Raw veganism

A raw vegan tomato sauce with olives, celery, spinach and walnuts on zucchini "pasta" noodles

Raw vegan ice cream

Raw veganism is a diet that combines the concepts of veganism and raw foodism. It excludes all food and products of animal origin, as well as food cooked at a temperature above 48 °C (118 °F).^[1] A raw vegan diet includes raw vegetables and fruits, nuts and nut pastes, grain and legume sprouts, seeds, plant oils, sea vegetables, herbs, mushrooms, and fresh juices. There are many different versions of the diet, including fruitarianism, juicearianism, and sproutarianism.

Motivations

Robert Hart's forest garden in Shropshire, England

In addition to the ethics of eating meat, dairy, eggs and honey, raw vegans may be motivated by health, spiritual, financial, or environmental reasons, or any combination of these.

In terms of health, some raw vegans hold the belief that cooking foods destroys the complex balance of micronutrients. They may also believe that, in the cooking process, dangerous chemicals are produced by the heat interaction with fat, protein, and carbohydrates such as advanced glycation end-products (AGEs)^[2] and others..

Other followers of a raw vegan diet place importance on spiritual gain. For example, Ruthann Russo, Ph.D, (author of two books on the raw foods diet) says that the movement aims to look at "the way food, living, treatment of the earth, our treatment of each other, and our quest for physical, spiritual, and mental health all fit together."^[3]

Forest gardening is a radical raw vegan lifestyle with a number of motives. For example, it can be viewed as a way to recreate the Garden of Eden.^[4] Developed by raw vegan Robert Hart, forest gardening is a food production system based on woodland ecosystems, incorporating fruit and nut trees, shrubs, herbs, vines and perennial vegetables.^[5] The three main products from a forest garden are fruit, nuts and green leafy vegetables.^[6] Forest gardens are probably the world's oldest and most resilient agroecosystem.^[7]

Low fat and gourmet approaches

The gourmet approach to raw veganism typically use dehydrators to "cook" food like crackers, and make dishes such as nut cheeses, "pasta" (usually zucchini cut as long curly strips), "soups", or green smoothies. There are many raw vegan cook books in the market and recipes online. An issue with the gourmet approach is the overconsumption of fat, since by avoiding meat and cooked starchy foods such as bread and pasta, and consuming typical amounts of fruit (i.e. a few portions a day), calories are mostly obtained from fat in the form of nuts and seeds, oily salad dressing, nut cheeses, and avocados.

Raw vegans who follow a low fat approach to raw veganism seek a very specific nutritional balance of carbohydrates/protein/fat ratio from their diet, trying to ensure they have a sufficient intake of calories, and placing greater importance in those ratios than in their foods being raw. Most low fat raw vegans (LFRVs) follow an 80/10/10 ratio, and some a more lax 70/10/20 or more strict 90/5/5, trying to achieve between 2000 and 3000 calories per day, averaged per week, and according to exercise levels (some athletes consume an average of 6000 calories per day). Obtaining such high amount of calories from carbohydrates from raw foods requires consuming large quantities of sweet and ripe fruit, such as bananas, dates, generally blended/juiced. Considering that a typical banana provides 100 calories, a LFRV following a typical 3000-calorie regime requiring 80% of the calories coming from carbohydrates must consume 2400 calories of banana daily, i.e. 24 bananas, or 48 dates, or 5.3 litres of orange juice, which provides almost all the required intake of protein and fat to satisfy the ratio. Most LFRV also consume a large low fat salad daily to ensure the required protein, mineral and vitamin daily intake is covered. The low fat raw vegan lifestyle has been tried by several athletes.^[8] Several communities of low fat raw vegans exist, one of which by January 2013 had more than 15,000 members,^[9] offering nutritional information and peer support.

Nutritional considerations

Raw food will have higher contents of intact enzymes, acids and proteins as chemistry dictates these fragile nutrients denature during extreme conditions and temperatures of cooking.^[10]

Raw vegans must ensure that their intake of vitamin B₁₂ is adequate, since it does not occur reliably in plant foods.^[11][12][13] Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency can have serious consequences such as anemia and neurodegenerative disease.^[14] The Vegan Society and Vegan Outreach, among others, recommend that vegans either consistently eat foods fortified with B₁₂ or take a B₁₂ supplement.^[15][16][17] Tempeh, seaweed, spirulina, mushroom, organic produce, soil, and intestinal bacteria have not been shown to be reliable sources of B₁₂ for the dietary needs of vegans.^[11][18][19] Vitamin D deficiency is possible due to the absence of dairy products, which are normally fortified with vitamin D, but preventable with the usage of supplements and time spent outdoors.

Research

Medical studies on raw food diets have shown some positive and negative health outcomes.^[20]

See also

• Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead
• Fruitarianism
• Food faddism
• Juice fasting
• List of vegetarian restaurants
• Raw foodism
• Veganism

References

1. "Are enzymes really the life force in raw foods?". www.beyondveg.com. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
2. Uribarri, Jaime; Cai, Weijing; Peppa, Melpomeni; Goodman, Susan; Ferrucci, Luigi; Striker, Gary; Vlassara, Helen (1 April 2007), "Circulating Glycotoxins and Dietary Advanced Glycation Endproducts: Two Links to Inflammatory Response, Oxidative Stress, and Aging", The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences (Oxford Journals) 62 (4): 427–433, doi:10.1093/gerona/62.4.427, PMC 2645629, PMID 17452738, retrieved 17 September 2013
3. The Raw Food Diet Myth, Ruthann Russo, Ph.D, MPH 2008
4. Graham Bell (2004). The Permaculture Garden, p.129, "The Forest Garden…This is the original garden of Eden. It could be your garden too.
   • Also see:
   • Rob Hopkins (foreword), Martin Crawford (2010). Creating a Forest Garden: Working with Nature to Grow Edible Crops, p.10 "Perhaps what Hart created was the closest to what we imagine the Garden of Eden as being."
   • Helmut Lieth (1989). Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems: Biogeographical and Ecological Studies, p.611 "Important food plants, such as sago-producing palms, fruit-producing trees and medicinal plants were purposefully aggregated and tended in convenient places. Eventually, the forest garden, a kind of Garden of Eden, emerged. These jungle gardens on good soils of easy access required little maintenance and hardly any hard work."
   • Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier (2005). Edible Forest Gardens - Volume One, p.1
   • Robert Hart (1996). Forest Gardening: Cultivating and Edible Landscape, p.80
5. Robert Hart (1996). Forest Gardening.
6. Patrick Whitefield (2002). How to Make a Forest Garden. p. 5.
7. Douglas John McConnell (2003). The Forest Farms of Kandy: And Other Gardens of Complete Design. p. 1.
8. Kristie Lau (24 May 2012). "Fruit-only meals and no cooking allowed: Is the 80/10/10 raw vegan diet the secret to an Olympic athlete's body?". Mail Online - Daily Mail UK. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
9. Johnston, Harley; Ratcliffe, Leanne (2013). "30 Bananas A Day - The High Carb Raw Vegan Lifestyle". Retrieved 5 January 2013.
10. http://www.mercurynews.com/bay-area-living/ci_26280077/dr-blonz-cooking-destroys-enzymes
11. "What every vegan should know about vitamin B₁₂". Vegan Society. Archived from the original on 2007-02-20. Retrieved 2007-02-22. Vitamin B₁₂, whether in supplements, fortified foods, or animal products, comes from micro-organisms.
12. Jack Norris, RD (2003-04-18). "Staying a Healthy Vegan". Vegan Outreach. Retrieved 2007-02-22. There are no reliable, unfortified plant sources of vitamin B₁₂; therefore fortified foods and/or supplements are necessary for the optimal health of vegans.
13. "Vitamin B12 Information Sheet". Vegetarian Society. Retrieved 2007-02-22. any B₁₂ present in plant foods is likely to be unavailable to humans and so these foods should not be relied upon as safe sources.
14. "Vitamin B₁₂ (cobalamin)". Merck Manual Home Edition. Retrieved 2006-10-30.
15. "Healthy choices on a vegan diet". Vegan Society. Archived from the original on 2007-02-05. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
16. Reed Mangels, Ph.D., R.D. "Vitamin B₁₂ in the Vegan Diet". Vegetarian Resource Group. Retrieved 2007-02-22. External link in |publisher= (help)
17. "Don't Vegetarians Have Trouble Getting Enough Vitamin B₁₂?". Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
18. Jack Norris, RD. "Vegan Health: B₁₂ in Tempeh, Seaweeds, Organic Produce, and Other Plant Foods". veganhealth.org. Vegan Outreach. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
19. Jack Norris, RD. "Vegan Health: Are Intestinal Bacteria a Reliable Source of B₁₂?". veganhealth.org. Vegan Outreach. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
20. Cunningham, Eleese (2004). "What is a raw foods diet and are there any risks or benefits associated with it?". Journal of the American Dietetic Association 104 (10): 1623. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2004.08.016. PMID 15389429.