Stefan Nemanja

Stefan Nemanja (Serbian: Стефан Немања, pronounced [stêfaːn ně̞maɲa]; ca 1113 – 13 February 1199) was the Grand Prince (Veliki Župan) of the Serbian Grand Principality (also known as Rascia) from 1166 to 1196. A member of the Vukanović dynasty, Nemanja founded the Nemanjić dynasty, and is remembered for his contributions to Serbian culture and history, founding would evolve into the Serbian Empire, as well as the national church. According to the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Nemanja is also among the most remarkable Serbs for his literary contributions and altruistic attributes.^[1]

In 1196, after three decades of warfare and negotiations which consolidated Serbia while distinguishing it from both Western and Byzantine spheres of influence, Nemanja abdicated in favour of his middle son Stefan Nemanjić, who became the first King of Serbia. Nemanja ultimately went to Mount Athos, where he became a monk and took the name of Symeon, joining his youngest son (later known as Saint Sava), who had already become the first archbishop of the Serbian Orthodox Church.

Together with his son Sava, Nemanja had built the Serbian Hilandar Monastery at Mount Athos from 1198-1199, and issued the "Hilandar Charter". The monastery later became the cradle of the Serbian Orthodox Church. The Serbian Orthodox Church canonized Stefan Nemanja shortly after his death under the name Saint Symeon the Myrrh-streaming (Свети Симеон Мироточиви) after numerous miracles.

Early life

Nemanja was born around the year 1113 AD in Ribnica, Zeta (in the vicinity of present-day Podgorica, the capital of Montenegro). He was the youngest son of Zavida, a Prince of Zahumlje, who after a conflict with his brothers was sent to Ribnica where he had the title of Lord. Zavida (Beli Uroš) was most probably a son of Uroš I or Vukan. Since western Zeta was under strong Roman Catholic influence at the time, Nemanja initially seemed to have received a Latin baptism, due to physical lack of Orthodox clergy in the area,^[2] although much of his later life was spent firmly in the Eastern Orthodox Christianity. However, it is important to note that the process of Latin separation after the Great Schism of 1054 was not yet fully achieved in the Balkans.

Church of Peter on a hill of Stari Ras, the capital of Rascia (Serbia)

After Byzantine armies defeated Nemanja's kinsmen Đorđe of Duklja and Desa Urošević, leading to the decline of that branch of the Vojislavljević family, Zavida took his family to their hereditary lands at Rascia. Upon arriving in Ras, the capital of Rascia, Nemanja was re-baptised in the Eastern Orthodox Church, in the Church of St. Apostles Peter and Paul which was an episcopal see.

Prince

Upon reaching adulthood, Nemanja became "Prince (Župan) of Ibar, Toplica, Rasina and Reke", receiving the česti (parts of the state) from the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I. Manuel had appointed Zavida's eldest son Tihomir as the supreme Grand Prince of the Serb lands; his brother Stracimir ruled West Morava, Miroslav ruled Zahumlje and Travunia.^[3]

In 1163, Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos installed Nemanja's older brother Tihomir as Grand Župan of Rascia in Desa's place, which disappointed Nemanja greatly, as he expected that he would get the throne. Nemanja met Emperor Manuel in Niš in 1162, who gave him the region of Dubočica to rule over and declared him independent. The Emperor gave him a Byzantine court title as it was important for the Emperor to have the borderlands of the Empire ruled by loyal leaders. Nemanja's Serb squadrons fought in the Imperial Army in 1164 in Srem during the wars against the Kingdom of Hungary. Nemanja ruled independently; he built the Monastery of Saint Nicholas in Kuršumlija and the Monastery of the Holy Mother of Christ near Kosanica-Toplica, without the Tihomir's approval. His brothers invited him to a council at Ras, supposedly to resolve the situation, but instead they imprisoned him in a nearby cave. Nemanja's supporters advised church leaders that Tihomir had done this because he disapproved of church building, something that would later help Nemanja greatly.^[4] A later legend claimed Saint George himself freed Nemanja from the cave.^[5]

Between 1166 and 1168, Prince Nemanja rebelled against his older brother Tihomir, and deposed him and his brothers, Miroslav and Stracimir. The Byzantine Emperor raised a mercenary army for Tihomir, made up of Greeks, Francs and Turks, which Nemanja defeated at the Battle of Pantino, south of Zvečan. Tihomir drowned in the Sitnica river, and the other brothers surrendered to Nemanja, who allowed them to rule their previous lands.^[3] Nemanja assumed the title of Grand Župan of all Serbia , and took the first name Stefan (from Greek Stephanos meaning "crowned").

Nemanja married a Serbian noblewoman, Ana, with whom he had three sons: Vukan, Stefan and Rastko.

Grand Prince

Đurđevi Stupovi monastery, founded by Stefan Nemanja

Ruins of Ras Fortress a capital of Grand Župan of Stafan Nemanja.

Stefan Nemanja built the church of Đurđevi Stupovi (Pillars of St. George) in Ras in 1171. According to the legend, this was to thank Saint George for freeing him from the cave in which his brothers had imprisoned him, as well as helping him rise to power. The same year, Nemanja had his third son - Rastko.

In 1171, Grand Župan Stefan Nemanja sided with the Venetian Republic in a dispute with the Byzantine Empire, with the aim of gaining full independence from Byzantine rule. The Venetians incited the Slavs of the eastern Adriatic littoral to rebel against Byzantine rule. Nemanja joined them, launching an offensive towards the coastal city of Kotor. A German fleet also formed to replace the Venetian navy, and advanced eastwards in the September 1171, capturing Ragusa. Nemanja also made an alliance with the Kingdom of Hungary, and, though the Hungarians, with the Duchy of Austria. Grand Prince Nemanja then dispatched troops to the Morava valley in 1172, to disrupt communications and commerce between Niš and Belgrade and instigate a rebellion amongst the local Serbs at Ravno. However, Ravno's Serbs refused to allow passage to the King of Saxony Heinrich the Lion. The Serbs organised a surprise attack on the German camp, then attacked their own neighbours.

However, in 1172, the anti-Byzantine coalition that Nemanja had joined with the Kingdom of Hungary, the Venetian Republic and the Holy Roman Empire collapsed. Venice faced a mutiny and an outbreak of plague that devastated her navy, while the King of Hungary died and a new, pro-Byzantine King ascended that throne. Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos had launched an expedition and Nemanja's defeat seemed certain. Thus, the Grand Župan sought leave to parley and met the Emperor in Niš with his head and feet bare and a halter around his neck, much as the rebel Reginald of Chatillon who had established himself as Prince of Antioch had 13 years before, and received reinstatement. However, although Nemanja bowed before Emperor Manuel and surrendered his personal sword, he was imprisoned and brought to the Imperial Capital of Constantinople to take part in a triumphal entry as a defeated barbarian.^[6] However, the emperor also befriended Nemanja and saw that he was tutored. Nemanja vowed to never again attack Manuel, while the Emperor in return recognized Stefan Nemanja and his bloodline as the rightful Grand Župans of the Rascian lands.

Council against Bogomilism, organized by Stefan. Fresco from 1290

Stefan Nemanja forced his brothers, Stracimir of West Moravia and Miroslav of Zachlumia and Lim to accept his supreme rule in return for his forgiveness; he also made Tihomir's son Stefan Prvoslav surrender his claim to the throne. His army was involved only in a single conflict at the request of his Byzantine overlord, in Asia Minor. Nemanja also used the following decade to deal with the Bogomil heresy that had spread to his realm, as well as to neighboring Bosnia, from neighboring Bulgaria, and strengthening Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Grand Župans burned their books and confiscated their lands, as well as burned some at the stake, and exiled others. Most of the exiled Bogumils from his realm found refuge in Bosnia, under protection of its ruler Kulin Ban. By the end of his reign, Stefan Nemanja had completely rooted out the Bogomils. Moreover, Prince Stracimir built the Monastery of the Mother of Christ in his capital at Moravian Grac (today Čačak), while Prince Miroslav constructed the Monastery of Saint Peter on Lim. Miroslav also married the sister of Kulin Ban, creating a bloodline link between two ruling dynasties.

Death of the Emperor

Following Emperor Manuel I Komnenos' death in 1180, Stefan Nemanja no longer believed he owed any allegiance to the Byzantines, characterizing his vows as being to the Emperor, not the Empire. He took advantage of the Empire's weakened state, and allowed his brothers leeway as well. Prince Miroslav protected the Narentine Kačić family, pirates that had robbed and murdered Rainer (Arnerius), the archbishop of Split. Although the pope demanded the prince execute the perpetrators and surrender the loot, Miroslav refused, and instead expelled the Bishop of Ston. Excommunicated by the Papacy, Miroslav merely replaced the vacant church buildings in the vicinity of Ston.^[5]

In 1183, Stefan Nemanja formed a new alliance, with King Bela III of Hungary, and invaded Byzantine soil. Andronicus Comnenus had taken over the imperial throne, but was not recognized. The Massacre of the Latins in Constantinople inflamed the tense political situation. Kulin Ban of Bosnia also joined Nemanja. The Byzantine forces in the eastern Serb borderlands were led by Alexios Branas and Andronikos Lapardas. Inner fights occurred, as Branas supported the new Emperor and Lapardas, opposing, deserted with his troops. The Hungarian-Serbian military soon pushed the Byzantines out of the Morava Valley and advanced all the way to Sofia, raiding Belgrade, Braničevo, Ravno, Niš en route. However, the Hungarians soon withdrew, leaving Nemanja's forces raiding across western Bulgaria.

In 1184, Prince Miroslav tried to retake the islands of Korčula and Vis, but on 18 August 1184, his fleet was devastated by the Ragusan navy at Poljice near Koločep, so Miroslav signed a peace treaty with the Republic of Ragusa. However, his brother, Prince Stracimir, did not feel bound by that defeat and the following year raided Korčula and Vis with the Doclean fleet. However, by time he marshalled his forces, he decided to join in Miroslav's peace efforts because the Byzantines launched a counter-attack on Serbia. Nonetheless, a Bulgarian uprising in the Danubian areas sidetracked the imperial offensive, so Stefan Nemanja took advantage of the complex situation and conquered the Timok Frontier with Niš and sacked Svrljig, Ravno and Koželj. While Nemanja held Niš, it served as his capital and base of operations.

Third Crusade

Meeting with Barbarossa in 1189.

In 1188 Stefan Nemanja sent an envoy to Nuremberg, Friedrich Barbarossa's Capital of the Holy Roman Empire, inviting him to stay during while Crusading to the Holy Land with Count Berthold Andechs of Istria's Krain who was at the same time Duke of Croatia and Slavonia. The Holy Roman Emperor disembarked on the Third Crusade and arrived on 27 July 1189 at Niš with 100,000 Crusaders. Stefan Nemanja and Stracimir hosted the Western Emperor Friedrich. A marriage was arranged between Barthold Andex's daughter and Miroslav's son Toljen to strengthen Serbian-German relations. Nemanja proposed that Barbarossa join with him and the Venetians and strike at the Byzantines, but Barbarossa remained intent on his Crusade.^[7] Barbarossa recognized that he needed Byzantine help to transport his forces to Asia. Friedrich's plans changed when a Byzantine force stopped him from reaching his next stop - Sophia. The Greeks also started raiding his Army, which infuriated the Emperor so much that he planned an offensive to Constantinople itself. Stefan Nemanja offered 20,000 men to support the Emperor's military campaign, and the Bulgarians offered more than twice that number. Despite being in his early 70s, Stefan Nemanja followed the Crusaders with his Army to the border at Gate of Trajan. He then dispatched envoys to Adrianopolis to finalize the Western alliance. While Nemanja's envoys were negotiating with Berthold Andex as Friedrich's representative, Nemanja took Pernik, Zemen, Velbužd, Žitomisk, Stobi, Prizren and rest of Kosovo and Metohija and even Skopje. However, Barbarossa never consummated an alliance with Nemanja, instead signing a peace treaty with Byzantine representatives on 14 February 1190 in Adrianopolis.

Conflict with Byzantines and successions

Donor's portrait of Stefan Nemanja, fresco in the Virgin's Church of the Studenica Monastery

In 1190, the new Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelus prepared a massive and experienced army to strike against Nemanja. The same year, Stefan Nemanja finished his magnificent Virgin's Church in the Studenica monastery out of white marble which later became the Nemanjić dynasty's hallmark. Also in 1190 Prince Miroslav died of old age, so Stefan Nemanja temporarily assigned his pious youngest son Rastko as the new Prince of Zahumlje in Ston.

In fall of 1191, the well-prepared Byzantine Army, led by the Emperor himself, crushed Nemanja's forces in South Moravia. Stefan Nemanja retreated into the mountains, as Byzantines raided all along the river and even burned down capital in Kuršumlija. However, Nemanja began raiding the Byzantine armies, so Emperor Isaac decided to negotiate a final peace treaty. Stefan Nemanja relinquished a large part of his conquests, east of the river of Velika Morava, and recognized the Byzantine Emperor's supremacy, while in return the Emperor recognized him as the rightful Grand Župan. Nemanja's son Stefan married the Byzantine Princess Eudokia Angelina and received the title of Sebastokrator - among the highest Byzantine Courtier titles and only given to imperial family members. To separate the Serbs from the Bulgarians, the Emperor kept Niš and Ravno; while allowing Stefan Nemanja to rule the Greek Lands of Zeta, Kosovo with Lipljan, Metohija to Prizren and the Arbanass Pilot.

In 1192 Nemanja's youngest son retired to his Monastery in Ston, and then fled to Mount Athos in the Byzantine Empire. There, although followed by his father's guards, he accepted monastic vows and took the name Sava. This greatly saddened Nemanja. In Rastko's place, Miroslav's son Toljen became Prince of Zahumlje and founded a local dynasty. Rascia seemed once again endangered once as Nemanja's former ally, King Bela of Hungary invaded from the north. However, Nemanja's forces quickly pushed the Hungarians back across the border in 1193.

In 1195, Stefan Nemanja's brother-in-law Alexius III inherited the Eastern Roman Imperial throne. Nemanja, tired of ruling, expanded the power and lands of his eldest son Vukan. He joined Zeta with Trebinje, Hvosno and his capital of Toplica under Vukan's absolute rule.

Abdication and monastic life

Saint Symeon (Stefan Nemanja), fresco from Bogorodica Ljeviška church in Prizren (1307—1309)

Stefan Nemanja succeeding the rule to his son, Stefan.

Scanned copy of Monk Simeon's edict to Hilandar from 1198-1199, from the Dubrovnik Archive

On March 25, 1196, Stefan Nemanja summoned a Council in Ras, where he officially abdicated in favour of his second son, Stefan, to whom he bequeathed all his earthly possessions. Although Vukan was Nemanja's eldest son, Nemanja preferred to see Stefan II on the Serbian throne in part because Stefan had married the Byzantine princess Eudokia. However, traditions of primogeniture, would instead mean Vukan, his first son, should inherit the throne. Vukan reacted on this change in succession by declaring himself King of Duklja.

Nemanja took monastic vows with his wife Ana in Ras' Church of Saint Peter and Paul. He took the monastic name of Simeon; his wife became Anastasia. Simeon subsequently retired to his Studenica monastery, and Anastasia retired to the Monastery of the Mother of Christ in Kuršumlija. However, after about 18 months, Simeon journeyed to Mount Athos, and joined his son Sava (formerly Rastko) in the Vatopedi monastery. In 1199, the two rebuilt together the ruined Eastern Orthodox Monastery of Hilandar which the Byzantine Emperor had given to the Serbian people and which became the heart of Serbian spiritity.

Death and Legacy

Stefan Nemanja
Sts. Sava and Simeon
Saint, Venerable
Venerated in	Eastern Orthodox Church
Canonized	1200 by Serbian Orthodox Church
Feast	26 February [O.S. 13 February]

Knowing his death was near in his 86th year, Simeon asked to be placed on a mat in front of the icon of the Virgin Hodegetria with a stone for his pillow. He died in front of his son Sava and other monks, on 13 February 1200.^[8] He was buried in the grounds of Hilandar monastery. His last words requested that Sava take his remains to Serbia, "when God permits it, after a certain period of time". Sava later wrote the Liturgy of Saint Simeon in Nemanja's honour.

In 1206 Sava brought his father's remains to Rascia, where his brothers were fighting a civil war and tearing apart the Serb lands their father had so painfully reunited. The two brothers made peace and returned to their demesnes. Simeon was re-buried in 1207 in his personal foundation, the Studenica monastery, where holy oil again seeped, from his new grave. According to legend, holy oil (myrrh) seeped from Nemanja's tomb, thus his epithet the Myrrh-streaming. However, the miracle has not recurred in 300 years. Nonetheless, his remains are, even in modern times, reputed to emit "a sweet smell, like violets".^[9] Because of this and numerous miracles, the Serbian Orthodox Church canonised him in 1200, and declared his feast-day on 26 February [O.S. 13 February]. The cult of St. Simeon helped consolidate Serb national identity, and still lives on in Studenica and among the monks of Mount Athos, who cherish his life and works as well as remains.

Name and title

Various names have been used to refer to Stefan Nemanja, including Stefan I and the Latin Stephanus Nemanja. Sometimes the spelling of his name is anglicised, to become Stephen Nemanya. In the latter part of his life, he became a monk and hence was referred to as Monk Simeon or Monk Symeon. After his death, he was canonised by the Orthodox Church, and became St. Symeon the Myrrh-streaming. His son and successor, Stefan the First-Crowned, called him The Gatherer of the Lost Pieces of the Land of his Grandfathers, and also their Rebuilder. His other son Sava, called him Our Lord and Autocrat, and ruler of the whole Serbian land.^[10]

Family

Nemanja was married to a Serb noblewoman by the name of Ana. They had three sons and three daughters:

Vukan Nemanjić - Prince of Doclea and briefly Grand Prince of Rascia.
Stefan Nemanjić - Nemanja's successor, first King of All Serbian lands, 1196–1228
Rastko Nemanjić (Saint Sava) (1171–1236) - The first archbishop and saint of the Serbian Orthodox Church.
Jefimija - married Manuel Komnenos Doukas Regent of Thesaloniki (+1241).^[11]^[12]
Unnamed daughter - married Bulgarian nobleman Tihomir Asen, mother of Bulgarian emperor Konstantin Tih (r. 1257–77).
possibly Elena-Evgenia, wife of Ivan Asen I

And possibly:

Elena, Queen consort of Bulgaria

Foundations

Stefan Nemanja founded, restored and reconstructed several monasteries. He also established the Rascian architectural style, that spanned from 1170-1300.

Monastery of Saint Nicholas, in Kuršumlija
Monastery of Saint Mother of Christ, between Kosanica and Toplica
Monastery Temple of George's Columns (Đurđevi Stupovi), in 1171 in Ras
Monastery Temple of the Immaculate Holy Virgin the Benefactor (Studenica), in 1190 in Ibar
Church of Saint Mother of Christ, at the confluence of the Bistrica and the Lim
Monastery of Saint Nicholas, in Kaznovići/Končulj on the Ibar
Nunnery of Mother of Christ, in Ras

Reconstructions

Hilandar monastery on Mount Athos, in 1199
Monastery of Saint Archangel Michael, in Skopje
Monastery of Saint Pantheleimon, in Niš

Donations

Church of Lord, Holy Grave and Christ's Arrisal, in Jerusalem
Church of Saint John the Forerunner, in Jerusalem
Church of Saint Theodosios, in the Desert of Bethlehem
Church Saint Apostole Peter and Paul, in Rome
Church of Saint Nicholas, in Bari
Monastery/Church of the Virgin of Evergethide, in Constantinople
Monastery/Church of Saint Demetrios, in Thessalonika

Stefan Nemanja Nemanjić Dynasty Born: 1114 Died: 13 February 1200
Regnal titles
Preceded by Tihomir	Grand Prince of Serbia 1166–1196	Succeeded by Stefan Nemanjić
Royal titles
Preceded by Mihailo III	Prince of Doclea cc 1186–1190	Succeeded by Vukan

Annotations

Name: Stefan Nemanja (Serbian: Стефан Немања, pronounced [stêfaːn ně̞maɲa] ; Old Church Slavonic: Стѣфань Неманя.

References

↑ 100 najznamenitijih Srba. Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. 1993. ISBN 86-82273-08-X. ; 1st place
↑ Fine 1994, p. 3
1 2 Judah 1997, p. 31
↑ Fine 1994, p. 4
1 2 Fine 1994, p. 20
↑ Obolensky, Six Byzantine Portraits(Oxford: Clarenden Press), p. 116
↑ Obolensky at p. 119
↑ Obolensky pp. 126-7
↑ Kindersley, 23
↑ Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, p. 390
↑ Marek, Miroslav. "Genealogy of the Nemanjić". Genealogy.EU. External link in |publisher= (help)
↑ http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SERBIA.htm#Efimijadied12181225

Sources

John V.A. Fine. (1991). The early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the 6th to the Late 12th Century. The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08149-7
John V.A. Fine. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4
Judah, Tim (1997). The Serbs: History, Myth & the Destruction of Yugoslavia, Yale University Press.
Kindersley, Anne (1976). The Mountains of Serbia: Travels through Inland Yugoslavia, John Murray (Publishers) Ltd.
Mandic, O. Dominic (1970). Croats and Serbs: Two old and different Nations. Translated by Vicko Rendic and Jacques Perret. Available at: www.magma.ca/~rendic.
Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2002). Serbia: the History behind the Name, Hurst & Company.
The Serbian Unity Congress.
Servia/Serbia, Catholic Encyclopedia (1907)
Veselinović, Andrija & Ljušić, Radoš (2001). Српске династије, Platoneum.
CD Chilandar by Studio A, Aetos, Library of Serb Patriarchate and Chilandar monastery, Belgrade, 1998
Ćorović, Vladimir, Istorija srpskog naroda, Book I, (In Serbian) Electric Book, Rastko Electronic Book, Antikvarneknjige (Cyrillic)
- Treci Period, I, Stevan Nemanja

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stefan Nemanja.

Serbian Unity Congress - Rulers of the Land
Cawley, Charles, Medieval Lands Project - Serbia, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy, retrieved August 2012 ,
(Serbian) History of the Serbs - Third Period - Stephen Nemanya, by Vladimir Ćorović
(Serbian) The Holy bloodline of Stefan Nemanja by Željko Fajfrić
(Serbian) The Holy bloodline of the Nemanjics - Stephen Nemanya
(Serbian) The Nemanjics - Stephen Nemanya

Monarchs of Serbia

Serbian Principality (1st; Raška), 641–969	Unknown Archon Višeslav Radoslav Prosigoj Vlastimir Mutimir Pribislav Petar Pavle Zaharija Časlav Byzantine annexation, Duklja subsequently emerging as seat

Serbian Principality (2nd; Duklja), 998–1101	Jovan Vladimir Stefan Vojislav Mihailo Constantine Bodin Raška re-emerging as seat (Grand Principality)

Serbian Grand Principality, 1101–1217	Vukan Uroš I Uroš II Beloš Desa Tihomir Stefan Nemanja Stefan the First-Crowned Proclamation of Kingdom

Serbian Kingdom, 1217–1346 Serbian Empire, 1346–1371	Stefan the First-Crowned Stefan Radoslav Stefan Vladislav I Stefan Uroš I Stefan Dragutin Stefan Vladislav II at Syrmia Stefan Milutin Stefan Konstantin Stefan Dečanski Stefan Dušan Proclamation of Empire Stefan Dušan Stefan Uroš V Fall of the Serbian Empire

Moravian Serbia, 1371–1402 Serbian Despotate, 1402–1537	Lazar Stefan Lazarević Proclamation of Despotate Stefan Lazarević Đurađ Branković Lazar Branković Stefan Branković Stefan Tomašević Ottoman annexation, titular: Vuk Grgurević Đorđe Branković Jovan Branković Ivaniš Berislavić Stevan Berislavić Radič Božić Pavle Bakić Stefan Štiljanović Ottoman annexation

Revolutionary Serbia, 1804–1837	Karađorđe Miloš Obrenović

Principality of Serbia, 1837–1882	Miloš Milan II Mihailo Aleksandar Miloš Mihailo Milan IV Proclamation of Kingdom

Kingdom of Serbia, 1882–1918	Milan I Alexander Petar I Proclamation of Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes

Nemanjić dynasty

Main ruling members	see family tree Stefan Nemanja Stefan the First-Crowned Vukan Radoslav Vladislav Uroš I Dragutin (Uroš II) Milutin (Uroš III) Dečanski (Uroš IV) Dušan Uroš V

Other ruling members	Đorđe Vladislav of Syrmia Stefan Konstantin John Uroš Simeon Uroš

Archbishops	St. Sava St. Sava II

Minor members	Vratislav Vratko Urošica Dmitar Stefan Vukanović Stefan Uroš of Pharsalos Desa

Female members	Komnena, Duchess of Kruja and Elbasan Brnjača Zorica Jelena, Princess of Bribir Elizabeth, Baness of Bosnia Ana-Neda, Empress of Bulgaria Teodora-Evdokija, Despotess Milica, Princess of Serbia Maria Angelina, Empress of Epirus Jelena, Lady of Zeta; Grand Duchess of Hum

Consorts	Anastasia Eudokia Angelina Anna Dandolo Anna Doukaina Beloslava of Bulgaria Helen of Anjou Catherine of Hungary Helena Doukaina Angelina Elizabeth of Hungary Ana Terter Simonida Theodora Smilets Maria Palaiologina Helena of Bulgaria Anna of Wallachia

Serbian Orthodox Church

Serbian Orthodox Church overview topics

Overview topics	Patriarchs (current) Holy Synod Serbian saints Serbian Orthodox monasteries (list)

See also	Đurđevdan Vidovdan

Subdivisions of the Serbian Orthodox Church

Metropolitanates	Belgrade and Karlovci Dabar-Bosna Montenegro and the Littoral Zagreb and Ljubljana Australia and New Zealand

Traditional dioceses	Bačka Banat Banja Luka Bihać and Petrovac Braničevo Buda Budimlja and Nikšić Dalmatia Upper Karlovac Kruševac Mileševa Niš Osječko polje and Baranja Raška and Prizren Šabac Slavonia Srem Šumadija Timișoara Timok Valjevo Vranje Zahumlje and Herzegovina Žiča Zvornik and Tuzla

Diaspora dioceses	Austria and Switzerland Britain and Scandinavia Buenos Aires Canada Central Europe Eastern America New Gracanica - Midwestern America Western America Western Europe

Ohrid Archbishopric	Metropolitanate of Skopje Eparchy of Prespa and Pelagonija Bregalnica Debar and Kičevo Polog and Kumanovo Veles and Povardarie Strumica

Defunct	Cetinje Belgrade Metropolitanate Hum Trebinje Lim Metropolitanate Onogošt-East Herzegovina Budimlja Užice Marča

Spiritual leaders of the Serbian Orthodox Church

Archbishops (1219–1337)

Sava (St.) Arsenije Sremac (St.) Sava II (St.) Danilo I (St.) Joanikije I (St.) Jevstatije I (St.) Jakov (St.) Jevstatije II (St.) Sava III (St.) Nikodim I (St.) Danilo II (St.)

Patriarchs (since 1346)

1346–1463	Joanikije II (St.) Sava IV Jefrem (St.) Spiridon (St.) Danilo III Sava V Danilo IV Kirilo (St.) St. Nikon (St.) Teofan Nikodim II Arsenije II

1557–1766	Makarije Sokolović (St.) Antonije Sokolović Gerasim Sokolović Savatije Sokolović Nikanor Jerotej Filip Sokolović Jovan Kantul Pajsije Janjevac Gavrilo Rajić (St.) Maksim Skopljanac Arsenije III Čarnojević Kalinik I Atanasije I Mojsije Rajović Arsenije IV Jovanović Šakabenta Joanikije III Karadža-Grk Atanasije II Gavrilović Gavrilo II Sarajevac Gavrilo III Vikentije Stefanović Pajsije II Grk Gavrilo IV Grk Kirilo II Vasilije Jovanović-Brkić Kalinik II

since 1920	Dimitrije Varnava Gavrilo Vikentije German Pavle Irinej

Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Karlovci (1690–1920)

Arsenije III Čarnojević
Isaija Đaković
Sofronije Podgoričanin
Vikentije Popović
Mojsije Petrović
Vićentije Jovanović
Arsenije IV Jovanović Šakabenta
Isaija Antonović
Pavle Nenadović
Jovan Đorđević
Vićentije Jovanović Vidak
Mojisije Putnik
Stefan Stratimirović
Stefan Stanković
Josif Rajačić
Samuilo Maširević
Prokopije Ivačković
German Anđelić
Georgije Branković
Lukijan Bogdanović

Metropolitans of Belgrade (1801–1920)

Leontije Lambrović Agatanel Antim Melentije Pavlović Petar Jovanović Mihailo Jovanović Teodosije Mraović Inokentije Pavlović Dimitrije Pavlović

Metropolitans of Zeta/Cetinje/Montenegro (1484–1920)

Visarion
Vavila
Roman
German
Vasilije
Makarije
Dionisije
Romil
Pahomije
Đerasim
Venijamin
Nikanor and Stevan
Rufim Njeguš
Mardarije Kornečanin
Rufim Boljević
Vasilije Veljekrajski
Visarion Borilović-Bajica
Sava Očinić
Danilo I
Sava Petrović
Vasilije Petrović
Arsenije Plamenac
Petar I
Petar II
Danilo II
Nikanor Ivanović
Ilarion Roganović
Visarion Ljubiša
Mitrofan Ban

Metropolitans of Zahumlje and Herzegovina (1508–1854)

Jovan Visarion Maksim Marko Nikanor Antonije Savatije Sokolović Visarion Silvestar Leontije Basil of Ostrog Savatije Ljubibratić Antim Ananije Jerimija Josif I Prokopije I Aksentije III Josif II Eparchy

Serbian Orthodox monasteries

Serbia	Banjska* Devič* Gračanica* Peć* Holy Archangels* Visoki Dečani* Zočište* Banja Bukovo Ćelije Crna Reka Đurđevi stupovi Gornjak Gradac Kalenić Kastaljan Koporin Ljubostinja Manasija Mileševa Nimnik Pokajnica Prohor Pčinjski Pustinja Rača Rajinovac Ravanica Rukumija St. Nicholas Sopoćani Studenica Suvodol Tronoša Tuman Vitovnica Zemun Žiča Beočin Bešenovo Divša Grgeteg Jazak Krušedol Kuveždin Mala Remeta Novo Hopovo Privina Glava Petkovica Rakovac Staro Hopovo Šišatovac Velika Remeta Vrdnik-Ravanica Bavanište Bođani Fenek Hajdučica Kovilj Mesić Holy Trinity St. Melanija Sombor Središte Vojlovica

Montenegro	Bijela Beška Cetinje Dajbabe Dobrilovina Donje Brčele Duljevo Đurđevi Stupovi Gradište Kom Kosijerevo Miholjska Prevlaka Morača Moračnik Ostrog Piva Podmaine Podmalinsko Praskvica Reževići Savina Stanjevići Starčeva Gorica St. Nicholas, Obod Vranjina

Bosnia & Herzegovina	Bišnja Dobrićevo Dobrun Duži Glogovac Gomionica Hercegovačka Gračanica Klisina Knežina Krupa Liplje Lomnica Lovnica Moštanica Ozren Papraća Petropavlov Rmanj Sase Stuplje Svetog Arhangela Gavrila St. Nicholas Sv. Vasilija Ostroškog Tavna Tvrdoš Uspenja Bogorodičinog Veselinje Vozuća Zavala Žitomislić

Croatia	Dragović Gomirje Komogovina Krka Krupa Lepavina Sv. Lazarica Orahovica Sv. Nedjelje Sv. Petke Sv. Vasilija Ostroškog

Others	Hilandar (Mount Athos) New Gračanica Monastery (USA)

Notes	* indicate monasteries in Kosovo, which is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Kosovo.

List of Serbian Orthodox monasteries

Serbian Orthodox churches

Serbia

Montenegro

Bosnia and
Herzegovina

Croatia

United States

Other
countries

St. Archangel Michael Serbian Orthodox Church (Toronto), Canada
Sts. Cyril and Methodius Church, Slovenia
Serbian Church in Arad, Romania
St. Sava Church, Paris, France
Church of the Holy Prince Lazar, United Kingdom
Serbian Orthodox Church, Halifax, United Kingdom
St. Nicholas, West Wycombe, United Kingdom
Saint Spyridon Church, Trieste, Italy
Annunciation Church, Szentendre, Hungary
Transfiguration Church, Szentendre, Hungary
Saint Sava Serbian Orthodox Church, Stockholm, Sweden

Notes

* indicate churches in Kosovo, which is the subject of a territorial dispute between Serbia and Kosovo.

Serbian saints

Authority control	WorldCat Identities VIAF: 57413596 LCCN: n99018043 ISNI: 0000 0000 5539 1695 GND: 118922459 SUDOC: 083066713 NKC: mzk2004217600

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