Sulfamethoxazole

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Sulfamethoxazole
Systematic (IUPAC) name
4-Amino-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)-benzenesulfonamide
Clinical data
Trade names Gantanol
AHFS/Drugs.com Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: C
  • US: C (Risk not ruled out)
Routes of
administration		 Oral, IV
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding 70%
Metabolism Hepatic acetylation and glucuronidation
Biological half-life 10 hours
Excretion Renal
Identifiers
CAS Number 723-46-6 YesY
ATC code J01EC01 (WHO) QJ01EQ11 (WHO)
PubChem CID 5329
DrugBank DB01015 YesY
ChemSpider 5138 YesY
UNII JE42381TNV YesY
KEGG D00447 YesY
ChEBI CHEBI:9332 YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL443 YesY
NIAID ChemDB 006897
Chemical data
Formula C10H11N3O3S
Molar mass 253.279 g/mol
Physical data
Melting point 169 °C (336 °F)
  (verify)

Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ or SMX), is an antibiotic. It was used for bacterial infections such as urinary tract infections, bronchitis, and prostatitis and is effective against both gram negative and positive bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes and E. coli.[1]

Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and a rash. It is a sulfonamide and bacteriostatic. It resembles a component of folic acid. It prevents folic acid synthesis in the bacteria that must synthesize their own folic acid. Mammalian cells, and some bacteria, do not synthesize but require preformed folic acid (vitamin B9), they are therefore insensitive to sulfamethoxazole.[2]

It was introduced to the United States in 1961.[3] It is now commonly used as part of a combination with trimethoprim (abbreviated SMX-TMP).[4] Other names include: sulfamethalazole, sulfisomezole,[5][6] and sulfamethazole.[7]

Side effects

The most common side effects of sulfamethoxazole are gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, vomiting, anorexia) and allergic skin reactions (such as rash and urticaria).[8] There have been rare instances where severe adverse reactions have resulted in fatalities. These include Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis, fulminant hepatic necrosis, agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, and other blood dyscrasias.[8]

Allergic reactions to Sulfonamides have been shown to include the entire Gel-Coombs spectrum of hyperactivity reactions.[9] Type 1 reactions include immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated reactions such as urticaria, angioedema, and anaphylaxis. In contrast, non-type 1 hypersensitivities are believed to be caused by metabolites of sulfonamides.[10] Therefore, the liver and kidney are the determining factors of these other hypersensitivity reactions;[10] alterations in kidney or liver functions may increase or decrease the frequencies of these reactions. One study has shown the allergic reaction rate to be about 3.0% over 359 courses of therapy.[11] Of the allergic reactions, skin rashes, eosinophilia and drug fever were the most common, while serious reactions were less common.

Sulfamethoxazole is contraindicated in people with a known hypersensitivity to trimethoprim or sulfonamides.[9]

Chemistry

Sulfamethoxazole is composed of sulfanilamide and isoxazole.[2]

Mechanism of action

Sulfamethoxazole, a sulfanilamide, is a structural analog of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). They compete with PABA to bind to dihydropteroate synthetase and inhibit conversion of PABA and dihydropteroate diphosphate to dihydrofolic acid, or dihydrofolate.[12] Inhibiting the production of dihydrofolate intermediate interferes with the normal bacterial synthesis of folic acid (folate). Folate is an essential metabolite for bacterial growth and replication because it is used in DNA synthesis, primarily at thymidylate and purine biosynthesis, and amino acids synthesis, including serine, glycine and methionine.[13] Hence, blockage of folate production inhibits the folate-dependent metabolic processes for bacterial growth. Since it inhibits bacterial growth, sulfamethoxazole is considered a bacteriostatic antibiotic.[14]

Sulfonamides are selective against bacteria because they interfere with the synthesis of folate, a process which does not occur in humans. Human do not synthesize folate, and must acquire it through diet.[15]

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Sulfamethoxazole is well-absorbed when administered topically. It is rapidly absorbed when it is orally administered.[1]

Distribution

Sulfamethoxazole distributes into most body tissues as well as into sputum, vaginal fluid, and middle ear fluid.[8][11] It also crosses the placenta. About 70% of the drug is bound to plasma proteins. Its Tmax (or time to reach maximum drug concentration in plasma) occurs 1 to 4 hours after oral administration. The mean serum half-life of sulfamethoxazole is 10 hours.[8] However, the half-life of the drug noticeably increases in people with creatinine clearance rates equal to or less than 30 mL/minute. A half-life of 22–50 hours has been reported for people with creatinine clearances of less than 10 mL/minute.[11]

Metabolism

Sulfamethoxazole is metabolized in the human liver to at least 5 metabolites. These metabolites are the N4-acetyl-, N4-hydroxy-, 5-methylhydroxy-, N4-acetyl-5-methylhydroxy-sulfamethoxazole metabolites, and an N-glucuronide conjugate. The CYP2C9 enzyme is responsible for the formation of the N4-hydroxy metabolite. In vitro studies suggest sulfamethoxazole is not a substrate of the P-glycoprotein transporter.[8]

Excretion

Sulfamethoxazole is primarily renally excreted via glomerular filtration and tubular secretion.[8] About 20% of the sulfamethoxazole in urine is the unchanged drug, about 15-20% is the N-glucuronide conjugate, and about 50-70 % is the acetylated metabolite.[11] Sulfamethoxazole is also excreted in human milk.[8]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 "Sulfamethoxazole". DrugBank. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  2. 1 2 Brunton; et al. (2011). “Goodman and Gilman’s The pharmacological Basis of Therapeautics". The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. pp. 1463–1469. ISBN 9780071624428.
  3. ↑ Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition. William Andrew Publishing.
  4. ↑ SMZ-TMP in Abstract of "Cutaneous hypersensitivity to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMZ TMP) in HIV infected patients" at nlm.nih.gov
  5. ↑ PubChem. "Sulfamethoxazole - Substance Summary", PubChem, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
  6. ↑ ChemDB. "Sulfamethoxazole", ChemDB, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
  7. ↑ Sulfamethazole in "Clinical Diabetes: Case Study: A 90-Year-Old Man With Confusion and Night Sweats", and "Chronic Granulomatous Disease"
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Bactrim USPI" (PDF). FDA.
  9. 1 2 Wulf, Matuszewski (2013). "Sulfonamide cross-reactivity: Is there evidence to support broad cross-allergenicity?". Clinical Consultations 70.
  10. 1 2 Choquet-Kastylevsky, Vial, Descotes (2002). "Allergic Adverse Reactions to Sulfonamides". Allergy and Asthma Reports.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "Toxnet: Sulfamethoxazole".
  12. ↑
  13. ↑ "Sulfonamides and Sulfonamide Combinations: Antibacterial Agents: Merck Veterinary Manual". www.merckvetmanual.com. Retrieved 2015-11-05.
  14. ↑ "Sulfamethoxazole".
  15. ↑ "Sulfonamides - Infectious Diseases". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Retrieved 2015-11-05.

External links

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