Mount Elbert

Mount Elbert

Mount Elbert seen from Turquoise Lake
Highest point
Elevation 14,440 ft (4401.2 m) [1] NAVD88
Prominence 9093 ft (2772 m) [2]
Isolation 671 mi (1079 km) [2]
Listing
Coordinates 39°07′04″N 106°26′43″W / 39.1177508°N 106.4453584°W / 39.1177508; -106.4453584Coordinates: 39°07′04″N 106°26′43″W / 39.1177508°N 106.4453584°W / 39.1177508; -106.4453584 [1]
Geography
Mount Elbert

Colorado

Location High point of Lake County and the State of Colorado, U.S.[2]
Parent range Highest summit of the
Rocky Mountains,
Southern Rocky Mountains,
Sawatch Range,
and Elbert Massif[2]
Topo map USGS 7.5' topographic map
Mount Elbert, Colorado[3]
Climbing
First ascent 1874 by Henry W. Stuckle
Easiest route trail Hike (class 1)

Mount Elbert is the highest summit of the Rocky Mountains of North America and the highest point in the U.S. state of Colorado and the entire Mississippi River drainage basin. The ultra-prominent 14,440-foot (4401.2 m) fourteener is the highest summit of the Sawatch Range and the second-highest summit in the contiguous United States after Mount Whitney. Mount Elbert is located in San Isabel National Forest, 12.1 miles (19.4 km) southwest (bearing 223°) of the City of Leadville in Lake County, Colorado, United States.[1][4][2][3]

The mountain was named in honor of Colorado statesman Samuel Hitt Elbert, who was active in the formative period of the State and was Governor of the Territory of Colorado 1873-1874. Henry W. Stuckle of the Hayden Survey was the first to record an ascent of the peak in 1874. The mountainous terrain is categorized as Class 1 to 2 Level or A+ in mountaineering parlance. Mount Elbert is referred to as the "gentle giant" that tops all others in the Rocky Mountains.

Geography

Mount Elbert is visible as an often snowcapped mountain southwest of Leadville.[5] Neighboring peak Mount Massive is the second highest peak in the Rocky Mountains and the third highest peak in the contiguous United States. Twin Lakes is close by, Denver is about 130 miles (209 km) away on its east, Vail is 50 miles (80 km) to the north, and Aspen is 40 miles (64 km) west. Leadville, about 16 miles (26 km) northeast, is the nearest large town.[6] The mountain lies within the San Isabel National Forest. In terms of Topographic isolation, the fourteeners in Colorado include Mount Massive to the north and La Plata Peak to the south. Elbert's parent peak is Mount Whitney in California.[7]

Originally measured as 14,433 feet (4,399 m) in height, it was measured at 14,440 feet (4,400 m) following a re-evaluation of mapped elevations, which sparked protests. The actual change was made in 1988 as a result of the North American Vertical Datum of 1988; it seems the original measurement resulted from the Sea Level Datum of 1929.[6][8][9] Mount Elbert is the fourteenth-highest mountain in the United States.[lower-alpha 1] There was an effort by a few local partisans to make adjacent Mount Massive the highest in Colorado by placing stone cairns at the top of the peak. However, the effort was unsuccessful and Mount Elbert has remained the highest peak in the state.[6]

Weather conditions often change rapidly, and afternoon thunderstorms are common in the summertime; hailstorms and snow are possible year round. An electrical storm on the mountain's summit was considered remarkable enough to be reported in the July 1894 issue of Science.[11]

Geology

Panoramic view of Mount Elbert in June

Mount Elbert is part of the Sawatch Range. This was uplifted as part of the Laramide Orogeny, and separated from the Mosquito Range to the east around 28 million years ago (ma).[12] The tops of this range were heavily glaciated, leaving behind characteristic summit features and other such clues. For example, the base of the mountain on the eastern side has large igneous and metamorphic rocks deposited when the glaciers receded, which lie on a lateral moraine. Further up the eastern side there is a large cirque with a small tarn.[13] There are also lakes to both the north and south, Turquoise and Twin, which were created due to the natural dam of end moraines,[13] although Turquoise Lake is created by the Sugar Loaf Dam.

The mountain is largely quartzite.[14] However, the summit ridge consists of metamorphic basement rock, which is Pre-Cambrian in origin and about 1.7 billion years old.[13] There are various igneous intrusions including pegmatite, as well as "bands" of gneiss and schist.[13] Unlike mountains of similar altitude elsewhere, Elbert lacks both a permanent snowpack and a prominent north-facing cirque, which can be attributed to its position amongst other mountains of similar height, receiving relatively small quantities of precipitation.[14]

History

Mount Elbert was named after Samuel Hitt Elbert

Mount Elbert was named by miners in honor of Samuel Hitt Elbert, the governor of the then Territory of Colorado, because he brokered a treaty in September 1873 with the Ute tribe that opened up more than 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km2) of Indian reservation to mining and railroad activity.[15] The peak was first climbed in 1874, by H.W. Stuckle, who was surveying the mountain as part of the Hayden Survey.[9]

A matter of some contention after the Great Depression arose over the heights of Elbert and its neighbor, Mount Massive, which have a height difference of only 12 feet (3.7 m). This led to an ongoing dispute that came to a head with the Mount Massive supporters building large piles of stones on the summit to boost its height, only to have the Mount Elbert proponents demolish them.[16] The first motorized ascent of Elbert occurred in 1949, when a Jeep was driven to the summit, apparently to judge suitability for skiing development.[16]

Flora and fauna

Platanthera hyperborea

The summit of Mount Elbert is an alpine environment, with plants such as Phacelia sericea (sky-pilot), Hymenoxys grandiflora (old-man-of-the-mountain), and Geum rossii (alpine avens).[9] Also noted are Carex atrata var. pullata, Salix desertorum, Platanthera hyperborea, Thalictrum fendleri, Aquilegia canadensis, Chenopodium album, Gentiana detonsa var. hallii, and Bigelovia parryi.[17] Below the treeline the mountain is heavily forested, with the lower slopes covered with a mixture of lodgepole pine, spruce, aspen and fir.[18]

Some of the fauna reported on the climb to the summit include bears (black bears), marmots, mule deer, pikas, pocket gophers; there are also many species of avifauna.[19] Elk, grouse, turkey and bighorn sheep are also present during the summer in the area.[18]

Ascents

The north-east ridge

There are three main routes which ascend the mountain, all of which gain over 4,100 feet (1,200 m) of elevation. The standard route ascends the peak from the east, starting from the Colorado Trail. The 4.6 miles (7.4 km) long North (Main) Elbert Trail begins close to the Elbert Creek Campground, and gains about 4,500 feet (1,400 m).[20][21] The trail is used by equestrians, mountain bikers and hunters during season. [22] An easier, but longer route, the South Elbert Trail, is 5.5 miles (8.9 km) long, climbing 4,600 feet (1,400 m) at a less punishing gradient than the North Elbert Trail, approaching from the south and then climbing the eastern ridge.[20] The most difficult is the Black Cloud Trail, a Class 2 climb that takes ten to fourteen hours depending on the pace, gaining 5,300 feet (1,600 m) in elevation, and also involves an ascent of the sub-peak, South Elbert, at 14,134 feet (4,308 m).[23] Even healthy and experienced climbers report experiencing great difficulty on this route, and despite the fact that there is a trail, the route is extremely steep, unstable, and rocky in places. The elevation gain is not evenly distributed on this route over the 5.5 mile ascent. There are also routes approaching from the western face, and southwestern ridge, from South Halfmoon Creek Trailhead and Echo Canyon Trailhead respectively.[23]

Although strenuous and requiring physical fitness, none of the conventional routes require specialist skills of mountaineering or technical rock climbing. The main dangers of the mountain are those of conditions–altitude sickness. This can affect anyone, even those who are acclimatized. In serious cases, it can lead to high-altitude pulmonary edema and cerebral edema, which can lead to difficulties with breathing, paralysis, and death. Climbers are recommended to set off at or before 6 a.m. Although the most conventional form of ascent is by hiking, Anna Elizabeth Dickinson, the orator, ascended the mountain on a mule borrowed from the U.S. government.[24]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ One source erroneously reports Mount Elbert as the third-highest in the United States.[10]

References

  1. 1 2 3 "MOUNT ELBERT". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Mount Elbert, Colorado". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
  3. 1 2 "Mount Elbert". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
  4. ↑ The elevation of Mount Elbert includes an adjustment of +1.995 m (+6.55 ft) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88.
  5. ↑ Cate Starmer (ed.). Colorado (9 ed.). Fodor's. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-4000-0415-7.
  6. 1 2 3 "Mount Elbert". Summitpost Organization. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
  7. ↑ Helman 2005.
  8. ↑ "No tall tale: State higher than thought". Denverpost. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  9. 1 2 3 Enright 2009, p. 12.
  10. ↑ Pettem, Sylvia (1991). Colorado Mountains & Passes: Day Trips in the Rockies (2 ed.). American Traveler Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-55838-117-9.
  11. ↑ Vetter 2011, p. 111.
  12. ↑ Hopkins & Hopkins 2000, p. 107.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Hopkins & Hopkins 2000, p. 110.
  14. 1 2 Kelsey 2001, p. 956.
  15. ↑ "Samuel Hitt Elbert". Colorado Governor's Index. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  16. 1 2 Dziezynski 2012, p. 153.
  17. ↑ Porter & Coulter 1874, pp. 2, 4, 64, 83, 111, 116, 128, 132–.
  18. 1 2 Holmes 1990.
  19. ↑ Holmes 1990, p. 189.
  20. 1 2 "Mount Elbert Trails (Fourteener)". US Dept. Agriculture. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
  21. ↑ Dziezynski 2012, p. 151.
  22. ↑ Gaug 2011, p. 124.
  23. 1 2 Roach 1999, pp. 93–8.
  24. ↑ Gallman 2006, p. 129.

Bibliography

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Tuesday, April 26, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.