List of Olympic medalists in art competitions

Photograph of Pierre de Coubertin
Under the pseudonyms Georges Hohrod and Martin Eschbach, IOC founder Pierre de Coubertin won a gold medal in the literature category at the 1912 Summer Olympics.

There were 146 medalists in the art competitions that were part of the Olympic Games from 1912 until 1948. These art competitions were considered an integral part of the movement by International Olympic Committee (IOC) founder Pierre de Coubertin and necessary to recapture the complete essence of the Ancient Olympic Games. Their absence before the 1912 Summer Olympics, according to journalism professor Richard Stanton, stems from Coubertin "not wanting to fragment the focus of his new and fragile movement".[1] Art competitions were originally planned for inclusion in the 1908 Summer Olympics but were delayed after that edition's change in venue from Rome to London following the 1906 eruption of Mount Vesuvius.[2] By the 1924 Summer Olympics they had grown to be considered internationally relevant and potentially "a milestone in advancing public awareness of art as a whole".[3]

During their first three appearances, the art competitions were grouped into five broad categories: architecture, literature, music, painting, and sculpture. The Dutch Organizing Committee for the 1928 Summer Olympics split these into subcategories in the hopes of increasing participation.[4] Although it was a successful strategy, the 1932 Summer Olympics eliminated several of these subcategories, which led to fewer entries in the broader categories.[5] For the 1936 Summer Olympics, the German government proposed the addition of a film contest to the program, which was rejected.[6]

Following a final appearance at the 1948 Summer Olympics, art competitions were removed from the Olympic program. Planners of the 1952 Summer Olympics opposed their inclusion on logistical grounds, claiming that the lack of an international association for the event meant that the entire onus of facilitation was placed on the local organizing committee.[7] Concerns were also raised about the professionalism of the event, since only amateurs were allowed to participate in the sporting tournaments,[8] and the growing commercialization of the competitions, as artists had been permitted to sell their submissions during the course of the Games since 1928. In 1952 an art festival and exhibition was held concurrent with the Games, a tradition that has been maintained in all subsequent Summer Olympics.[9]

The IOC does not track medalists in Olympic art competitions in its database and thus the prize winners are only officially recorded in the original Olympic reports. Judges were not required to distribute first, second, and third place awards for every category, and thus certain events lack medalists in these placements. Since participants were allowed multiple submissions, it was also possible for artists to win more than one in a single event, as Alex Diggelmann of Switzerland did in the graphic arts category of the 1948 edition.[10] Diggelmann is tied with Denmark's Josef Petersen, who won second prize three times in literature, for the amount of medals captured in the art competitions. Luxembourg's Jean Jacoby is the only individual to win two gold medals, doing so in painting in 1924 and 1928. Of the 146 medalists, 11 were women and only Finnish author Aale Tynni was awarded gold. Germany was the most successful nation, with eight gold, seven silver, and nine bronze medals,[11] although one was won by Coubertin himself, a Frenchman. He submitted his poem Ode to Sport under the pseudonyms Georges Hohrod and Martin Eschbach, as if it were a joint-entry, and won first prize in the 1912 literature category. The original report credits this medal to Germany.[12] Two individuals, Walter W. Winans[13] and Alfréd Hajós, won medals in both athletic and art competitions.[14]

Architecture

Mixed architecture

Photograph of Alfréd Hajós
Alfréd Hajós was one of two individuals to win medals in sport and art competitions.
Olympic medalists in mixed architecture
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1912 Stockholm  MonodEugène-Edouard Monod & Alphonse Laverrière (SUI)
Building-plan of a modern Stadium
zznone awarded zznone awarded
1920 Antwerp zznone awarded  Sinding-LarsenHolger Sinding-Larsen (NOR)
Project pour une Ecole de Gymnastique
zznone awarded
1924 Paris zznone awarded  HajosAlfréd Hajós & Dezső Lauber (HUN)
Plan d'un Stade
 MedecinJulien Médecin (MON)
Stade pour Monte-Carlo

Mixed architecture, architectural designs

Photograph of Jan Wils
Jan Wils, 1928 gold medalist in architectural designs
Olympic medalists in mixed architecture, architectural designs
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1928 Amsterdam  WilsJan Wils (NED)
Olympic Stadium in Amsterdam
 MindeadalEjnar Mindedal Rasmussen (DEN)
Swimming pool at Ollerup
 LambertJacques Lambert (FRA)
Stadium at Versailles
1932 Los Angeles  SaackeGustave Saacké, Pierre Bailly, & Pierre Montenot (FRA)
Design for a "Cirque pour Toros"
 PopeJohn Russell Pope (USA)
Design for the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, New Haven, Conn.
 KnowiarzRichard Konwiarz (GER)
Design for a "Schlesierkampfbahn" in the Sport Park of Breslau
1936 Berlin  KutscheraHermann Kutschera (AUT)
Skiing Stadium
 MarchWerner March[note 1] (GER)
Reich Sport Field
 StiegholzerHermann Stiegholzer & Herbert Kastinger (AUT)
Sporting Center in Vienna
1948 London  HochAdolf Hoch (AUT)
Skisprungschanze auf dem Kobenzl
 RineschAlfred Rinesch (AUT)
Watersports Centre in Carinthia
 OlssonNils Olsson (SWE)
Baths and Sporting Hall for Gothenburg

Town planning

Photograph of Charles Downing Lay
Charles Downing Lay, 1936 silver medalist in designs for municipal planning
Olympic medalists in town planning
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1928 Amsterdam  HenselAlfred Hensel (GER)
Stadium at Nuremberg
 LambertJacques Lambert (FRA)
Stadium at Versailles
 LaeugerMax Laeuger (GER)
Municipal park at Hamburg
1932 Los Angeles  HughesJohn Hughes (GBR)
Design for a Sports and Recreation Center with Stadium, for the City of Liverpool
 KlemmensenJens Klemmensen (DEN)
Design for a Stadium and Public Park
 VerbekeAndré Verbeke (BEL)
Design for a "Maraton Park"
1936 Berlin[15]  MarchWerner March & Walter March (GER)
Reich Sport Field
 LayCharles Downing Lay (USA)
Marine park, Brooklyn
 NussbaumTheo Nussbaum (GER)
Municipal Planning and Sporting Centre in Cologne
1948 London  LindegrenYrjö Lindegren (FIN)
The Centre of Athletics in Varkaus, Finland.
 SchindlerWerner Schindler & Edy Knupfer (SUI)
Swiss Federal Sports and Gymnastics Training Centre
 NiemelainenIlmari Niemeläinen (FIN)
The Athletic Centre in Kemi, Finland.

Literature

Mixed literature

Photograph of Oliver Saint John Gogarty
Oliver St. John Gogarty, 1924 bronze medalist in literature
Photograph of Kazimierz Wierzyński
Kazimierz Wierzyński, 1928 gold medalist in lyric and speculative works
Olympic medalists in mixed literature
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1912 Stockholm  HohrodGeorges Hohrod & Martin Eschbath (GER)
Ode to sport
zznone awarded zznone awarded
1920 Antwerp  NicolaiRaniero Nicolai (ITA)
Canzoni Olimpioniche
 CookTheodore Andrea Cook (GBR)
Olympic Games of Antwerp
 BladelMaurice Bladel (BEL)
La Louange des Dieux
1924 Paris  Géo-Charles (FRA)
Jeux Olympiques
 StuartMargaret Stuart (GBR)
Sword Songs
 GonnetCharles Gonnet (FRA)
Vers le Dieu d’Olympie
 PetersenJosef Petersen (DEN)
Euryale
 GogartyOliver St. John Gogarty (IRL)
Ode pour les Jeux de Tailteann
1932 Los Angeles  BauerPaul Bauer (GER)
Am Kangehenzonga
 PetersenJosef Petersen (DEN)
The Argonauts
zznone awarded

Dramatic works

Olympic medalists in dramatic works
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1928 Amsterdam none awarded  Lauro De Bosis (ITA)
Icaro
none awarded

Epic works

Olympic medalists in epic works
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1928 Amsterdam  MezoFerenc Mező (HUN)
L’histoire des Jeux Olympiques
 WeissErnst Weiss (GER)
Boetius von Orlamünde
 SchartenCarel Scharten & Margo Scharten-Antink (NED)
De Nar uit de Maremmen
1936 Berlin  KarhumakiUrho Karhumäki (FIN)
Avoveteen
 EhmerWilhelm Ehmer (GER)
For the Top of the World
 ParandowskiJan Parandowski (POL)
Dysk Olimijski
1948 London  StuparichGiani Stuparich (ITA)
La Grotta
 PetersenJosef Petersen (DEN)
The Olympic Champion
 FoldesÉva Földes (HUN)
The Well of Youth

Lyric and speculative works

Olympic medalists in lyric and speculative works
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1928 Amsterdam  WierzynskiKazimierz Wierzyński (POL)
Laur Olimpijski
 BindingRudolf G. Binding (GER)
Reitvorschrift fur eine Geliebte
 WeltzerJohannes Weltzer (DEN)
Symphonia Heroïca
1936 Berlin[16]  Dhunen-SondingerFelix Dhünen-Sondinger (GER)
The Runner
 FattoriBruno Fattori (ITA)
Profili Azzuri
 StoiberHans Stoiber (AUT)
The Discus
1948 London[17]  TynniAale Tynni (FIN)
Laurel of Hellas
 HeerdenErnst van Heerden (RSA)
Six Poems
 ProuteauGilbert Prouteau (FRA)
Rythme du Stade

Music

Mixed music

Photograph of Josef Suk
Josef Suk, 1932 silver medalist in music
Olympic medalists in mixed music
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1912 Stockholm  BarthelemyRiccardo Barthelemy (ITA)
Triumphal March
zznone awarded zznone awarded
1920 Antwerp  MonierGeorges Monier (BEL)
Olympique
 RivaOreste Riva (ITA)
Epinicion
zznone awarded
1932 Los Angeles zznone awarded  SukJosef Suk (TCH)
Into a New Life
zznone awarded

Compositions for orchestra

Postal stamp featuring a picture of Werner Egk
Werner Egk, 1936 gold medalist in compositions for orchestra
Olympic medalists in compositions for orchestra
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1928 Amsterdam zznone awarded zznone awarded  SimonsenRudolph Simonsen (DEN)
Symphony No. 2 "Hellas"
1936 Berlin  EgkWerner Egk (GER)
Olympic Festive Music
 LiviabellaLino Liviabella (ITA)
The Victor
 KrickaJaroslav Křička (TCH)
Mountain Suite
1948 London[18]  TurskiZbigniew Turski (POL)
Olympic Symphony
 TuukkanenKalervo Tuukkanen (FIN)
Karhunpyynti
 BreneErling Brene (DEN)
Viguer

Solo and chorus compositions

Photograph of Kurt Thomas
Kurt Thomas, 1936 silver medalist in solo and chorus compositions
Olympic medalists in solo and chorus compositions
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1936 Berlin  HofferPaul Höffer (GER)
Olympic Vow
 ThomasKurt Thomas (GER)
Olympic Cantana, 1936
 GenzmerHarald Genzmer (GER)
The Runner

Instrumental and chamber

Olympic medalists in the instrumental and chamber event
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1948 London none awarded  Jean Weinzweig (CAN)
Divertimenti for Solo Flute and Strings
 Sergio Lauricella (ITA)
Toccata per Pianoforte

Vocal

Olympic medalists in the vocal event
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1948 London none awarded none awarded  Gabriele Bianchi (ITA)
Inno Olimpionico

Painting

Mixed painting

Photograph of Jack Butler Yeats
Jack Butler Yeats, 1924 silver medalist in painting
Olympic medalists in mixed painting
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1912 Stockholm  PellegriniCarlo Pellegrini (ITA)
Winter Sports
zznone awarded zznone awarded
1920 Antwerp zznone awarded  BrossinHenriette Brossin de Mère-de Polanska (FRA)
L'Elan
 OstAlfred Ost (BEL)
Joueur de Football
1924 Paris  JacobyJean Jacoby (LUX)
Etude de Sport
 YeatsJack Butler Yeats (IRL)
Natation
 HellJohan van Hell (NED)
Patineurs

Drawings and water colors

Drawing of two men playing rugby
Rugby by Jean Jacoby, the winning entry in the 1928 drawings category
Olympic medalists in drawing and water colors
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1928 Amsterdam[19]  JacobyJean Jacoby (LUX)
Rugby
 VirotAlex Virot (FRA)
Gestes de Football
 SkoczylasWładysław Skoczylas (POL)
Posters
1932 Los Angeles  BlairLee Blair (USA)
Rodeo
 CrosbyPercy Crosby (USA)
Jackknife
 WestermannGerhard Westermann (NED)
Horseman
1936 Berlin zznone awarded  DazziRomano Dazzi (ITA)
Four Sketches for Frescoes
 SuzukiSujaku Suzuki (JPN)
Classical Horse Racing in Japan

Engravings and etchings

Olympic medalists in engravings and etchings
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1948 London  Albert Decaris (FRA)
Swimming Pool
 John Copley (GBR)
Polo Players
 Walter Battiss (RSA)
Seaside Sport

Graphic works

Photograph of William Nicholson
William Nicholson, 1928 gold medalist in graphic works
Olympic medalists in graphic works
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1928 Amsterdam  NicholsonWilliam Nicholson (GBR)
Un Almanach de douze Sports
 MoosCarl Moos (SUI)
Posters
 FeldbauerMax Feldbauer (GER)
Mailcoach
1932 Los Angeles[20]  GolinkinJoseph Golinkin (USA)
Leg Scissors
 KonarskaJanina Konarska (POL)
Stadium
 KarschJoachim Karsch (GER)
Stabwechsel
1936 Berlin[21]  DiggelmannAlex Diggelmann (SUI)
Arosa I Placard
 HierlAlfred Hierl (GER)
International Automobile Race on the Avis
 Ostoja-ChrostowskiStanisław Ostoja-Chrostowski (POL)
Yachting Club Certificate
1948 London[22] zznone awarded  DiggelmanAlex Diggelmann (SUI)
World Championship for Cycling Poster
 DiggelmanAlex Diggelmann (SUI)
World Championship for Ice Hockey Poster

Paintings

Photograph of David Wallin
David Wallin, 1932 gold medalist in painting
Olympic medalists in paintings
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1928 Amsterdam  IsraelsIsaac Israëls (NED)
Cavalier Rouge
 KnightLaura Knight (GBR)
Boxeurs
 KlemmWalther Klemm (GER)
Patinage
1932 Los Angeles  WallinDavid Wallin (SWE)
At the Seaside of Arild
 MillerRuth Miller (USA)
Struggle
zznone awarded
1936 Berlin zznone awarded  EisenmengerRudolf Eisenmenger (AUT)
Runner at the Finishing Line
 FujitaRyuji Fujita (JPN)
Ice Hockey
1948 London  ThomsonAlfred Thomson (GBR)
London Amateur Championships
 StradoneGiovanni Stradone (ITA)
Le Pistard
 HamiltonLetitia Marion Hamilton (IRL)
Meath Hunt Point-to-Point Races

Sculpturing

Mixed sculpturing

Photograph of Walter Winans
Walter W. Winans was one of two individuals to win medals in sport and art competitions.
Painting of Frederick William MacMonnies
Frederick William MacMonnies, 1932 silver medalist in medals and reliefs
Photograph of Mahonri Young
Mahonri Young, 1932 gold medalist in statues
Olympic medalists in mixed sculpturing
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1912 Stockholm  WinansWalter W. Winans (USA)
An American trotter
 DuboisGeorges Dubois (FRA)
Model of the entrance to a modern Stadium
zznone awarded
1920 Antwerp  CollinAlbéric Collin (BEL)
La Force
 GoossensSimon Goossens (BEL)
Les Patineurs
 De CuyperAlphons De Cuyper (BEL)
Lanceur de Poids et Coureur
1924 Paris  DimitriadisKostas Dimitriadis (GRE)
Discobole Finlandais
 HeldensteinFrantz Heldenstein (LUX)
Vers l'olympiade
 GauguinJean René Gauguin (DEN)
Le Boxeur
 MascauxClaude-Léon Mascaux (FRA)
Cadre de Medailles

Medals

Olympic medalists in medals
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1936 Berlin none awarded  Luciano Mercante (ITA)
Medals
 Josue Dupon (BEL)
Equestrian Medals

Medals and plaques

Olympic medalists in medals and plaques
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1948 London none awarded  Oskar Thiede (AUT)
Eight Sports Plaques
 Edwin Grienauer (AUT)
Prize Rowing Trophy

Reliefs and medallions

Olympic medalists in reliefs and medallions
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1928 Amsterdam  GrienauerEdwin Grienauer (AUT)
Médailles
 HoefChris van der Hoef (NED)
Médaille pour les Jeux Olympiques
 ScharffEdwin Scharff (GER)
Plaquette
1932 Los Angeles[23]  KlukowskiJózef Klukowski (POL)
Sport Sculpture II
 MacMonniesFrederick William MacMonnies (USA)
Lindbergh Medal
 MacKenzieR. Tait McKenzie (CAN)
Shield of the Athletes

Reliefs

Olympic medalists in reliefs
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1936 Berlin  SutorEmil Sutor (GER)
Hurdlers
 KlukowskiJózef Klukowski (POL)
Ball
zznone awarded
1948 London zznone awarded zznone awarded  FletcherRosamund Fletcher (GBR)
The End of the Covert

Statues

Olympic medalists in statues
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1928 Amsterdam  LandowskiPaul Landowski (FRA)
Boxer
 MartinMilo Martin (SUI)
Athlète au repos
 SintenisRenée Sintenis (GER)
Footballeur
1932 Los Angeles  YoungMahonri Young (USA)
The Knockdown
 MannoMiltiades Manno (HUN)
Wrestling
 ObrovskyJakub Obrovský (TCH)
Odysseus
1936 Berlin  VignoliFarpi Vignoli (ITA)
Sulky Driver
 BrekerArno Breker (GER)
Decathlon Athlete
 BlombergStig Blomberg (SWE)
Wrestling Youths
1948 London  NordahlGustaf Nordahl (SWE)
Homage to Ling
 KarChintamoni Kar (GBR)
The Stag
 YencesseHubert Yencesse (FRA)
Nageuse

Statistics

Multiple medalists

Multiple medalists in Olympic art competitions
Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total
Diggelmann, AlexAlex Diggelmann  Switzerland (SUI) 1936–1948 1 1 1 3
Petersen, JosefJosef Petersen  Denmark (DEN) 1924, 1932, 1948 0 3 0 3
Jacoby, JeanJean Jacoby  Luxembourg (LUX) 1924–1936 2 0 0 2
Klukowski, JózefJózef Klukowski  Poland (POL) 1932–1936 1 1 0 2
March, WernerWerner March  Germany (GER) 1928–1936 1 1 0 2
Grienauer, EdwinEdwin Grienauer  Austria (AUT) 1928, 1948 1 0 1 2
Lambert, JacquesJacques Lambert  France (FRA) 1928 0 1 1 2

Medals per year

Medals won by country by year
Nation 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 Total
 Austria (AUT) 1 4 4 9
 Belgium (BEL) 6 1 1 8
 Canada (CAN) 1 1 2
 Denmark (DEN) 2 3 2 29
 Finland (FIN) 1 4 5
 France (FRA) 1 1 3 2 3 3 13
 Great Britain (GBR) 1 1 2 1 4 9
 Germany (GER) 1 8 3 12 24
 Greece (GRE) 1 1
 Hungary (HUN) 1 1 1 1 4
 Ireland (IRL) 2 1 3
 Italy (ITA) 2 2 1 5 4 14
 Japan (JPN) 2 2
 Luxembourg (LUX) 2 1 3
 Monaco (MON) 1 1
 Netherlands (NED) 1 4 1 6
 Norway (NOR) 1 1
 Poland (POL) 2 2 3 1 8
 South Africa (RSA) 2 2
 Switzerland (SUI) 1 2 1 3 7
 Sweden (SWE) 1 1 2 4
 Czechoslovakia (TCH) 2 1 3
 United States (USA) 1 7 1 9

References

General

Specific

  1. Stanton, Richard (2000). The Forgotten Olympic Art Competitions (1st ed.). Victoria: Trafford Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 1552126064.
  2. Stanton, p. 18.
  3. Stanton, p. 69.
  4. Stanton, p. 95.
  5. Stanton, p. 146.
  6. Stanton, p. 158.
  7. Stanton, p. 210.
  8. Stanton, p. 211.
  9. Stanton, p. 213.
  10. "The Official Report of the Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad London 1948" (PDF). London: The Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad. 1951: 536. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
  11. Gjerde, Arild; Jeroen Heijmans; Bill Mallon; Hilary Evans (2011). "Art Competitions". Olympics. Sports Reference.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-28. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  12. Gjerde, Arild; Jeroen Heijmans; Bill Mallon; Hilary Evans (2011). "Pierre, Baron de Coubertin Biography and Olympic Results". Olympics. Sports Reference.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-28. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  13. Gjerde, Arild; Jeroen Heijmans; Bill Mallon; Hilary Evans (2011). "Walter Winans Biography and Olympic Results". Olympics. Sports Reference.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-28. Retrieved 2012-03-08.
  14. Gjerde, Arild; Jeroen Heijmans; Bill Mallon; Hilary Evans (2011). "Alfréd Hajós Biography and Olympic Results". Olympics. Sports Reference.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-28. Retrieved 2012-03-08.
  15. In 1936, this event was listed as "Designs for Municipal Planning". "The XIth Olympic Games Berlin, 1936: Official Report Volume II" (PDF). Berlin: Organisationskomitee Fur Die XI. Olympiade Berlin 1936 E.V. 1937: 1119. Retrieved 2012-03-08.
  16. In 1936, this event was listed as "Lyric Works". "The XIth Olympic Games Berlin, 1936: Official Report Volume II" (PDF). Berlin: Organisationskomitee Fur Die XI. Olympiade Berlin 1936 E.V. 1937: 1122. Retrieved 2012-03-08.
  17. In 1948, this event was listed as "Lyrics". "The Official Report of the Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad London 1948" (PDF). London: The Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad. 1951: 536. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  18. In 1948, this event was listed as "Choral and Orchestra". "The Official Report of the Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad London 1948" (PDF). London: The Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad. 1951: 537. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  19. In 1928, this event was listed as "Drawings". "Official Report of the Olympic Games of 1928 Celebrated at Amsterdam" (PDF). Amsterdam: Netherlands Olympic Committee. 1928: 898. Retrieved 2012-03-08.
  20. In 1932, this event was listed as "Prints"."The Games of the Xth Olympiad Los Angeles 1932" (PDF). Los Angeles: Xth Olympiade Committee of the Games of Los Angeles. 1933: 758. Retrieved 2012-03-08.
  21. In 1936, this event was listed as "Commercial Graphic Art". "The XIth Olympic Games Berlin, 1936: Official Report Volume II" (PDF). Berlin: Organisationskomitee Fur Die XI. Olympiade Berlin 1936 E.V. 1937: 1122. Retrieved 2012-03-08.
  22. In 1948, this event was listed as "Applied Art and Crafts". "The Official Report of the Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad London 1948" (PDF). London: The Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad. 1951: 535–537. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  23. In 1932, this event was listed as "Medals and Reliefs". "The Games of the Xth Olympiad Los Angeles 1932" (PDF). Los Angeles: Xth Olympiade Committee of the Games of Los Angeles. 1933: 758. Retrieved 2012-03-08.

Notes

  1. Data provided by Bill Mallon to Sports Reference.com lists Walter March as a co-medalist.

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Wednesday, March 02, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.