Steel industry in China

The Steel industry in China has developed over several decades into the world biggest.[1] China accounted for over 50% of world steel production in 2013.[1] It has been driven by rapid modernisation of its economy, construction, infrastructure and manufacturing industries.[1]

History

20th century

The steel industry was small and sparsely populated at the start of the twentieth century and during both world wars. Most of the steel infrastructure was destroyed during the wars, and were using Soviet technologies. China lagged behind the western countries in its steel industry development even though they were using central planning techniques during the early days of communist rule.[2]

China underwent rapid economic industrialisation since Deng Xiaoping's capitalist reforms which took place 3 decades ago in 1978.[3]

The steel industry gradually increased it output. China's annual crude steel output was 100 million tons in 1996.[4]

21st century

China produced 123 million tons of steel in 1999. After its ascension to the WTO it aggressively expanded its production for its growing appetite of manufacturing industries such as automotive vehicles, consumer electronics and building materials.[3]

The Chinese steel industry is dominated by a number of large state-owned groups which are owned via shareholdings by local authorities, provincial governments and even the central authorities. The biggest steel groups are Baosteel, Angang Steel Company, Wuhan Iron and Steel, Anshan, Tangshan, Shagang Group and Hebei Iron and Steel.[5]

By 2008 raw materials such as Iron ore prices grew and China had to reluctantly agree to price increases by the three largest iron ore producers in the world; BHP Billiton, Rio Tinto and Vale.[3] During the Global financial crisis the Chinese steel mills won price reprieves as demand from their customers slowed. When the demand started to pick up again in 2009 and in 2010, the price crept back up due to higher demand for automobiles, low interest rates, government fiscal stimuli around the world.[6] Prices for iron ore were negotiated on an annual contract pricing scheme.[7] [8][9][10] Australian iron ore producers were not happy that iron prices did not reflect Spot market pricing. In 2010 pressure from BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto to move to a quarterly based index pricing succeeded.[11] Many Japanese steel mills and Chinese steel companies had to follow as demand for raw materials heated up.[11][12][13] Spot-basis pricing has caused problems for steel manufacturers such as exposing them to price fluctuation in the market and reducing the stability of resource supply. Steel mills prefer long term pricing to hedge against cost and maintain raw material supply stability.[14] Rio Tinto has said it will cancel contracts and sell the steel on the spot markets if Chinese steel mills back down on the new quarterly pricing regime.[14]

In 2011 China was the largest producer of steel in the world producing 45% of the world's steel, 683 million tons, an increase of 9% from 2010. 6 of 10 of largest steel producers in the world are in China. Profits are low despite continued high demand due to high debt and overproduction of high end products produced with the equipment financed by the high debt. The central government is aware of this problem but there is no easy way to resolve it as local governments strongly support local steel production. Meanwhile, each firm aggressively increases production.[15] Iron ore production kept pace with steel production in the early 1990s but was soon outpaced by imported iron ore and other metals in the early 2000s. Steel production, an estimated 140 million tons in 2000 increased to 419 million tons in 2006. Much of the country's steel output comes from a large number of small-scale producing centers, one of the largest being Anshan in Liaoning.

China was the top exporter of steel in the world in 2008. Export volumes in 2008 were 59.23 million tons, a 5.5% fall over the previous year.[16] The decline ended China's decade-old steel export growth. As of 2012 steel exports faced widespread anti-dumping taxes and had not returned to pre-2008 levels. Domestic demand remained strong, particularly in the developing west where steel production in Xinjiang was expanding.[15]

On 26 April 2012 a warning was issued by China's bank regulator to use caution with respect to lending money to steel companies who, as profits from the manufacture and sale of steel have fallen, have sometimes used borrowed money for speculative purposes. According to the China Iron and Steel Association the Chinese steel industry lost 1 billion Rmb in the first quarter of 2012, its first loss since 2000.[17]

As of 2015 the global steel market was weak with both Ukraine and Russia attempting to export large amounts of steel.[18] Weak domestic demand in 2014 resulted in record exports of 100 million metric tons of steel by the Chinese steel industry.[19]

Efforts by the Chinese Ministry of Environmental Protection under the Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution has resulted in pressure on steel mills in Linyi and Chengde to employ environmental protection measures on pain of being closed down.[20]

In the context of lowered demand (see also 2015–16 Chinese stock market crash), in 2016 the Chinese state announced large scale closures and redundancies in heavy and primary industries, many of which were functioning as zombie companys, with 1.8 million redundancies (15% of workforce) in the coal and steel industries planned to take place by 2020.[21]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 http://www.chinaknowledge.com/Business/CBGdetails.aspx?subchap=3&content=14
  2. ↑ The Library of Congress, A Country Study: China, This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Library of Congress Country Studies. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cntoc.html
  3. 1 2 3 chinabusinessreview.net
  4. ↑ William Thomas Hogan, 2000 The Steel Industry of China, Lexington Books, ISBN 0-7391-0081-5, 978-0-7391-0081-3, 80 pages
  5. ↑ http://www.steelonthenet.com/production.html
  6. ↑ Robert Guy Matthews. Steelmakers Crank Up Output --- Surging Production in China, Eastern Europe Puts Downward Pressure on Prices as Inventories Rise. Wall Street Journal. Eastern edition. 1 June 2010 B.1. In: ABI/INFORM Global [database on the Internet] [cited 28 June 2010]. Available from: http://www.proquest.com/; Document ID: 2048312551.
  7. ↑ http://www.theage.com.au/business/china-iron-ore-price-talks-in-chaos-20100119-mj4f.html
  8. ↑ http://www.theage.com.au/business/bhp-in-significant-win-on-ironore-contracts-20100330-r978.html
  9. ↑ http://www.heraldsun.com.au/business/iron-ore-price-fight/story-e6frfh4f-1111115937159
  10. ↑ http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/business/items/201003/s2860719.htm
  11. 1 2 http://www.news.com.au/business/bhp-strikes-short-term-iron-ore-contracts/story-e6frfm1i-1225847327811
  12. ↑ http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/mining-titan-bhp-in-landmark-iron-ore-pricing-move-20100330-rahy.html
  13. ↑ http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/bhp-treads-softly-on-iron-ore-price-revolution/story-e6frg8zx-1225849061331
  14. 1 2 Matt Chambers. Rio threat to China steel mills. The Australian. 16 June 2010 32. In: ProQuest ANZ Newsstand [database on the Internet] [cited 28 June 2010]. Available from: http://www.proquest.com/; Document ID: 2058385621.
  15. 1 2 "In China's Floundering Steel Sector, the Burden of Politics". The New York Times. Reuters. 3 May 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
  16. ↑ Steel exports fall in 2008 – People's Daily Online. English.people.com.cn (12 February 2009). Retrieved on 6 August 2010.
  17. ↑ Simon Rabinovitch; Leslie Hook (4 June 2012). "China warns on lending to steel plants". The Financial Times. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
  18. ↑ Manolo Serapio Jr. and Maytaal Angel (February 27, 2015). "Cheap is king: Russia, Ukraine add to China steel export flood". Reuters. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  19. ↑ Neil Gough (March 11, 2015). "For Chinese Economy, Steel Goes From Strength to Weakness". The New York Times. Retrieved March 11, 2015. China shipped a record 100 million metric tons of steel overseas in the 12 months to the end of February, a 55 percent increase from the previous 12 months.
  20. ↑ "China Cracks Down on Steel's Smog" (The New York Times). Reuters. March 2, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  21. ↑ Petricic, Sasa (3 Mar 2016), "Massive layoffs coming as China confronts its overbuilt 'zombie economy'", CBC News

External links

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