East Low German
| East Low German | |
|---|---|
| Ostniederdeutsch | |
| Native to | Germany, Poland, Brazil |
|
Indo-European
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 |
nds |
| ISO 639-3 |
nds (partial) |
| Glottolog | None |
East Low German is a group of Low German dialects, including various varieties known as Pomeranian and Prussian, spoken in north-eastern Germany as well as by minorities in northern Poland. Together with West Low German, it constitutes Low German. Before 1945 the dialect was spoken along the entire German Baltic Coast, from Mecklenburg, through Pomerania, West Prussia into certain villages of the East Prussian Memel-Klaipėda Region.
The varieties known as Pomeranian (German: Pommersch) should not be confused with the West Slavic Pomeranian language (German: Pomoranisch).
Related languages
East Low German belongs to the dialect continuum of the continental West Germanic languages. It developed from the older Middle Low German.
In the West it fades into West Low German. The distinction is usually made referring to the plural endings of the verbs: East Low German endings are based on the old first person ending: -e(n), whereas West Low German endings are based on the old second person ending: -(e)t. The categorization of the Low German dialects into an Eastern and a Western group is not made by all linguists.
In the South, it fades into East Central German. The difference is that the East Low German varieties have not been affected by the High German consonant shift. The areas affected by the High German consonant shift are still expanding today, especially the Berlinisch dialect that is gaining ground on the Brandenburgisch dialect by which it is surrounded.
Dialects
East Low German dialects are:
- In Germany:
- Brandenburgisch (in Brandenburg, northern Saxony-Anhalt), incl. Middle Pomeranian
- Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch (in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern), incl. West Pomeranian
- In Poland since 1945 (before that Pomerania, Prussia):
- Low Prussian (spoken by minorities around Gdańsk in northern Poland; nearly extinct since 1945, considered to include Plauttdietsch by some observers)
- East Pomeranian (spoken by minorities in Pomerania and Brazil; incl. West Prussian)
It also includes Plautdietsch (originating from Danzig), which is spoken by Mennonites in North America, Mexico and a few other places in the world. In Berlin a version of Brandenburgisch was spoken in medieval times until the city took up an East Central German dialect that incorporated Brandenburgisch elements and developed into today's Berlinisch.
Baltendeutsch is a High German variety influenced by East Low German formerly spoken by Germans in the Baltic states.
Pomeranian dialects
In Pomerania, several dialects of East Low German are, or were, spoken:
- West Pomeranian (German: Westpommersch or Vorpommersch), a dialect of Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
- West Central Pomeranian (Westmittelpommersch) and East Central Pomeranian Ostmittelpommersch) - dialects of Brandenburgisch
- East Pomeranian-West Prussian (Hinterpommersch-Westpreußische, extinct in Europe, living in Brazil)
- Western East Pomeranian (Westhinterpommersch)
- Eastern East Pomeranian (Osthinterpommersch)
- Bublitzisch
- Pommerellisch
The German dialects of Pomerania are compiled and described in the Pommersche Wörterbuch ("Pomeranian Dictionary"), a dictionary of the German dialects spoken within the Province of Pomerania's borders in 1936.
Pomeranian dialects of East Low German are also spoken in Brazil (see Pomerode, in Santa Catarina, Santa Maria de Jetibá, in Espírito Santo, and Arroio do Padre, Morro Redondo, Turuçu, Canguçu, São Lourenço do Sul and Pelotas, in Rio Grande do Sul).
History
By the early Middle Ages, Pomerania was largely populated by Slavic Pomeranians and Liuticians, who spoke the Pomeranian and Polabian languages. During the High Middle Ages, Germans from northern parts of the Holy Roman Empire settled in Pomerania as part of the medieval Ostsiedlung. Most Slavic Pomeranians gradually became Germanized. The new Pomeranian dialects which emerged from the admixture of the Low German dialects of the settlers are classified as East Low German.[1]
After World War II, Germans east of the Oder-Neisse line were expelled to post-war Germany. Most of the Pomeranian dialects have largely died out in the following decades as the expellees were assimilated into their new homes, although Pomeranian dialects are still spoken in Vorpommern (Western or Hither Pomerania), part of the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
As a result of German immigration to Brazil, there are still some communities speaking Pomeranian in Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Espírito Santo.[2]
The Lord's Prayer in Plautdietsch
- Ons Voda em Himmel,
- lot dien Nome jeheilicht woare;
- lot dien Ritjdom kome;
- lot dien Welle jedone woare,
- uck hia oppe Ed, soo aus em Himmel;
- jeff ons Dach fe Dach daut Broot, daut ons fehlt;
- en vejeff ons onse Schult,
- soo aus wie den vejewe, dee sich jeajen ons veschuldicht ha;
- en brinj ons nich en Vesetjunk nenn,
- oba rad ons von Beeset.
The Lord's Prayer in Mękelborgsch (Mecklenburgic)
- Unsen Vader in'n Hęwen,
- Heiligt węs Din Nam;
- Din Rik kam;
- Din Will sche;
- Up Ird' as in Hęwen;
- Giw uns hüt uns daglig Brod;
- Un vörgiw uns unse Schuld,
- Soas wi vörgęwen unsen Schuldners
- Un vör uns nich in Vörsöking'
- Man befri uns vun'n Æwel.
Writers
Fritz Reuter and Heinrich Bandlow are among the most famous East Low German writers.
See also
 |
Low German edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
References
- ↑ Werner Besch, Sprachgeschichte: Ein Handbuch zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und ihrer Erforschung, 2nd edition, Walter de Gruyter, 1998, pp.2699ff, ISBN 3-11-015883-3
- ↑ Renata Pinz Dietrich. "180 anos de Imigração Alemã" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2007-08-12.
External links
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