Flag carrier

"National airline" redirects here. For a list of airline companies named National Airlines, see National Airlines (disambiguation).
This article is about transportation companies having flag carrier status. For a naval ship which carries the flag, see flagship. For a person who carries the flag, see Flag bearer. For other uses, see flag carrier (disambiguation).

A flag carrier is a transportation company, such as an airline or shipping company, that, being locally registered in a given state, enjoys preferential rights or privileges accorded by the government for international operations. The term also refers to any carrier that is or was owned by a government, even long after their privatization when preferential rights or privileges continue.[1]

Flag carriers may be known as such due to maritime law requiring all aircraft or ships to display the state flag of the country of their registry.[2]

A flag carrier (if it is a certificated airline rather than a holding company, conglomerate, or multinational private equity firm) may also be known as a national airline or a national carrier, although this can have different legal meanings in some countries.

Background

The first definition is rooted in the fact that pursuant to Article 17 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation aircraft have the nationality of the state in which they are registered.[3] U.S. law (14 CFR § 121.153 (a) (1)) requires American air carriers to operate aircraft registered in the United States and most countries have similar laws.[4] Thus when an airline operates an international route, between two countries, having been designated[5] pursuant to a Bilateral Air Transport Agreement any crime that would be committed on board would be prosecuted under the laws of the airline's state. Article 3 (1) of Tokyo Convention declares that "The State of registration [of the aircraft] is competent to exercise jurisdiction over “offenses and acts committed on board.”" Therefore the aircraft is truly carrying the flag of its country.[6] The American definition of "U.S.-flag air carrier service" contained in 48 CFR 47.403-1.[7] is based on this first definition. The U.S. requirements under the Fly America Act,[8] are consistent with requiring that Title 18 of the United States Code (U.S. Criminal Law) would protect U.S. government employees on flights to foreign countries.

A Boeing 747-400 of UK flag carrier British Airways departs London Heathrow Airport (2015)

The second and more broadly used definition of "flag carrier" is a legacy of the time when countries established state-owned airline companies. Governments then took the lead due to the high capital costs of establishing and running airlines. However, not all such airlines were government-owned; Pan Am, TWA, Cathay Pacific, Union de Transports Aériens, Canadian Pacific Air Lines and Olympic Airlines were all privately owned. Most of these were considered to be flag carriers[9] as they were the "main national airline"[10] and often a sign of their country's presence abroad.[11][12]

The heavily regulated aviation industry also meant aviation rights are often negotiated between governments, denying airlines the right to an open market. These Bilateral Air Transport Agreements similar to the Bermuda I and Bermuda II agreements specify rights awardable only to locally registered airlines, forcing some governments to jump-start airlines to avoid being disadvantaged in the face of foreign competition. Some countries also establish flag carriers such as Israel's El Al[13] or Lebanon's Middle East Airlines[14] for nationalist reasons, or to aid the country's economy, particularly in the area of tourism.[15]

In many cases, governments would directly assist in the growth of their flag carriers typically through subsidies and other fiscal incentives. The establishment of competitors in the form of other locally registered airlines may be prohibited, or heavily regulated to avoid direct competition.[16] Even where privately run airlines may be allowed to be established, the flag carriers may still be accorded priority, especially in the apportionment of aviation rights to local or international markets.[17]

In the last two decades, however, many of these airlines have since been corporatized as a public company or a state-owned enterprise, or completely privatized.[18] The aviation industry has also been gradually deregulated and liberalized,[19] permitting greater freedoms of the air particularly in the United States and in the European Union with the signing of the Open Skies agreement.[20] One of the features of such agreements is the right of a country to designate multiple airlines to serve international routes with the result that there is no single "flag carrier".[21]

List of flag-carrying airlines

The chart below lists airlines considered to be a "flag carrier", based on current or former state ownership, or other verifiable designation as a national airline.

Country/Region Airline Details of current state ownership Details of former state ownership
 Afghanistan Ariana Afghan Airlines[22] Majority[23]
 Algeria Air Algérie[24] State-owned[25]
 Angola TAAG Angola Airlines[26] Majority[27]
 Argentina Aerolíneas Argentinas[28] State-owned[28]
 Australia Qantas[29] None State-owned until 1992.[30]
 Austria Austrian Airlines[31] None – owned by Lufthansa[32] State-owned until 5 December 2008.[33]
 Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Airlines[34]
 Bahamas Bahamasair[35] State-owned
 Bahrain Gulf Air[36]
 Bangladesh Biman Bangladesh Airlines[37] Public-limited company State-owned until 23 July 2007.
 Belarus Belavia[38] State-owned[39]
 Belgium Brussels Airlines[40] None – owned by SN Airholding, which biggest share holder (45%) is Lufthansa[32][41]
 Bhutan Druk Air[42] None
 Bolivia Boliviana de Aviación State-owned[43]
 Botswana Air Botswana State-owned
 Brunei Royal Brunei Airlines[44] State-owned[44]
 Bulgaria Bulgaria Air[45] Ownership – Balkan Hemus Group EAD 99.99%, State (0.01%)[46]
 Burkina Faso Air Burkina
 Burundi Air Burundi State-owned
 Cambodia Cambodia Angkor Air[47] Majority (51%)[48]
 Cameroon Camair-Co[49]
 Canada Air Canada[50] None State-owned until 1989.[51]
 Cape Verde TACV[52]
 Cayman Islands Cayman Airways State-owned (100%)[53]
 Chad Toumaï Air Tchad
 Chile LAN Airlines[54] None State-owned until September 1989.[55]
 China Air China[56] Majority (51.8%)[57] State-owned until 2004, and indirectly control through parent company until now.[58]
 Colombia Avianca[59] None
 Croatia Croatia Airlines[60] Majority (98%)[61]
 Cuba Cubana de Aviación[62]
 Czech Republic Czech Airlines[63] Majority (56%)[63]
 Denmark Scandinavian Airlines[64]Joint-Venture[nb 1] 
 Norway
 Sweden
 Djibouti Djibouti Air Joint venture
 Ecuador TAME[66] State-owned[67]
 Egypt EgyptAir[68] State-owned[69]
 Equatorial Guinea Ecuato Guineana
 Eritrea Eritrean Airlines State-owned
 Estonia Nordica[70] State-owned[70]
 Ethiopia Ethiopian Airlines[71] State-owned
 Fiji Fiji Airways[72] Majority (51%)[73]
 Faroe Islands Atlantic Airways[74]
 Finland Finnair[75] Majority (55.8%)[76]
 France Air France[77] 18% share[78]
 French Polynesia Air Tahiti Nui[79] Majority[80]
 Georgia Georgian Airways None
 Germany Lufthansa[81] None State-owned until 1994;[82] remaining government shares were sold in 1997.[83]
 Greenland Air Greenland[84]
 Guernsey Aurigny Air Services[85] State-owned[86]
 Guyana Caribbean Airlines[87] None
 Haiti Tortug' Air
 Hong Kong Cathay Pacific[88] Cross Holding with Air China (29.9%)[89]
 Iceland Icelandair[90]
 India Air India[91] State-owned[91]
 Indonesia Garuda Indonesia[92] Majority
 Ireland Aer Lingus[93] None- owned by International Airlines group, the parent company of British Airway and Iberia [94]State-owned until September 2006.[95][96]
 Iran Iran Air 100% state-owned[97]
 Iraq Iraqi Airways[98]
 Israel El Al[99] Minority (~1.1%)[100] State-owned until June 2004.
 Italy Alitalia[101] Minority (19.48%)[102]State-owned until 2008, and indirectly control through a state-owned company since 2013.[103][104]
 Ivory Coast Air Côte d'Ivoire[105] Minority (49%)
 Jamaica Caribbean Airlines[106] Minority (16%)
 Japan Japan Airlines[107] None State-owned until 1987.
 Jordan Royal Jordanian[108]
 Kazakhstan Air Astana[109] Majority (51%)[110]
 Kenya Kenya Airways[111] Minority (29.8%)[112]
 Kiribati Air Kiribati
 Kuwait Kuwait Airways[113] State-owned[114]
 Laos Lao Airlines[115] State-owned[116]
 Latvia Air Baltic[117] Majority (99.8%)[118]
 Lebanon Middle East Airlines[119]
 LibyaAfriqiyah Airways[120] State-owned[121]
Libyan Airlines[122] State-owned[122]
 Luxembourg Luxair[123] Majority (73.86%) [124]
 Macau Air Macau[125] Minority (5%)
 Madagascar Air Madagascar[126] Majority
 Malawi Malawian Airlines[127] Majority (51%)[127]
 Malaysia Malaysia Airlines[128]
 Maldives Maldivian
 Malta Air Malta[129] Majority[130]
 Mauritania Mauritania Airlines International
 Mauritius Air Mauritius[131]  
 Mexico Aeroméxico None State-owned until 2007.
 Moldova Air Moldova
 Mongolia MIAT Mongolian Airlines[132] State-owned[133]
 Montenegro Montenegro Airlines[134]
 Morocco Royal Air Maroc[135] State-owned
 Mozambique LAM Mozambique Airlines[136] State-owned
 Myanmar Myanmar National Airlines[137] State-owned[138]
 Namibia Air Namibia[139] State-owned (100%)[140]
 Nauru Nauru Airlines[141] State-owned[141]
   Nepal Nepal Airlines[142] State-owned
 Netherlands KLM[77] Minority (6%)[143]
 New Zealand Air New Zealand[144]Majority (53%)[145] State-owned until 1989, partially re-nationalized in 2001.
 North Korea Air Koryo[146] State-owned[147]
 Oman Oman Air[148] Majority[149]
 Pakistan Pakistan International Airlines[150] State-owned[151]
 Panama Copa Airlines None
 Papua New Guinea Air Niugini[152]
 PhilippinesPhilippine Airlines[153]
 Poland LOT Polish Airlines[154] Majority (93%)[155]
 Portugal TAP Portugal[156] State-owned[156]
 Qatar Qatar Airways State-owned
 Réunion Air Austral[157]
 Romania TAROM[158] Majority (95%)[159]
 Russia Aeroflot[160] Majority (51%)[161]
 Rwanda RwandAir[162] State-owned[162]
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines SVG Air
 Samoa Virgin Samoa[163] Joint-venture, minority (49%)[164]
 São Tomé and Príncipe STP Airways None
 Saudi Arabia Saudia[165] Majority
 Serbia Air Serbia[166] Majority (51%)[167]
 Seychelles Air Seychelles[168] None
 Solomon Islands Solomon Airlines State-owned (100%)[169]
 Sierra Leone Arik Air None
 Singapore Singapore Airlines[170] 54.5% through Temasek Holdings[171]
 Slovenia Adria Airways[172] Minority (4%)[172]  
 South Africa South African Airways[173] State-owned[174]
 South Korea Korean Air[175] None[176]
 Spain Iberia[177] Minority (5%)[178]
 Sri Lanka SriLankan Airlines[179] State-owned[180]
 Sudan Sudan Airways State-owned[181]
 Suriname Surinam Airways[182] State-owned[183]
 Swaziland Swaziland Airlink Joint venture
  Switzerland Swiss International Air Lines[184] None – owned by Lufthansa[32]
 Syria Syrian Air[185] State-owned
 Taiwan China Airlines[186] None State-owned until 1991. 51.28% held by non-profit Civic Aviation Development Foundation.[187]
 Tajikistan Tajik Air State-owned
 Tanzania Air Tanzania State-owned
 Thailand Thai Airways International[188] Majority (51%)
 Trinidad and Tobago Caribbean Airlines[189] Majority (84%)[190]
 Tunisia Tunisair[191] Majority[191]
 Turkey Turkish Airlines[192] Minority (49%)
 Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Airlines[193] State-owned
 Uganda Air Uganda None
 Ukraine Ukraine International Airlines[194]  
 United Arab Emirates Etihad Airways[195] State-owned[195]
Emirates[196] State-owned
 United Kingdom British Airways[197] None Privatised in 1987.[198]
 Uzbekistan Uzbekistan Airways Majority
 Venezuela Conviasa State-owned
 Vietnam Vietnam Airlines[199]State-owned[199]
 Vanuatu Air Vanuatu[200]
 Yemen Yemenia[201] Majority
 Zimbabwe Air Zimbabwe[202] State-owned[202]

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ↑ SAS is partly owned by the governments of Denmark (14.3%), Norway (14.3%) and Sweden (21.4%), and is the flag carrier for all three nations.[65]

References

  1. ↑ Don Sull (1999). "Case Study easyJet’s $500 Million Gamble". European Management Journal Vol. 17, No. 1. pp. 21–22.
  2. ↑ "flag carrier definition". Businessdictionary.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
  3. ↑ "Convention on International Civil Aviation" (PDF). [International Civil Aviation Organization]. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  4. ↑ P. Paul Fitzgerald (2011). "In defense of the nationality of aircraft". Annals of Air and Space Law,. p. 87.
  5. ↑ "Air Agreements and Designated Air Carriers". [Canadian Transportation Agency]. Archived from the original on 21 March 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  6. ↑ P. Paul Fitzgerald (2011). "In defense of the nationality of aircraft". Annals of Air and Space Law,.
  7. ↑ "48 CFR 47.403-1 - Availability and unavailability of U.S.-flag air carrier service" (PDF). [U.S. Government Printing Office]. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  8. ↑ Guidelines for International Travel Paid for by the Government. Wright State University. Archived 7 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  9. ↑ Paul Stephen Dempsey (1991). "Airline Management; Strategies for the 21st Century". Coast Aire Publication. p. 299.
  10. ↑ "flag airline definition". [MacMillan Dictionary]. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  11. ↑ Henry Ladd Smith (1991). "Airways Abroad; The Story of American World Air Routes". Smithsonian History of Aviation Series,.
  12. ↑ Anthony Sampson (1984). "Empires of the Sky; The Politics, Contests and Cartels of World Airlines". Hodder and Stoughton,.
  13. ↑ Arnold Sherman (1972). "To the Skies: The El Al Story". Bantam Books,.
  14. ↑ Anthony Sampson (1984). "Empires of the Sky; The Politics, Contests and Cartels of World Airlines". Hodder and Stoughton,. p. 82.
  15. ↑ Tim Pat Coogan (2002). "Wherever Green Is Worn: The Story of the Irish Diaspora". Palgrave Macmillan,. p. 265.
  16. ↑ David Warnock-Smith and Peter Morrel (2008). "Air transport liberalisation and traffic growth in tourism-dependent economies: A case-history of some US-Caribbean markets". Journal of Air Transport Management 14. p. 230.
  17. ↑ R.E.G. Davies (1987). "Rebels and Reformers of the Airways". Airlife England,. pp. 250–254.
  18. ↑ M. Staniland (2003). "Government birds: air transport and the state in Western Europe". Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 68.
  19. ↑ Tai Hoon Oum and A.J. Taylor (1995). "Emerging Patterns in Intercontinental Air Linkages and Implications for International Route Allocation Policy". Transportation Journal, Vol. 34, No. 4 (SUMMER 1995),. pp. 5–27.
  20. ↑ "Open Skies Partners". [U.S. State Department]. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  21. ↑ Joanna Mastalerek (2006). "The Future of the Open Skies Agreements after the ECJ judgements - Legal and Economic Aspects". GRIN Verlag. p. 12.
  22. ↑ "EU To Impose Ban On Afghan Planes". Airwise News. 22 November 2010. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Kabul-based Safi is the country's No. 2 airline after national carrier Ariana Afghan Airlines.
  23. ↑ Archived 28 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  24. ↑ "Air Algerie Eyeing African Tie-Ups - CEO". Airwise News. 29 April 2008. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Algeria's national airline Air Algerie is considering tie-ups...
  25. ↑ "Air Algerie to spend $762 million upgrading its fleet". Middle East Online. 14 December 2013. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014.
  26. ↑ "TAAG Angola Airways boosts capacity, justifying Angola's investment in airport infrastructure". CAPA Centre for Aviation. 22 July 2013. The investment is beginning to pay dividends with flag carrier TAAG Angola Airlines increasing capacity by nearly 40% in the past year. Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  27. ↑ Hofmann, Kurt (6 May 2016). "TAAG Angola Airlines’ new 777-300ER to fly on Portugal route". Air Transport World. The Angolan government is the majority shareholder in TAAG. Archived 6 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  28. 1 2 "Aerolineas Argentinas to focus on expansion in protected domestic market following 737-800 order". Centre for Aviation. 29 October 2013. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013.
  29. ↑ Schofield, Adrian (8 July 2014). "More maintenance jobs axed in Qantas cost-cutting effort". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 8 July 2014. Australian flag carrier Qantas is laying off another 167 staff from its engineering department, the latest step in the airline’s plan to cut 5,000 positions from its workforce within three years.
  30. ↑ "Accelerating Change in the 1990s". Qantas. 31 March 2002. Archived from the original on 22 January 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  31. ↑ Hofmann, Kurt (4 December 2015). "Austrian Airlines launches Vienna-Havana services". Air Transport World. The Austrian flag carrier recently expanded services into North America with the launch of Boeing 777 5X-weekly Vienna-Miami services on Oct. 16. Archived 6 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  32. 1 2 3 "Lufthansa Group Corporate Structure". Lufthansa AG. Retrieved 8 Sep 2014.
  33. ↑ "AUA-Verkauf besiegelt: Kranich soll Flügel verleihen «". Diepresse.com. 31 March 2010. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  34. ↑ "Azerbaijan Airlines expands network as Azerbaijan aims to raise tourism profile". Centre for Aviation. 15 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012. The flag carrier accounts for 46% of international capacity (seats) at Baku, according to Innovata data.
  35. ↑ Blachly, Linda (17 June 2015). "Bahamasair orders five ATR -600 aircraft". Air Transport World. Bahamasair, the national flag carrier of Bahamas, has placed a firm order for two 70- seat ATR 72-600s and three 50-seat ATR 42-600s. Archived 17 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  36. ↑ Dron, Alan (18 January 2016). "Gulf Air plans ‘major aircraft announcements’ on Jan. 21". Air Transport World. Bahrain national carrier Gulf Air is planning “some major aircraft announcements” on Jan. 21, the opening day of the three-day Bahrain International Air Show (BIAS). Archived 19 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  37. ↑ "Biman Bangladesh nears completion of dramatic fleet renewal, but its outlook remains challenging". Centre for Aviation. 3 July 2014. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Biman is one of Asia’s smallest flag carriers, operating only 10 aircraft on a network of 22 destinations, including 19 international and three within Bangladesh.
  38. ↑ Borodina, Polina (26 June 2014). "Belavia orders three Boeing 737-800s". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. This is the first direct purchase of Boeing aircraft for the Belarus flag carrier.
  39. ↑ "Belarus aims to privatise Belavia in 2013, with Russian carriers the most likely suitors". Centre for Aviation. 10 May 2012. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012.
  40. ↑ Trimble, Stephen (27 December 2011). "Brussels Airlines to launch JFK service in June". Washington, D.C.: Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Belgian flag carrier Brussels Airlines has announced plans to resume service to North America from 1 June, with an Airbus A330-300 flying daily between Brussels and New York John F. Kennedy International airport.
  41. ↑ "Corporate History of Brussels Airlines". SN Airholding. Retrieved 9 Aug 2014.
  42. ↑ "Bhutan's Drukair Firms Order For One A319". Airwise News. Reuters. 10 July 2012. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2012. Airbus said Bhutan's national airline Drukair has firmed up an order for an Airbus A319 with sharklet fuel-saving wingtip devices.
  43. ↑ "Boliviana de Aviacion set to expand as re-launch of Aerosur is unlikely due to government roadblocks". Centre for Aviation. 30 June 2012. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012. Even though BoA now has a monopoly on domestic trunk routes, it is unlikely the government owned carrier will abuse its new dominant position.
  44. 1 2 "Royal Brunei Airlines takes another step forward as it becomes first 787 operator in Southeast Asia". Centre for Aviation. 19 June 2013. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013.
  45. ↑ "Bulgaria Air strengthens its European network with new E-Jets, but cost reduction is also essential". 4 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012. As the national carrier of Bulgaria, Bulgaria Air is based at Sofia Airport and operates scheduled services, ad hoc charter services and business jet transportation.
  46. ↑ http://econ.bg/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%82-%D0%B7%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%95%D1%80-_l.a_i.106398_at.1.html
  47. ↑ "Cambodia poised for more double-digit growth as Cambodia Angkor Air expands and Qatar Airways enters". Centre for Aviation. 18 January 2013. Archived from the original on 26 February 2013.
  48. ↑ "Cambodia launches national carrier with Vietnam's help". Manila Bulletin. Reuters. 28 July 2009. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
  49. ↑ "New Cameroon national carrier Camair-Co fails to reach first year targets, but continues to grow". Centre for Aviation. 30 April 2012. Archived from the original on 4 May 2012.
  50. ↑ Blachly, Linda (31 July 2015). "Aircraft News-July 31, 2015". Air Transport World. The Canadian flag carrier took delivery of its first Dreamliner in May 2014 and will receive a total of 29 new 787-9s by 2019, in addition to eight 787-8 aircraft already in operation. Archived 1 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  51. ↑ "Air Canada Timeline". CBC News. 20 June 2005. Archived from the original on 19 May 2013.
  52. ↑ . 4 July 2006 http://www.eyefortravel.com/archive/cabo-verde-airlines-transportes-aereos-de-cabo-verde-tacv-republic-cape-verde%E2%80%99s-flag-carrier. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  53. ↑ "Cayman Airways - Our History". Archived from the original on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  54. ↑ "BOC Aviation to lease one new A320-200 to LAN". Air Transport World. 3 December 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2012. This deal marks the second time that BOC has worked with Chile’s flag carrier.
  55. ↑ LAN Cargo. "History". Retrieved 1 June 2014.
  56. ↑ Kaminski-Morrow, David (7 January 2016). "Air China to take six more 777-300ERs". Flightglobal. Chinese flag-carrier Air China has reached an agreement to acquire six Boeing 777-300ERs. Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  57. ↑ 2011 Annual Report of Air China (Chinese)
  58. ↑ Air China Transfers Ownership from State-owned to Shareholding. Beijing:Sino-Cast, 7 October 2004, reprinted in Highbeam Business. Retrieved on 1 July 2011. Archived 31 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  59. ↑ "Avianca set to debut new Orlando flights in July". Flightglobal.com. 20 May 2011. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2012. Colombia's flag carrier will compete directly with JetBlue Airways, which has operated the Orlando-Bogota pairing since 2009, and operates five weekly flights in the market.
  60. ↑ Hofmann, Kurt (8 July 2014). "Adria Airways, Croatia Airlines delay privatization plans". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Slovenia-based Adria Airways and Croatia flag carrier Croatia Airlines have decided to freeze plans for privatization this summer.
  61. ↑ "Croatia Airlines: could its network attract a bidder?". Centre for Aviation. 29 August 2013. Archived from the original on 18 September 2013.
  62. ↑ "First direct Brazil flight to take off in July". Cuba Standard. 29 June 2013. Archived from the original on 7 July 2013. Flag carrier Cubana de Aviación is resuming direct flights to Brazil with a Havana-São Paulo route on July 10, the tourism ministry said in a press release.
  63. 1 2 "Korean Air Completes Czech Airlines Investment". Airwise News. Reuters. 10 April 2013. Archived from the original on 26 April 2013.
  64. ↑ "Profile for SAS". Centre for Aviation. Archived from the original on 22 August 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  65. ↑ "SAS aims to capture a larger share of the thriving Scandinavian leisure market". Centre for Aviation. 27 August 2012. Archived from the original on 27 August 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  66. ↑ Cathy Buyck (31 October 2011). "Ecuador may partially privatize TAME". Air Transport World. Ecuador’s national flag carrier operates on a mostly domestic network and some international routes to Colombia, Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Panama... (subscription required)
  67. ↑ Uphoff, Rainer (9 May 2013). "Ecuador's LAC announces launch of commercial flights". Madrid: Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. LAC will compete with state-owned Tame, LAN Ecuador and Avianca subsidiary Aerogal.
  68. ↑ "EgyptAir plans further restructuring as losses mount. But outlook may brighten as Egypt stabilises". Centre for Aviation. 15 June 2014. Archived from the original on 24 June 2014.
  69. ↑ "EgyptAir contracts Sabre to help implement transformation plan". Air Transport World. 19 December 2014. The state-owned carrier is initiating a major transformation strategy to increase revenues, develop new revenue streams by June 2016 and improve efficiencies. Archived 20 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  70. 1 2 Hofmann, Kurt (4 April 2016). "Nordica launches services from Tallinn to Vienna, Berlin". Air Transport World. Archived 11 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  71. ↑ "Ethiopian Airlines aims to become the largest carrier in Africa by 2025". Centre for Aviation. 4 November 2011. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2012. Protective policies do little to help Addis Ababa’s aspirations to become a large hub, so its future remains inextricably linked to the flag carrier’s growth plans.
  72. ↑ Torr, Jeremy (16 September 2015). "Fiji Airways introduces additional Hong Kong route". Air Transport World. Flag carrier Fiji Airways will increase flight frequencies on its Fiji (Nadi International)-Hong Kong International route from Oct. 25. Archived 17 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  73. ↑ "Fiji Airways' new MD Stefan Pichler sets his sights on the next five years for the rebranded airline". Centre for Aviation. 19 September 2013. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013.
  74. ↑ "The national airline of the Faroe Islands". Atlantic Airways. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  75. ↑ Torr, Jeremy (21 October 2015). "Finnair to start Singapore A350 flights June 2016". Air Transport World. The Finnish flag carrier operates 5X-weekly services to Singapore, but will increase those to seven using a combination of A330 and A350 aircraft until the carrier takes delivery of more A350s. Archived 24 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  76. ↑ "Finnair". Finnairgroup.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  77. 1 2 Cathy Buyck (18 October 2011). "Air France KLM Group CEO resigns; Spinetta and Van Wijk return". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2012. The two men masterminded Europe’s first merger between two flag carriers in 2004.
  78. ↑ Meichtry, Stacy; Landauro, Inti (8 May 2015). "French Government Seeks Shareholder Power at Air France-KLM". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 14 August 2015. ...the government announced it had begun raising its stake in Air France-KLM to nearly 18% from 16%...
  79. ↑ "Air Tahiti Nui plans metal neutral alliance with Air France and partners as losses continue to mount". Centre for Aviation. 31 May 2013. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013. But most of all the flag carrier will need to get its financial situation under control.
  80. ↑ "Air Tahiti Nui - Corporal Profile". Archived from the original on 31 October 2013.
  81. ↑ Kaminski-Morrow, David (4 October 2013). "Lufthansa cuts back A380 order". Flightglobal (London). Archived from the original on 29 June 2014. German flag-carrier Lufthansa appears to have cancelled orders for three Airbus A380s.
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  83. ↑ "German Cabinet Backs Selling Lufthansa". The New York Times. 15 January 1997. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013.
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  111. ↑ Rivers, Martin (12 March 2013). "Kenya Airways adds flights to Livingstone, Zambia". London: Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Livingstone will become the Kenyan flag carrier's second Zambian destination, alongside capital city Lusaka.
  112. ↑ "Government now largest shareholder of Kenya Airways". Sunday Nation. 7 June 2012. Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
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  134. ↑ "Flag carriers of the former Yugoslavia urged to unite". Centre for Aviation. 10 April 2012. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  135. ↑ "Royal Air Maroc fighting back LCC tide with new fleet, cost cuts and possible privatisation". Centre for Aviation. 8 September 2011. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2012. Regional unrest in North Africa and the onslaught of LCC competition has taken its toll on Morocco’s national carrier, Royal Air Maroc (RAM).
  136. ↑ Kaminski-Morrow, David (19 April 2011). "Mozambique is latest state to face EU blacklist ban". London: Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013. All carriers from Mozambique, including flag-carrier LAM, are being placed on the European Union's blacklist of airlines, in addition to a pair of Boeing 767s operating for Air Madagascar.
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  147. ↑ "Air Koryo". Archived from the original on 15 October 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
  148. ↑ Dron, Alan (16 November 2015). "Oman Air invests in crew, cabins". Air Transport World. The national carrier will invest RO3 million ($7.8 million) in developing what will be known as the Oman Air Flight Training Center (OAFTC). Archived 22 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
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  154. ↑ Hofmann, Kurt (18 August 2015). "LOT CEO Sebastian Mikosz resigns as privatization stalls". Air Transport World. LOT Polish Airlines CEO Sebastian Mikosz has resigned after the Polish government again delayed the flag carrier’s privatization process. Archived 20 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  155. ↑ "Polish Government adopts regulation enabling privatisation of LOT Polish Airlines". Centre for Aviation. 3 April 2013. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013.
  156. 1 2 "TAP Portugal Part 1: the national carrier needs privatisation to tap fresh capital". CAPA Centre for Aviation. 10 October 2014. Archived 10 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
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  158. ↑ Hofmann, Kurt (19 August 2014). "Romania’s Tarom reportedly eyeing long-haul comeback Sept. 16". Air Transport World. Romanian flag-carrier Tarom is aiming to relaunch Bucharest Otopeni-Beijing services from Sept. 16, according to several local media reports. Archived 19 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
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  174. ↑ "SAA Agrees 'Under Protest' To EU CO2 Rules". Airwise News. Reuters. 19 June 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2012. State-owned South African Airways (SAA) will increase prices on all European flights to offset the costs of the EU's Emission Trading Scheme, it said on Monday.
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  191. 1 2 "Tunisair’s sluggish attitude towards change makes it ill-prepared for Open Skies". Centre for Aviation. 21 August 2012. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2012. As a majority state-owned airline in North Africa, Tunisair has retained most of the flag carrier privileges that are cemented in the 1944 Chicago Convention, but those protectionist practices run counter to the present realities of passengers wanting choice and low fares.
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  195. 1 2 "Etihad Holds Roadshows To Finance Aircraft". Airwise News. 23 February 2012. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012.
  196. ↑ "Etihad Suspends Flights To Damascus". Airwise News. Reuters. 30 August 2012. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012. The website of the UAE's other flag carrier, Emirates, says flights to Damascus remain operational.
  197. ↑ Alan Dron (13 April 2012). "BA to cut 1,200 jobs in bmi takeover". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2012. The UK flag carrier said it is also working to find potential employment opportunities for bmi personnel facing redundancy with its industry partners, such as Rolls-Royce in the Midlands.
  198. ↑ "Profile: British Airways". BBC News. 20 September 2001. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013. In May the airline reported a sharp rise in profits and revealed that it was making more money from each customer than it has done since it was privatised in 1987.
  199. 1 2 "Vietnam Airlines pre-IPO outlook: rapid growth as 787s & A350s arrive, but competition intensifies". Centre for Aviation. 1 April 2014. Archived from the original on 29 June 2014. The government-owned flag carrier has been focusing in recent years on short-haul and medium-haul expansion using its A321 fleet.
  200. ↑ "All About Air Vanuatu". Archived from the original on 1 November 2013.
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