Reoviridae
Reoviruses | |
---|---|
Intact double-shelled Rotavirus particles | |
Virus classification | |
Group: | Group III (dsRNA) |
Order: | Unassigned |
Family: | Reoviridae |
Subfamilies and Genera | |
Reoviridae is a family of viruses. They have a wide host range, including vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, and fungi.[1] They are unique in that they lack lipid envelopes and package their genomes of discrete double-stranded segments of RNA within multi-layered capsids. Lack of a lipid envelope has allowed threedimensional structures of these large complex viruses (diameter,∼600–1,000) to be obtained. [2] There are currently 87 species in this family, divided among 30 genera.[3] Reoviruses can affect the gastrointestinal system (such as Rotavirus) and respiratory tract.[4] The name "Reo-" is derived from respiratory enteric orphan viruses.[5] The term "orphan virus" refers to the fact that some of these viruses have been observed not associated with any known disease. Even though viruses in the Reoviridae family have more recently been identified with various diseases, the original name is still used.
Reovirus infection occurs often in humans, but most cases are mild or subclinical. Rotavirus, however, can cause severe diarrhea and intestinal distress in children. The virus can be readily detected in feces, and may also be recovered from pharyngeal or nasal secretions, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood. Despite the ease of finding Reovirus in clinical specimens, their role in human disease or treatment is still uncertain.
Some viruses of this family infect plants. For example, Phytoreovirus and Oryzavirus.
Structure
Reoviruses are non-enveloped and have an icosahedral capsid composed of an outer (T=13) and inner (T=2) protein shell.[1][5] The genomes of viruses in Reoviridae contain 10–12 segments which are grouped into three categories corresponding to their size: L (large), M (medium) and S (small). Segments range from about 3.9 to 1 kbp and each segment encodes 1–3 proteins (10-14 proteins in total[1]). Reoviridae proteins are denoted by the Greek character corresponding to the segment it was translated from (the L segment encodes for λ proteins, the M segment encodes for μ proteins and the S segment encodes for σ proteins).[5]
Genus | Structure | Symmetry | Capsid | Genomic Arrangement | Genomic Segmentation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aquareovirus | Icosahedral | T=13, T=2 | Non-Enveloped | Linear | Segmented |
Rotavirus | Icosahedral | T=13, T=2 | Non-Enveloped | Linear | Segmented |
Seadornavirus | Icosahedral | T=13, T=2 | Non-Enveloped | Linear | Segmented |
Coltivirus | Icosahedral | T=13, T=2 | Non-Enveloped | Linear | Segmented |
Fijivirus | Icosahedral | T=13, T=2 | Non-Enveloped | Linear | Segmented |
Phytoreovirus | Icosahedral | T=13, T=2 | Non-Enveloped | Linear | Segmented |
Mimoreovirus | Icosahedral | T=13, T=2 | Non-Enveloped | Linear | Segmented |
Orbivirus | Icosahedral | T=13, T=2 | Non-Enveloped | Linear | Segmented |
Cypovirus | Icosahedral | T=2 | Non-Enveloped | Linear | Segmented |
Orthoreovirus | Icosahedral | T=13, T=2 | Non-Enveloped | Linear | Segmented |
Idnoreovirus | Icosahedral | T=13, T=2 | Non-Enveloped | Linear | Segmented |
Dinovernavirus | Icosahedral | T=2 | Non-Enveloped | Linear | Segmented |
Oryzavirus | Icosahedral | T=13, T=2 | Non-Enveloped | Linear | Segmented |
Cardoreovirus | Icosahedral | T=13, T=2 | Non-Enveloped | Linear | Segmented |
Mycoreovirus | Icosahedral | T=13, T=2 | Non-Enveloped | Linear | Segmented |
Life Cycle
Viruses in the family Reoviridae have genomes consisting of segmented, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA).[4] Because of this, replication occurs exclusively in the cytoplasm and the virus encodes several proteins which are needed for replication and conversion of the dsRNA genome into (+)-RNAs. The virus can enter the host cell via a receptor on the cell surface. The receptor is not known but is thought to include sialic acid and junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs).[6] The virus is partially uncoated by proteases in the endolysosome, where the capsid is partially digested to allow further cell entry. The core particle then enters the cytoplasm by a yet unknown process where the genome is transcribed conservatively causing an excess of (+) sense strands, which are used as mRNA templates to synthesize (−) sense strands. Viral particles begin to assemble in the cytoplasm 6–7 hours after infection. Translation takes place by leaky scanning, suppression of termination, and ribosomal skipping. The virus exits the host cell by monopartite non-tubule guided viral movement, cell to cell movement, and existing in occlusion bodies after cell death and remaining infectious until finding another host.[1]
Genus | Host Details | Tissue Tropism | Entry Details | Release Details | Replication Site | Assembly Site | Transmission |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aquareovirus | Aquatic vertebrates: fish; aquatic invertebrates: shellfish; aquatic invertebrates: crustaceans | None | Cell receptor endocytosis | Cell death | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |
Rotavirus | Humans; vertebrates | Intestinal mucosa | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis | Cell death | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Oral-fecal |
Seadornavirus | Humans; cattle; pigs; mosquitoes | None | Cell receptor endocytosis | Cell death | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Zoonosis; arthropod bite |
Coltivirus | Humans; rodents; ticks; mosquitoes | Erythrocytes | Cell receptor endocytosis | Cell death | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Arthropod bite |
Fijivirus | Plants: gramineae; plants: liliacea; planthoppers | Phloem | Viral movement; mechanical inoculation | Cell death | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Delphacid plant hoppers |
Phytoreovirus | Oryza sativa; leafhoppers | Phloem | Viral movement; mechanical inoculation | Cell death | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Leafhoppers |
Mimoreovirus | Algae | None | Cell receptor endocytosis | Cell death | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Arthropod bite |
Orbivirus | Vertebrates; mosquitoes; midges; gnats; sandflies; ticks | None | Cell receptor endocytosis | Cell death | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Arthropod bite |
Cypovirus | Insects | Midgut; goblet; fat | Cell receptor endocytosis | Cell death | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Polyhedra: oral-fecal; vertical: eggs |
Orthoreovirus | Vertebrates | Epithelium: intestinal; epithelium:bile duct; epithelium: lung; leukocytes; endothelium: CNS | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis | Cell death | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Aerosol; oral-fecal |
Idnoreovirus | Hymenoptera | Gut | Cell receptor endocytosis | Cell death | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Unknown |
Dinovernavirus | Insects; Mosquitoes | None | Unknown | Cell death | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Unknown |
Oryzavirus | Plants: graminae, Oryza sativa; planthoppers | None | Viral movement; mechanical inoculation | Cell death | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Delphacid planthoppers |
Cardoreovirus | Crustaceans: crabs | None | Cell receptor endocytosis | Cell death | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Arthropod bite |
Mycoreovirus | Fungi | Mycelium | Cell death; cytoplasmic exchange, sporogenesis; hyphal anastomosis | Cell death; cytoplasmic exchange, sporogenesis; hyphal anastomosis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasmic exchange, sporogenesis; hyphal anastomosis |
Multiplicity reactivation
Multiplicity reactivation (MR) is the process by which 2 or more virus genomes, each containing inactivating genome damage, can interact within an infected cell to form a viable virus genome. McClain and Spendlove[7] demonstrated MR for three types of reovirus after exposure to ultraviolet irradiation. In their experiments, reovirus particles were exposed to doses of UV-light that would be lethal in single infections. However, when two or more inactivated viruses were allowed to infect individual host cells MR occurred and viable progeny were produced. As they stated, multiplicity reactivation by definition involves some type of repair. Michod et al.[8] reviewed numerous examples of MR in different viruses, and suggested that MR is a common form of sexual interaction in viruses that provides the benefit of recombinational repair of genome damages.
Taxonomy
Group: dsRNA
- Family: Reoviridae
- Sub-Family: Sedoreovirinae
- Genus: Orbivirus
- African horse sickness virus
- Bluetongue virus
- Changuinola virus
- Chenuda virus
- Chobar Gorge virus
- Corriparta virus
- Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus
- Equine encephalosis virus
- Eubenangee virus
- Great Island virus
- Ieri virus
- Lebombo virus
- Orungo virus
- Palyam virus
- Peruvian horse sickness virus
- St Croix River virus
- Umatilla virus
- Wad Medani virus
- Wallal virus
- Warrego virus
- Wongorr virus
- Yunnan orbivirus
- Genus: Phytoreovirus
- Rice dwarf virus
- Rice gall dwarf virus
- Wound tumor virus
- Sub-Family: Spinareovirinae
- Genus: Aquareovirus
- Aquareovirus A
- Aquareovirus B
- Aquareovirus C
- Aquareovirus D
- Aquareovirus E
- Aquareovirus F
- Aquareovirus G
- Genus: Coltivirus
- Colorado tick fever virus
- Eyach virus
- Genus: Cypovirus
- Cypovirus 1
- Cypovirus 2
- Cypovirus 3
- Cypovirus 4
- Cypovirus 5
- Cypovirus 6
- Cypovirus 7
- Cypovirus 8
- Cypovirus 9
- Cypovirus 10
- Cypovirus 11
- Cypovirus 12
- Cypovirus 13
- Cypovirus 14
- Cypovirus 15
- Cypovirus 16
- Genus: Dinovernavirus
- Aedes pseudoscutellaris reovirus
- Genus: Fijivirus
- Fiji disease virus
- Garlic dwarf virus
- Maize rough dwarf virus
- Mal de Rio Cuarto virus
- Nilaparvata lugens reovirus
- Oat sterile dwarf virus
- Pangola stunt virus
- Rice black streaked dwarf virus
- Genus: Idnoreovirus
- Idnoreovirus 1
- Idnoreovirus 2
- Idnoreovirus 3
- Idnoreovirus 4
- Idnoreovirus 5
- Genus: Mycoreovirus
- Mycoreovirus 1
- Mycoreovirus 2
- Mycoreovirus 3
- Genus: Orthoreovirus
- Avian orthoreovirus
- Baboon orthoreovirus
- Mammalian orthoreovirus
- Nelson Bay orthoreovirus
- Reptilian orthoreovirus
- Genus: Oryzavirus
- Echinochloa ragged stunt virus
- Rice ragged stunt virus
The Reoviridae are divided into two subfamilies[9] based on the presence of a "turret" protein on the inner capsid.[10][11] From ICTV communications: "The name Spinareovirinae will be used to identify the subfamily containing the spiked or turreted viruses and is derived from ‘reovirus’ and the Latin word ‘spina’ as a prefix, which means spike, denoting the presence of spikes or turrets on the surface of the core particles. The term ‘spiked’ is an alternative to ‘turreted’, that was used in early research to describe the structure of the particle, particularly with the cypoviruses. The name Sedoreovirinae will be used to identify the subfamily containing the non-turreted virus genera and is derived from ‘reovirus’ and the Latin word ‘sedo’, which means smooth, denoting the absence of spikes or turrets from the core particles of these viruses, which have a relatively smooth morphology."[12]
Other Reoviridae
Additionally, there is one proposed genus that has not yet been accepted by the ICTV:
- Crabreovirus[13]
Piscine reovirus is a Spinareovirinae-like virus that has not yet been classified.[14]
Therapeutic applications
Although reoviruses are mostly nonpathogenic in humans, these viruses have served as very productive experimental models for studies of viral pathogenesis. [15] Newborn mice are exquisitely sensitive to reovirus infection and have been used as the preferred experimental system for studies of reovirus pathogenesis. [16]
The reoviruses have been demonstrated to have oncolytic (cancer-killing) properties, encouraging the development of reovirus-based therapies for cancer treatment.[17][18]
Reolysin is a formulation of reovirus that is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of various cancers.[19]
See also
References
- 1 2 3 4 "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ↑ Polly Roy (Ed.). Reoviruses: Entry, Assembly and Morphogenesis. Springer (2006)
- 1 2 ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- 1 2 3 MicrobiologyBytes—Reoviruses
- ↑ Barton, ES; Forrest, JC; Connolly, JL; Chappell, JD; Liu, Y; Schnell, FJ; Nusrat, A; Parkos, CA; Dermody, TS (Feb 9, 2001). "Junction adhesion molecule is a receptor for reovirus.". Cell 104 (3): 441–51. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00231-8. PMID 11239401.
- ↑ McClain ME, Spendlove RS (November 1966). "Multiplicity reactivation of reovirus particles after exposure to ultraviolet light". J. Bacteriol. 92 (5): 1422–9. PMC 276440. PMID 5924273.
- ↑ Michod, R. E.; Bernstein, H.; Nedelcu, A. M. (2008). "Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens". Infection, Genetics and Evolution 8 (3): 267–285. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2008.01.002. PMID 18295550.
- ↑ Carstens, E. B. (January 2010). "Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2009)" (PDF). Archives of Virology 155 (1): 133–146. doi:10.1007/s00705-009-0547-x. PMID 19960211.
- ↑ Hill C, Booth T, et al. (1999). "The structure of a cypovirus and the functional organization of dsRNA viruses". Nature Structural Biology 6 (6): 565–9. doi:10.1038/9347. PMID 10360362.
- ↑ Knipe D, Howley P, et al. (2006). Fields Virology. Philadelphia, Pa.: Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1855. ISBN 0-7817-6060-7.
- ↑ Attoui, Houssam; Mertens, Peter. 2007.127-129V.v2.Spina-Sedoreovirinae. ICTV: 1–9 http://talk.ictvonline.org/files/ictv_official_taxonomy_updates_since_the_8th_report/m/vertebrate-2008/1221.aspx. Missing or empty
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ignored (help) - ↑ Deng, X. X.; Lü, L.; Ou, Y. J.; Su, H. J.; Li, G.; Guo, Z. X.; Zhang, R.; Zheng, P. R.; Chen, Y. G.; He, J. G.; Weng, S. P. (2012). "Sequence analysis of 12 genome segments of mud crab reovirus (MCRV)". Virology 422 (2): 185–194. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2011.09.029. PMID 22088215.
- ↑ Kibenge MJ, Iwamoto T, Wang Y, Morton A, Godoy MG, Kibenge FS (2013). "Whole-genome analysis of piscine reovirus (PRV) shows PRV represents a new genus in family Reoviridae and its genome segment S1 sequences group it into two separate sub-genotypes". Virol. J. 10: 230. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-10-230. PMC 3711887. PMID 23844948.
- ↑ Acheson, Nicholas H. Fundamentals of Molecular Virology. John Wiley and Sons (2011). p.234
- ↑ Polly Roy (Ed.). Reoviruses: Entry, Assembly and Morphogenesis. Springer (2006)
- ↑ Lal R, Harris D, Postel-Vinay S, de Bono J (October 2009). "Reovirus: Rationale and clinical trial update". Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther. 11 (5): 532–9. PMID 19806501.
- ↑ Kelland, K. (13 June 2012). "Cold virus hitches a ride to kill cancer: study". Reuters. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
- ↑ Thirukkumaran C, Morris DG (2009). "Oncolytic viral therapy using reovirus". Methods Mol. Biol. Methods in Molecular Biology 542: 607–34. doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-561-9_31. ISBN 978-1-934115-85-5. PMID 19565924.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Reoviridae |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reoviridae. |
- Viralzone: Reoviridae
- ICTV: Reoviridae
- Description of plant viruses: Reoviridae
- ViPR: Reoviridae
- "Reoviridae". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 10880.
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