Amol
| Amol آمل (Persian) | |
|---|---|
| City | |
| Ancient names: Amard, Amardi, Amardian, Amui, Haft Shahr, Tabaristan, Amele, Amol | |
  Amol | |
| Coordinates: 36°28′11″N 52°21′03″E / 36.46972°N 52.35083°ECoordinates: 36°28′11″N 52°21′03″E / 36.46972°N 52.35083°E | |
| Country |
 Iran |
| Province | Mazandaran |
| County | Amol |
| Bakhsh | Central |
| Incorporated (city) | 1923[1] |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Amir Soleimani[1] |
| Area | |
| • City | 21 km2 (8 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 76 m (249 ft) |
| Population (2012) | |
| • City | 224,160 |
| • Density | 11,000/km2 (28,000/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 364,692 |
| Time zone | IRST (UTC+3:30) |
| Postal code | 46131-46391[2] |
| Area code(s) | (+98) 11 |
| Website | amol.org.ir |
Amol (Persian: آمل – [ɒˈmol]; 
pronunciation ; also Romanized as Āmol and Amul)[3] is a city in and the administrative center of Amol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, the population of the city was 197,470, in 55,183 families.[4]
Amol is located on the Haraz river bank. It is less than 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of the Caspian sea and less than 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of the Alborz mountains. It is 180 kilometres (110 mi) from Tehran, and 60 kilometres (37 mi) west of the provincial capital, Sari.[3] Amol is a historic city, with its foundation dating back to the Amard.
Etymology and History
Pre-Islamic
Pishdadian and Amard
Some historians in the past have associated this ancient city with the periods of the first Persian mythological dynasties of Aryan people, the Pishdadians and the Kianians. Amol is an old city, with a history dating back to the Amards. Amards were the people inhabiting the area before the arrival of Aryans, who had migrated to and settled on the Iranian Plateau from the late 2nd millennium BCE to early 1st millennium BCE. Many scholars believe that the city's name is rooted in the word Amard (Amui in Pahlavi). According to historical literature, Amol was the capital of Mazandaran, at least in the period starting from Sassanid Empire to the Ilkhanate dynasty of Mongol Empire. Though they are a Median tribe, Herodotus names a tribe called Mardians as one of the ten to fifteen Persian tribes in Persis. It is now known that the only distinction between the Median Amardians and the Persian Mardians is the "A" in the beginning of Amardians, which would mean they are two different tribes.
Parthian Empire
During the age of the Parthian Empire, Amol was one of the centers of Iran.
Sassanian
According to historical literature, Amol was the capital of Mazandaran during the period starting from the 3rd century CE under Sassanian Empire to the 13/14th century CE under the Ilkhanate dynasty of Mongol Empire.
Islam
Amol, in the era of Alid dynasties of northern Iran and Marashis dynasty was the capital of Mazandaran. The inhabitants of Amol embraced Islam during the reign of Mahdi (775–785 CE), the Abbasid Caliph, after which Islamic structures came into focus. After the Mongol invasion, the region was subject to devastation and it was during this time that Sari was declared as capital. In the beginning of the 7th century AH (14th century CE), Hessam-edin Ardeshir changed the capital from Sari to Amol, and constructed his palace there. But in 795 AH (1392/1393 AD), the cities of Amol and Sary were plundered by Amir Teimoor Gurkani, and thereafter Amol suffered a setback. Today, Amol is a thriving modern metropolis.
Safavid
In time of the Safavid rulers of Mazandaran, Amol experienced a period of growth. Amol was the favorite dwelling of Abbas II of Persia, who often frequented it. At the time Amol was considered "the capital of the inhabited world" and acclaimed for its grandeur. Several bridges were built in the area, across the Haraz river, at this time.
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The extent of the Parthian Empire (shaded territory)
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Map of the Median Empire (600 BC) showing the relative locations of the Amardian tribe
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Map of the Alavid emirate with Amol as their capital
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Latin (1689): Sea Amard
20th century
Several leaders of the Iranian constitutional revolutions of 1905 and 1911 hailed from Amol. Molla Ali Kani, one Amoli reformist who led the people, had a great role in achievement to the goals of Iran's constitutional revolution.
The Jungle Uprising In 1982 of the Union of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran) mobilized its forces to jungles around Amol and started some wars against the Iranian government in those jungles. It finally organized a famous uprising on 25 January 1982. This uprising was a failure and most of the UIC leaders were hanged but the uprising itself became very famous and is well respected between some Iranian Leftist organizations.
21st century
Some of the most recent projects have been the complete restoration of the Bazaar and of the Imam Reza street, as well as a comprehensive plan for the preservation of the old city quarters. A lot of different construction projects are currently underway, which intend to modernize the city's infrastructure. In the last few years, many towers and boulevards were built in Amol.
In literature
The name "Amol" has come up 16 times in Shahnameh. In the Persian epic, Shahnameh, Mazandaran is mentioned in two different sections. The first mention is implicit, when Fereydun sets its capital in a city called Amol:
|
بیاراست گیتی بسان بهشت |
Arash story of the Shahnameh:
|
از آن خوانند آرش را کمانگیر |
Geography
Amol is located on the banks of the Haraz River (26 25'N 52 21'E) at an altitude of 76 m above sea. It is about 18 km from the Caspian Sea and about 10 km from the northern Alborz mountains. It is 180 km from the Iranian capital, Tehran, with a picturesque drive through Haraz Road. Sari, the capital of Mazandaran is 70 km east of Amol. Mount Damavand (5610 m), the highest peak in the Middle East, is located south of Amol.
Excavation sites
In recent years, on the excavation hill Qaleh Kesh, some ancient jewelry was discovered. Radiocarbon analysis revealed the background of the jewelery and objects to date from the 1st millennium BC, Bronze Age.
Events bitter Historical
- The war between the Sassanid dynasty and Iran's owners in Amol and Amol Gullies were completely destroyed.
- Flooding in Mount Dryouk, and the destruction of entire city.
- Dangerous diseases that plague the year 1198 AH
- Mongol invasion of Genghis Khan and his descendants to Tabarestan
- Amir Masoud attack in Amol
- Samanids attack on royan and Amol with Espahbodan
- Amir Timur war with the kings Marashis and killing people
- Shah Ismail and Shah Abbas Safavid wars attack the Amol and killing people
- Mohammad Khan Qajar attacked the larijan and Amol, killing people and destroy the city
Population
The population history of the city proper is as follows. All figures are official census figures from the Iranian Statistics Institute.[5]
| 1956 | 1966 | 1976 | 1986 | 1991 | 1996 | 2006 | 2012 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 22,251 | 40,076 | 68,963 | 118,242 | 139,923 | 159,092 | 197,470 | 224,160 |
Breakdown of 2006 census:[4]
| Total | Male | Female | Family |
|---|---|---|---|
| 197,470 | 98,337 | 99,133 | 55,183 |
Language, Religion, Timeline
Most Amoli people speak the Mazandarani language Tabari as a mother tongue; however, Persian is the most common language spoken in Iran and the lingua franca. At present, the majority of people are followers of Shia Islam. Amol, Mazandaran has its own calendar months in addition to the official Tabari calendar of the moon, used in the era of Yazdgerd.
Economy
Amol is the economic center of Mazandaran province, with Agriculture and Tourism being the base of the Amoli economy. Rice, grain, fruits, cotton, tea, sugarcane, and silk are produced in the lowland. Mineral water, meat, dairy, wood and ingots are the main manufacturing industry.
Culture
Amol is a center for Iranian culture and has produced a number of famous poets. Wool, felting, felt hat production and mat weaving are part of the Amoli culture. Barf Chal, Lochu Wrestling, Palm and Tiregān (Damavand national day) are local events held each year.
Amol old city
Old district of Amol
The main body of the old city of Amol is located in the old bazaar Amol.
Older neighborhoods
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Historical and natural attractions
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- Damavand Mountain is a stratovolcano which is the highest peak in Iran and the Middle East. It has a special place in Persian mythology and folklore.
- Tomb of Mir Bozorg (Qavam al-Din Marashi Mausoleum[6]
- Lar Dam
- Lar National Park
- Sasanian fire temple
- Naser-Ol-Hagh Kabir Mausoleum (Hasan al-Utrush Tomb tower)[7]
- Sayyid Haydar Amoli (Seyyed Setan Tomb tower)[8]
- Moalagh Bridge
- Davazdah Cheshmeh Bridge
- Waterfall Shahandasht
- Amol Bazaar [9]
- Museum of History
- Imamzadeh Ibrahim
- Malek Bahman Castle Shrine
- Shekel Shah (Relief Naser al-Din Shah Qajar)
- Jame Mosque
- Agha Abbas Mosque
- Yakhi Waterfall
- Waterfall Deryouk
- Shah Abbasi baths
- The Sasanian Road
- Tomb of Sultan Shahabuddin
- Village forest Blairan
- Village forest Alimastan
- Gol-e Zard Cave
- Ashraf Bath [10]
- Inn Kemboja
- House Manouchehri
- House Shafahi
- Heshtl Tower
- Sangi Bridge Polour
- Imam Hassan Askari Mosque
- Imamzadeh Qasem Shrine
- Imamzadeh Abdollah Shrine [11]
- Mohammad Taher Shrine[12]
- Ab ask Thermal Springs [13]
- Lake Sahon
- Ab Murad Waterfall
- Sang Darka Waterfall
- Dehkadeh Talaei Park
- Ghadamgah Khezr Nabi
- Amoloo Mineral Water Spring
- Forest Park Mirza Kuchik Khan Haraz
- Forest Park Halumsar
- Saghanefar Hendoukola
- Saghanefar Zarrin Kola
- Castle Kahrud
- Abegarm Rineh
- Hosseinieh of Amol
- Mir-Safi baths
- Tomb Darvish Sheikh Ismail
- Robat Sangi Polur
- Prairie anemone of Polur
- Ziaru Jungle
- Haj Ali Arbab House
- Do Berar Peak
- Ancient Hill Qaleh Kesh
- Larijan Thermal Spring
- Kolakchal Mountain
- Ghoredagh Mountain
- Municipal House
- Tekyeh Firuz Kola
- Pol-e Mun Castle
- Tekyeh Oji Abad
Climate
Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot-summer Mediterranean (Csa).[14]
| Climate data for Amol | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 13.1 (55.6) |
12.5 (54.5) |
12.4 (54.3) |
16.2 (61.2) |
23.7 (74.7) |
27.7 (81.9) |
28.7 (83.7) |
30.3 (86.5) |
25.9 (78.6) |
23.2 (73.8) |
18.9 (66) |
15.1 (59.2) |
20.64 (69.17) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 8.7 (47.7) |
8.1 (46.6) |
8.2 (46.8) |
11.9 (53.4) |
19.1 (66.4) |
21.9 (71.4) |
24 (75) |
25.4 (77.7) |
21.1 (70) |
18.4 (65.1) |
13.8 (56.8) |
10.2 (50.4) |
15.9 (60.61) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 4.4 (39.9) |
3.8 (38.8) |
4 (39) |
7.7 (45.9) |
14.6 (58.3) |
16.2 (61.2) |
19.3 (66.7) |
20.6 (69.1) |
16.3 (61.3) |
13.6 (56.5) |
8.7 (47.7) |
5.4 (41.7) |
11.22 (52.18) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 96 (3.78) |
80 (3.15) |
74 (2.91) |
69 (2.72) |
31 (1.22) |
27 (1.06) |
27 (1.06) |
36 (1.42) |
87 (3.43) |
97 (3.82) |
97 (3.82) |
108 (4.25) |
829 (32.64) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org, altitude: 96m[14] | |||||||||||||
Souvenir
- Rice (Berenj)
- Tursu (Torshi)
- Vegetable (Sabzi)
- Kilim (Gelim)
- Pottery (Sofalgari)
- Juglans (Gerdoo)
- Orange (Porteghal)
- Cherry (Gilas)
- Apple (Sib)
- Wood carving (Monabat Kari)
- Honey (Asal)
- Felt (Namad)
- Fruit preserves (Murraba)
- Local Bread (Nan Mahali)
- Pastry Ab dandan
- Pastry Āqooz kenna
- Pastry Saghe aroos
- Naz Khatoon
- Robb e Narenj
Food
- Kateh
- Kabab torsh
- Tah Chin
- Halva
- Peshte zik
- Alu Mosema
- Morq-e Torsh
- Shami Goosht
- Ash-e-Doogh
- Khoresh Aloo
- Mahi Shekam Por (Stuffed Fish)
- Morgh Shekam Por (Stuffed Chicken)
- Ordak Shekam Por (Stuffed Duck)
- Ispina-Saek
Transportation
Haraz Road (Road 77) is the most important road from Tehran to northern Iran (province of Mazandaran) besidesKaraj-Chaloos. This road passes from the valley of Haraz river and therefore is also known as Haraz Road between Amol and Rudehen. Haraz road is the nearest road to Mount Damavand, the highest peak in Iran and Middle East. Lar National Park is accessible via this road. The road is the shortest route from Tehran to the north (180 km). In recent years, some parts of the road have been widened and safety has been improved.
Notable people
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Science
In the 11th century AD, Nizam al-Mulk, in his famous book named "Seer-ul-moluok", recommended creation of modern institutions by the name of "nezamiyehs" with academic status in the large cities of the Islamic world, such as Balkh, Baghdad, Damascus, Neishabour, and Bukhara; the name of Amol was also included among them.
Higher education
Amol has three universities:
- Amol University of Special Modern Technologies the first and only state University of Amol www.ausmt.ac.ir
- Islamic Azad University of Amol International University The big University Middle East
- Shomal University Most of the Middle East
- Haraz University of Amol[15]
- Amol.ac[16]
- Mazandaran 5[17]
- Green University[18]
- PNU Amol[19]
- Sama College[20]
- Doctor College[21]
- INSTITO Pasteur D, Iran of Amol[22]
- Samangan institute[23]
Major corporations
- DESA (company) Iran Heavy Diesel Manufacturing Company DESA.
- Kalleh Company[24]
- FZ.CO Iran[25]
- Iranian Money Printing T A K A B[26]
- Broiler Production Integration[27]
- Abeskoon[28]
- NASAJI Babakan[29]
- Tanbaco Khazar[30]
- Polur Mineral Water Mazandaran[31]
- Nestle IRAN of the Amol[32]
- Garma Electric Garma Electric is a Persian E.P.C company.
As the administrative center of Amol county
Amol is the administrative center of Amol county.
