math), Calligra Suite (former KOffice), and MS Office 2007, as well as mathematical software products such as Mathematica, Maple and the Windows version of the Casio ClassPad 300. The W3C Browser/Editor Amaya can also be mentioned as a WYSIWYG MathML-as-is editor.

Firemath, an addon for Firefox, provides a WYSIWYG MathML editor.

Most editors will only produce presentation MathML. The MathDox formula editor is an OpenMath editor also providing presentation and content MathML. Formulator MathML Weaver uses WYSIWYG style to edit Presentation, Content and mixed markups of MathML.

Handwriting recognition

Web Equation can convert handwriting to MathML. Windows 7 has a built-in tool called Math Input Panel. It converts handwriting to MathML.^[29] (Unlike the Microsoft Office suite, the Math Input Panel does not use the OMML format, but Office applications can convert/paste from MathML into their preferred internal format.) The underlying technology is also exposed for use in other applications as an ActiveX control called Math Input Control^[30] but it should be noted that ActiveX is now deprecated and will not necessarily have support in future Microsoft software such as their browser Microsoft Edge.

Conversion

Several utilities for converting to and from MathML are available. W3.org maintains a list of MathML related software for download.^[31]

Web conversion

ASCIIMathML^[32] provides a JavaScript library to rewrite a convenient Wiki-like text syntax used inline in web pages into MathML on the fly; it works in Gecko-based browsers, and Internet Explorer with MathPlayer. LaTeXMathML^[33] does the same for (a subset of) the standard LaTeX mathematical syntax. ASCIIMathML syntax would also be quite familiar to anyone used to electronic scientific calculators.

MathJax, a JavaScript library for inline rendering of mathematical formulae expressed in LaTeX/AsciiMath/MathML, can also be used to translate LaTeX or AsciiMath into MathML for direct interpretation by the browser.^[34]^[35]

Equation Server for .NET from soft4science can be used on the server side (ASP.NET) for TeX-Math^[36] (Subset of LaTeX math syntax) to MathML conversion. It can also create bitmap images (Png, Jpg, Gif, etc.) from TeX-Math or MathML input.

jqMath^[37] is a JavaScript module that dynamically converts a simple TeX-like syntax to MathML if the browser supports it, else simple HTML and CSS.

LaTeXML is a full reimplementation of the TeX typesetting system, capable of converting LaTeX documents to HTML and ePub, optionally either using MathML or converting mathematical expressions to PNG or SVG images. It is one of few tools that also provide optional Content MathML output for the converted equations.

Support of software developers

Support of MathML format accelerates software application development in such various topics, as computer-aided education (distance learning, electronic textbooks and other classroom materials); automated creation of attractive reports; computer algebra systems; authoring, training, publishing tools (both for web and desktop-oriented), and many other applications for mathematics, science, business, economics, etc. Several software vendors propose a component edition of their MathML editors, thus providing the easy way for software developers to insert mathematics rendering/editing/processing functionality in their applications. For example, Formulator ActiveX Control from Hermitech Laboratory can be incorporated into an application as a MathML-as-is editor, Design Science offer a toolkit for building web pages that include interactive math (MathFlow Developers Suite,^[38]).

Other standards

Another standard called OpenMath that has been designed (largely by the same people who devised Content MathML) more specifically for storing formulae semantically can also be used to complement MathML. OpenMath data can be embedded in MathML using the <annotation-xml encoding="OpenMath"> element. OpenMath content dictionaries can be used to define the meaning of <csymbol> elements. The following would define P₁(x) to be the first Legendre polynomial

<apply>
  <csymbol encoding="OpenMath" definitionURL="http://www.openmath.org/cd/contrib/cd/orthpoly1.xhtml#legendreP">
    <msub><mi>P</mi><mn>1</mn></msub>
  </csymbol>
  <ci>x</ci>
</apply>

The OMDoc format has been created for markup of larger mathematical structures than formulae, from statements like definitions, theorems, proofs, or example, to theories and text books. Formulae in OMDoc documents can either be written in Content MathML or in OpenMath; for presentation, they are converted to Presentation MathML.

The ISO/IEC standard Office Open XML (OOXML) defines a different XML math syntax, derived from Microsoft Office products. However, it is partially compatible^[39] through relatively simple XSL Transformations.

References

↑ "A MathML for CSS Profile". W3C. 7 June 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
1 2 Mathematical Markup Language Version 3.0 W3C Recommendation. W3.org. Retrieved on 9 May 2012.
↑ MathML Version 3.0 2nd Edition. W3.org. Retrieved on 8 July 2014.
↑ W3C MathML 3.0 Approved as ISO/IEC International Standard. W3.org. Retrieved on July 12, 2015.
↑ Steven DeRose. The SGML FAQ Book: Understanding the Relationship of SGML and XML, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997. ISBN 978-0-7923-9943-8.
↑ Canonical S-expressions#cite note-0
↑ Buswell, Steven; Devitt, Stan; Diaz, Angel; et al. (7 July 1999). "Mathematical Markup Language (MathML) 1.01 Specification (Abstract)". Retrieved 26 September 2006. While MathML is human-readable it is anticipated that, in all but the simplest cases, authors will use equation editors, conversion programs, and other specialized software tools to generate MathML.
↑ Wang, Frédéric, Mozilla MathML Status, Mozilla
↑ Sidje, Roger B., Authoring MathML for Mozilla, Mozilla
↑ Bug 3251 – Implement MathML (master bug), WebKit
↑ Safari 5.1 and math
↑ MathML Support Coming To Chrome, BrowserFame, retrieved 16 October 2012
↑ Stable Chrome 24 supports MathML and closes security holes, The H Online, retrieved 11 January 2013
↑ Stable Channel Update, retrieved 7 April 2013
↑ "Google subtracts MathML from Chrome, and anger multiplies". CNET. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
↑ Frédéric Wang. "Funding MathML Developments in Gecko and WebKit - Blog de Frédéric". maths-informatique-jeux.com. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
↑ McCathieNevile, Charles (27 September 2007), Can Kestrels do Math? MathML support in Opera Kestrel, Opera
↑ Olsen, Tommy A. (16 November 2007), Even more work, Opera, archived from the original on 18 November 2007
↑ MathML – The Opera MathML blog. My.opera.com (1 November 2007). Retrieved on 9 May 2012.
↑ UserJS for MathML 2.0. My.opera.com. Retrieved on 9 May 2012.
↑ Opera 14 beta for Android is out, archived from the original on 2013-03-08
↑ MathPlayer – version history
↑ "Microsoft cripples the display of math in IE10 & 11". dessci.com. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
↑ Bug 30526 – MathML support for Konqi
↑ Vismor, Timothy, Viewing Mathematics on the Internet, retrieved 13 April 2011
↑ Peter Krautzberger. "MathML forges on". oreilly.com. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
↑ WIRIS editor page describing the use of MathML. Wiris.com. Retrieved on 9 May 2012.
↑ MathML Software – Editors at W3C. W3.org (24 April 2012). Retrieved on 9 May 2012.
↑ "Use Math Input Panel to write and correct math equations". windows.microsoft.com. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
↑ David Hutchison; Jacques Carette; Claudio Sacerdoti Coen (2009). Intelligent Computer Mathematics: 16th Symposium, Calculemus 2009, 8th International Conference, MKM 2009, Grand Bend, Canada, July 6-12, 2009, Proceedings. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 29. ISBN 978-3-642-02614-0.
↑ "MathML Implementations". w3.org. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
↑ ASCIIMathML: Math on the web for everyone. .chapman.edu. Retrieved on 9 May 2012.
↑ LaTeXMathML: a dynamic LaTeX mathematics to MathML converter. Maths.nottingham.ac.uk. Retrieved on 9 May 2012.
↑ MathJax MathML Support. Mathjax.org. Retrieved on 9 May 2012.
↑ Cuellar, Autumn; Topping, Paul (June 2013), "What you need to know about the Maths Stack", XML London 2013: 63–68, doi:10.14337/XMLLondon13.Cuellar01, ISBN 978-0-9926471-0-0
↑ TeX-Math. TeX-Math. Retrieved on 9 May 2012.
↑ jqMath – Put Math on the Web. Mathscribe.com. Retrieved on 15 July 2015.
↑ MathFlow. Dessci.com. Retrieved on 9 May 2012.
↑ David Carlisle (9 May 2007), XHTML and MathML from Office 2007, David Carlisle, retrieved 20 September 2007

External links

W3C Math Home — Contains the specifications, a FAQ, and a list of supporting software.
Pavi, Sandhu (December 12, 2002). "The Mathml Handbook". Charles River Media. Retrieved 2015-10-02.

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

Products and
standards

Recommendations	ARIA Canonical XML CDF CSS DOM Geolocation API HTML (HTML5) ITS MathML OWL P3P PLS RDF RDF Schema SISR SKOS SMIL SOAP SRGS SRI SSML SVG SCXML SPARQL Timed text VoiceXML Web storage WSDL XForms XHTML XHTML+RDFa XInclude XLink XML XML Base XML Encryption XML Events XML Information Set XML namespace XML Schema XML Signature XOP XPath XPath 2.0 XPointer XProc XQuery XSL XSL-FO XSLT (elements)

Notes	XAdES XHTML+SMIL XUP

Working drafts	CCXML CURIE EME InkML JSON-LD MSE RIF SMIL Timesheets sXBL WICD XFDL XFrames XBL XMLHttpRequest

Guidelines	Web Content Accessibility Guidelines

Initiative	Multimodal Interaction Activity (MMI) Markup Validation Service Web Accessibility Initiative WebPlatform

Deprecated	C-HTML HDML JSSS PGML VML XHTML+MathML+SVG

Organizations

Advisory Committee (AC) World Wide Web Foundation

Elected groups	Advisory Board (AB) Technical Architecture Group (TAG)

Working groups	CSS HTML Geolocation Social Web SVG Web Hypertext Application Technology (WHATWG) Web Platform

Closed groups	Device Description (DDWG) WebOnt (Semantic Web Activity)

Software

CERN httpd Libwww

Browsers	Line Mode (1990–) Arena (1993–98) Agora (1994–97) Argo (1994–97) Amaya (browser/editor, 1996–2012)

Conferences

International World Wide Web Conference (IW3C)
- Steering Committee (IW3C2)
- First conference ("WWW1", 1994)

Web browsers

Features	Ad filtering Augmented browsing Bookmarks Bookmarklet Live bookmark Smart Bookmarks Browser extension Browser security Browser synchronizer comparison Cookies Download manager Favicon Incremental search Plug-in Privacy mode Tabs Universal Edit Button

Web standards	Acid tests Cascading Style Sheets HTML HTML5 JavaScript MathML OCSP SVG WebGL XHTML

Related topics	BrowserChoice.eu CRL HTTP HTTPS iLoo Internet suite Man-in-the-browser Mobile Web Offline reader PAC Pwn2Own Rich Internet application Site-specific browser SPDY SSL/TLS WebSocket Widget World Wide Web WPAD XML

Desktop

Blink-based	Chromium Chrome Dragon Opera Slimjet SRWare Iron UC Browser Vivaldi Yandex.Browser Sputnik

WebKit-based	Arora Avant Dooble Epic Flock Fluid iCab Konqueror Lunascape Maxthon Midori OmniWeb Origyn Web Browser QtWeb QupZilla rekonq Safari Shiira Sleipnir SlimBoat surf Torch Uzbl Web WebPositive xombrero

Trident-based	AOL Explorer Avant Deepnet Explorer GreenBrowser Internet Explorer Lunascape Maxthon MediaBrowser MenuBox NeoPlanet NetCaptor SlimBrowser SpaceTime UltraBrowser WebbIE ZAC Browser

Gecko-based	AT&T Pogo Avant Camino Firefox Conkeror GNU IceCat IceDragon Swiftfox Swiftweasel TenFourFox Timberwolf Tor Browser Waterfox xB Browser Galeon Ghostzilla K-Meleon Kazehakase Kirix Strata Lotus Symphony Lunascape Mozilla Beonex Communicator Classilla Netscape SeaMonkey

Text-based	ELinks Emacs/W3 Line Mode Browser Links Lynx Net-Tamer w3m

Other	abaco Amaya Arachne Arena Charon Dillo Gazelle IBM Home Page Reader IBrowse KidZui Microsoft Edge Mosaic Mothra NetPositive NetSurf Pale Moon

Mobile

WebKit-based	Android Browser BOLT Chrome Dolphin Browser Nintendo 3DS Internet Browser Maxthon Mercury Browser Nokia Browser for Symbian Opera Mobile Rockmelt Safari Silk Steel

Gecko-based	Firefox for mobile MicroB Minimo

Presto-based	Nintendo DS & DSi Browser Opera Mini

Other	Blazer CM Browser Deepfish Galio ibisBrowser Internet Explorer Mobile Iris Browser Konqueror Embedded Microsoft Edge NetFront Nokia Xpress Obigo Browser Skweezer Skyfire Teashark ThunderHawk UC Browser Vision WinWAP

Television and video game console

WebKit-based	Google TV NetFront Steam Overlay Wii U Internet Browser

Gecko-based	Kylo

Presto-based	Internet Channel

Blink-based	Android TV Amazon Fire TV

Other	Galio MSN TV

Software no longer in development shown in italics

Category
Commons
Internet portal
Software portal

Authority control	GND: 4812914-8

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Friday, April 01, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.

MathML

History

MathML version 3

Presentation and semantics

Presentation MathML

Content MathML

Example and comparison to other formats

Embedding MathML in HTML/XHTML files

Software support

Web browsers

Editors

Handwriting recognition

Conversion

Web conversion

Support of software developers

Other standards

See also

References

Further reading

Specifications

External links