List of poisonous plants

Australia, 1907: cattlemen survey 700 carcasses of cattle that were killed overnight by a poisonous plant

Plants cannot move to escape their predators, so they must have other means of protecting themselves from herbivorous animals. Some plants have physical defenses such as thorns, spines and prickles, but by far the most common type of protection is chemical.[1] Over millennia, through the process of natural selection, plants have evolved the means to produce a vast and complicated array of chemical compounds in order to deter herbivores. Tannin, for example, is a defensive compound that emerged relatively early in the evolutionary history of plants, while more complex molecules such as polyacetylenes are found in younger groups of plants such as the Asterales. Many of the known plant defense compounds primarily defend against consumption by insects, though other animals, including humans, that consume such plants may also experience negative effects, ranging from mild discomfort to death.

Many of these poisonous compounds also have important medicinal benefits.[2] The varieties of phytochemical defenses in plants are so numerous that many questions about them remain unanswered, including:

  1. Which plants have which types of defense?
  2. Which herbivores, specifically, are the plants defended against?
  3. What chemical structures and mechanisms of toxicity are involved in the compounds that provide defense?
  4. What are the potential medical uses of these compounds?

These questions and others constitute an active area of research in modern botany, with important implications for understanding plant evolution and for medical science.

Below is an extensive, if incomplete, list of plants containing poisonous parts that pose a serious risk of illness, injury, or death to humans or animals. There is significant overlap between plants considered poisonous and those with psychotropic properties, some of which are toxic enough to present serious health risks at recreational doses. It is also important to remember that there is a distinction between plants that are poisonous because they naturally produce dangerous phytochemicals, and those that may become dangerous for other reasons, including but not limited to infection by bacterial, viral, or fungal parasites, the uptake of toxic compounds through contaminated soil or groundwater, and/or the ordinary processes of decay after the plant has died; this list deals exclusively with the former. Many plants, such as peanuts, also produce compounds that are only dangerous to people who have developed an allergic reaction to them, and with a few exceptions, those plants are not included on this list (see list of allergens instead). Human fatalities caused by poisonous plants – especially resulting from accidental ingestion – are rare in the United States.[3]

Poisonous food plants

Many plants commonly used as food possess toxic parts, are toxic unless processed, or are toxic at certain stages of their lives. Some only pose a serious threat to certain animals (such as cats, dogs, or livestock) or certain types of people (such as infants, the elderly, or individuals with pathological vulnerabilities). Most of these food plants are safe for the average adult to eat in modest quantities. Notable examples include:

Other poisonous plants

Countless other plants not commonly used as food are also poisonous, and care should be taken to avoid accidentally contacting or ingesting them:

The seeds of jequirity (Abrus precatorius) contain the protein abrin, one of the most lethal botanical toxins known
Jack-in-the-pulpit berries look tasty but cause a variety of unpleasant symptoms
An infusion of poison hemlock is said to have killed Socrates in 399 BC
Datura stramonium and its relatives are used as recreational drugs, but improper usage can easily result in death
Foxglove flowers are beautiful but deadly
The woody branches of the mountain laurel are popular in the United States in home decor items, but the flowers, leaves, and stems are toxic to mammals
Oleander is toxic to humans and other animals
The seeds of the castor oil plant contain ricin, one of the world's most lethal toxins; it was famously used to assassinate Bulgarian dissident Georgi Markov in 1978.
The allergic reaction caused by contact with poison ivy afflicts more than 70% of the human population, with as many as 350,000 cases reported annually in the United States alone

See also

References

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Bibliography

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