Molala

This article is about the Native American people. For their extinct language, see Molala language. For other uses, see Molalla (disambiguation).

The Molala (also Molale, Molalla, Molele) were a people of the Plateau culture area in central Oregon, United States. They are one of the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon, with 141 of the 882 members in the 1950s claiming Molala descent.

Language

The Molalla language was a member of the Plateau Penutian family. It was previously considered a language isolate. Molalla is now extinct.

History

The ancestral lands of the Molala people were located south of the Columbia River, with various areas occupied for seasonal resource exploitation. During the winter members of the nation resided in the vicinity of modern Tygh Valley.[1] During the spring Molalas moved to a site along the Deschutes River near what is now Antelope.[1] Stockpiles of fish would be gathered there, including the Sockeye salmon and Columbia River redband trout. Throughout the summer and autumn outside modern Wapinitia Molalas would dig for the tubers of camas and wapato, along with collecting regional berries.[1]

During the early 1800s,[1] the Molala nation was forcibly evicted across the Cascade mountains by the Tygh band of the Sahaptin-speaking Tenino people to the East.[2] Relocating to portions of the Willamette Valley, the Molala had to contend with groups of Cayuse warriors that occasionally attacked their settlements for slaves. During the last known Cayuse raid, likely in the late 1820s,[3] a Molala nobleman was killed. A Clackamas man was used an intermediary between local Molala soldiers and the Cayuse raiders to arrange for a second battle.[3] The fighting was likely held at Minto Pass,[4] lasted for two days, the Molalas considering it a victory.[3]

In 1848 Molala war chief Crooked Finger headed 150 warriors (Molala, Klamath, Umpqua, Rogue, Atsugewi, Achomawi, Modoc) against the white men in the Willamette Valley, but they were ambushed near the Butte Creek, and their village on the Abiqua Creek shore was attacked; Crooked Finger and his warriors took part in the Cayuse war, as allies of their kinsmen.

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 3 4 Verne F. Ray, George Peter Murdock, Beatrice Blyth, Omer C. Stewart, Jack Harris, E. Adamson Hoebel and D. B. Shimkin Tribal Distribution in Eastern Oregon and Adjacent Regions. American Anthropologist 40, No. 3 (1938), pp. 384-415.
  2. ↑ G.P. Murdoch, "The Tenino Indians," Ethnology, vol. 19 (1980), pp. 129-149; reprinted in Donald M. Hines, The Forgotten Tribes: Oral Tales of the Teninos and Adjacent Mid-Columbia River Nations (1991). Issaquah, WA: Great Eagle Publishing, 1997; pg. 24.
  3. 1 2 3 MacKey, Harold. New Light on the Molala Indians. Oregon Historical Quarterly 73, No. 1 (1972), pp. 63-65.
  4. ↑ Minto, John. Minto Pass: Its History, and an Indian Tradition. The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society 4, No. 3 (1903), pp. 241-250.

Further reading

External links

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