Timeline of modern American conservatism

President Reagan and his line chart titled "Your taxes" which shows rising taxes.
Ronald Reagan gives a televised address from the Oval Office, outlining his plan for tax reductions in July 1981 (excerpt)

This timeline of modern American conservatism lists important events, developments and occurrences which have significantly affected conservatism in the United States. With the decline of the conservative wing of the Democratic Party after 1960, the movement is most closely associated with the Republican Party (GOP). Economic conservatives favor less government regulation, lower taxes and weaker labor unions, while social conservatives focus on moral issues and neoconservatives focus on democracy worldwide. Conservatives generally distrust the United Nations (UN) and Europe and, apart from the libertarian wing, favor a strong military and give enthusiastic support to Israel.[1]

Although conservatism has much older roots in American history, the modern movement began to gel in the mid–1930s when intellectuals and politicians collaborated with businessmen to oppose the liberalism of the New Deal, led by President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR), newly energized labor unions, and big city Democratic machines. After World War II that coalition gained strength from new philosophers and writers who developed an intellectual rationale for conservatism.[2]

Richard Nixon's victory in the 1968 presidential election is often considered a realigning election in American politics. From 1932 to 1968, the Democratic Party was obviously the majority party. During that time period, the Democrats had won seven out of nine presidential elections, and their agenda gravely affected that undertaken by the Republican Eisenhower administration. The election of 1968 reversed the situation completely. The Vietnam war split the Democratic Party. White ethnics in the North and white Southerners felt the national Democratic Party had deserted them. The white South has voted Republican at the presidential level since the mid-1960s, and at the state and local level since the 1990s.

In the 1980s President Ronald Reagan solidified conservative Republican strength with tax cuts, greatly increased defense spending, deregulation, a policy of rolling back communism (rather than just containing it), a greatly strengthened military, and appeals to family values and conservative Judeo-Christian morality. His impact has led historians to call the 1980s the "Reagan Era".[3] The Reagan model remains the conservative standard for social, economic and foreign policy issues. In recent years social issues such as abortion, gun control, and gay marriage have become important. Since 2009 the Tea Party Movement has energized conservatives at the local level against the policies made by the presidency of Barack Obama, leading to a Republican landslide in 2010 and again in 2014.

Chronology of events

1930s

As the nation plunges into its deepest depression ever, Republicans and conservatives fall into disfavor in 1930, 1932 and 1934, losing more and more of their seats. Liberals (mostly Democrats with a few Republicans and independents) come to power with the landslide 1932 election of liberal Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt. In his first 100 days Roosevelt pushes through a series of dramatic economic programs known as the New Deal.[4]

The major metropolitan newspapers generally opposed the New Deal, as typified by William Randolph Hearst and his chain (Hearst had supported FDR in 1932 but parted ways in 1934.)[5] Robert R. McCormick, owner of the Chicago Tribune, compared the New Deal to communism. He was also an America First isolationist who strongly opposed entering World War II to rescue the British Empire. McCormick also railed against the League of Nations, the World Court, socialism and communism.[6]

1934
1935
1936
Cartoon of a greedy FDR and diminutive Congress.
1937 cartoon by Joseph L. Parrish in the Chicago Tribunes warning FDR's executive branch reorganization plan is a power grab.
1937
1938
1939
photograph of
Robert A. Taft

1940s

1943
1944
map shows GOP landslide in 1946
Party change of House seats in the 1946 GOP landslide
1945
1946
Cartoon book warning of Communist aggression
Warning against communism, 1947
1947
1948

1950s

After the war, businessmen opposed to New Deal liberalism read Hayek, fight labor unions, and fund politicized think tanks such as American Enterprise Institute (founded 1943). They promote statewide right-to-work campaigns.[38]

1950
1951
1952
photograph
Russell Kirk
1953
1955
1957
1958
photograph
Barry Goldwater
1959

1960s

Liberalism made major gains after the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963, as Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) pushed through his liberal Great Society as well as civil rights laws. An unexpected bonanza helped conservatism in the late 1960s as liberalism came under intense attack from the New Left, especially in academe. This new element, says liberal historian Michael Kazin, worked to "topple the corrupted liberal order."[60] For the New Left "liberal" became a nasty epithet. Liberal commentator E. J. Dionne finds that, "If liberal ideology began to crumble intellectually in the 1960s it did so in part because the New Left represented a highly articulate and able wrecking crew."[61]

"A Time for Choosing" Speech

In support of Goldwater in 1964, Reagan delivers the TV address, "A Time for Choosing." The speech made Reagan the leader of movement conservatism
Duration 29:33
Date October 27, 1964 (1964-10-27)
Location Los Angeles, CA, United States
Also known as "The Speech"
Participants Ronald Reagan
Type Televised campaign speech
Website Video clip, audio, transcript

Movement conservatism emerges as grassroots activists react to liberal and New Left agendas. It develops a structure that supports Goldwater in 1964 and Ronald Reagan in 1976–80. By the late 1970s, local evangelical churches join the movement.[62][63] Liberalism faces a racial crisis nationwide. Within weeks of the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights law, "long hot summers" begin, lasting until 1970, with the worst outbreaks coming in the summer of 1967. Nearly 400 racial disorders in 298 cities saw blacks attacking shopkeepers and police, and looting stores.[64] Meanwhile, the urban crime rates shoot up. Demands for "law and order" escalate and the backlash causes disillusionment among working class whites with the liberalism of the Democratic Party.[65]

In the mid-1960s the GOP debates race and civil rights intensely. Republican liberals, led by Nelson Rockefeller, argue for a strong federal role because it was morally right and politically advantageous. Conservatives call for a more limited federal presence and discount the possibility of significant black voter support. Nixon avoids race issues in 1968.[66]

title screen
Highlights of the 1960 Republican convention in Chicago, Illinois. July 1960.
1960
magazine cover
Cover of Modern Age, Fall 1960.
1961
1962
1963
young girl picking flowers
The controversial "Daisy" Johnson TV commercial in 1964 attacks Goldwater foreign policy as inviting nuclear war[76]
Reagan speaks for Goldwater 1964
In support of Goldwater, Reagan delivers the address, "A Time for Choosing." The speech launches Reagan to national prominence.[78]
1964
electoral map
Presidential Election, 1964. Goldwater only won his home state of Arizona and five states in the Deep South.
I would remind you that extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice! And let me remind you also that moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue![81]
1965
1966
1967
electoral map of the United States
1968 presidential election results. Red denotes states won by Nixon/Agnew, Blue denotes those won by Humphrey/Muskie. Orange denotes states won by Wallace/LeMay.
1968
1969

1970s

Historians Meg Jacobs and Julian Zelizer argue that the 1970s were characterized by "a vast shift toward social and political conservatism," as well as a sharp decline in the proportion of voters who identified with liberalism.[99] Neoconservatism emerges as liberals become disenchanted with Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society welfare programs. They increasingly focus on foreign policy, especially anti-communism, and support for Israel and for democracy in the Third World.[100]

While Nixon continues to antagonize and anger liberals, many of his programs upset conservatives. His foreign policy with Henry Kissinger focuses on détente with the USSR and China, and becomes a main target of conservatives. Nixon is uninterested in tax cuts or deregulation, but he does use executive orders and presidential authority to impose price and wage controls, expand the welfare state, require Affirmative Action, grow the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Endowment for the Arts, and create the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).[101]

1970
1971
line chart showing logarithmic increase
Number of CPAC attendees over time
1972
1973
1974
photograph of two men
William Buckley (left) and Ronald Reagan were two of the most visible conservatives of the 1970s and 1980s; 1986 photo
1976
1977
1978
1979
picture of 1000s of people
Washington For Jesus, Washington D.C., 1980
Ronald Reagan at podium with dignartaries behind
First inaugural address of Ronald Reagan, 1981 (audio only)

1980s

The decade is marked by the rise of the Christian right and the Reagan Revolution.[129] A priority of Reagan's administration is the rollback of Soviet communism in Latin America, Africa and worldwide.[130] Reagan bases his economic policy, dubbed "Reaganomics", on supply-side economics.[131]

1980
1981
1982
1983
"Evil Empire"
Ronald Reagan delivers "Evil Empire" speech on March 8, 1983

1984
1986
1987
"Tear down this wall"
Complete speech by Ronald Reagan at the Brandenburg Gate, June 12, 1987.

1988
1989

1990s

photograph of a man in judge robe
Clarence Thomas

Conservative think tanks 1990–97 mobilize to challenge the legitimacy of global warming as a social problem. They challenge the scientific evidence, argue that global warming will have benefits, and warn that proposed solutions would do more harm than good.[156]

1991
1992
"Read my lips: no new taxes"
George H.W. Bush speaking about taxes at the 1988 Republican National Convention

1994
1995
Legislation Result
Welfare reform Passed
Term limits for Congressmen Did not pass
Balanced budget amendment Did not pass
Increase rights of victims of crime Passed
Pro-family tax credits Passed
Decrease United States role in UN Did not pass
Capital gains tax cut Passed
Limit punitive damages on product liability Passed, but vetoed
1996
photograph of building at street level
Fox News building on 48th Street, New York City
1997
1998

2000s

The terror attack on September 11, 2001 reorients the administration towards foreign policy and terrorism issues, providing an opportunity for neoconservatives to have a greater influence on foreign policy. The Bush Doctrine leads to long-term interventions in Afghanistan (2001 to present) and Iraq (2003–2011).[171]

On the domestic front Bush promises compassionate conservatism and works to improve education, address poverty nationwide, increase financial aid to poor countries and help alleviate AIDS in Africa.[172]

man at lectern in front of an American flag
At a joint session of Congress President Bush pledges to defend America's freedom against the fear of terrorism, a policy known as the Bush Doctrine. September 20, 2001. (audio only)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
photograph of woman at lectern
Sarah Palin addresses the 2008 Republican National Convention
2006
photograph of a throng of people holding signs
YES on 8 rally in Fresno, California
2007
2008
photograph of thousands of people some holding American flags
Taxpayer March on Washington, 2009
2009

2010s

Numerous historians after 1990 re-examined the role of conservatism in recent American history, according it much greater importance than before.[193] One school of thought rejects the older consensus that liberalism was the dominant ethos. Instead it argues conservatism dominated American politics since the 1920s, with the brief exceptions of the New Deal era (1933–36) and the Great Society (1963–66).[194] However Historian Julian Zelizer argues that "liberalism survived the rise of conservatism."[195]

2010
electoral map of the United States
2010 House election results. Dark blue denotes Democratic hold, Blue denotes Democratic gain, Dark red denotes Republican hold, Red denotes Republican gain.
2012
2014

See also

Timelines

Notes

    Footnotes

    1. Michael T. Thomas (2007). American policy toward Israel: the power and limits of beliefs. Routledge. pp. 42–43.
    2. Patrick Allitt (2009). The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities Throughout American History. Yale University Press. ch 1–6 covers the story down to 1945.
    3. Sean Wilentz The Age of Reagan: A History, 1974–2008. (2009); John Ehrman The Eighties: America in the Age of Reagan. (2008) pp. 3–8.
    4. Anthony J. Badger (2009). FDR: the first hundred days. Hilland Wang. pp. 3–22, 74.
    5. Graham J. White (1979). FDR and the Press. University of Chicago Press. pp. 51–2. ISBN 9780226895123.
    6. Richard Norton Smith (2003). The Colonel: The Life and Legend of Robert R. McCormick, 1880–1955. Northwestern University Press. p. 349. ISBN 9780810120396.
    7. Frederick Rudolph, "The American Liberty League, 1934–1940," American Historical Review (1950) 56:1 pp. 19–33, in JSTOR
    8. George Wolfskill (1962). The Revolt of the Conservatives: A History of the American Liberty League, 1934–1940. Houghton Mifflin. p. 249.
    9. Kim Phillips-Fein (2010). Invisible Hands: The Businessmen's Crusade Against the New Deal. W. W. Norton. p. 15. ISBN 9780393337662.
    10. Gordon Lloyd and David Davenport, The New Deal and Modern American Conservatism: A Defining Rivalry (2013) excerpt and text search
    11. Brendon O'Connor (2004). A Political History of the American Welfare System: When Ideas Have Consequences. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 38. ISBN 9780742526686.
    12. Charles W. Smith Jr. (1939). Public Opinion in a Democracy. Prentice-Hall. pp. 85–86.
    13. Sternsher, Bernard (1984). "The New Deal Party System: A Reappraisal". Journal of Interdisciplinary History 15 (1): 53–81. doi:10.2307/203594. JSTOR 203594.
    14. Michael Kazin, eta al, eds. (2011). The Concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History. Princeton University Press. p. 203. ISBN 9780691152073.
    15. Jeff Shesol (2011). Supreme Power: Franklin Roosevelt Vs. The Supreme Court. W. W. Norton. pp. 299, 301–303. ISBN 9780393338812.
    16. Patterson, James T. (1966). "A Conservative Coalition Forms in Congress, 1933–1939". Journal of American History 52 (4): 757–72. doi:10.2307/1894345. JSTOR 1894345.
    17. John Robert, Moore (1965). "Senator Josiah W. Bailey and the "Conservative Manifesto" of 1937". Journal of Southern History 31 (1): 21–39. doi:10.2307/2205008. JSTOR 2205008.
    18. Walter Galenson (1960). The CIO challenge to the AFL. Harvard University Press. p. 542.
    19. William E. Leuchtenburg (1963). Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal: 1932–1940. HarperCollins. pp. 231–74.
    20. Milton Plesur, "The Republican Congressional Comeback of 1938," Review of Politics, Oct 1962, Vol. 24 Issue 4, pp. 525–62 in JSTOR
    21. John P. East, "Leo Strauss and American Conservatism," Modern Age, (1977) 21:1 pp. 2–19 online
    22. Geoffrey Matthews, "Robert A. Taft, the Constitution and American Foreign Policy, 1939–53," Journal of Contemporary History, July 1982, Vol. 17 Issue 3, pp. 507–22
    23. Lee Edwards (1990). Missionary for Freedom: The Life and Times of Walter Judd. Paragon House. p. 210.
    24. Murray L. Weidenbaum (2009). The competition of ideas: the world of the Washington think tanks. Transaction Publishers. p. 23.
    25. F. A. Hayek (1944; 2nd ed. 2010). The Road to Serfdom. University of Chicago Press. 2nd ed. by Bruce Caldwell with prepublication reports on Hayek's manuscript, and forewords to earlier editions by John Chamberlain, Milton Friedman, and Hayek himself.
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    29. Israel M. Kirzner (2001). Ludwig von Mises: the man and his economics. ISI Books. p. 25.
    30. He retired in 1977 and moved to the Hoover Institution at Stanford. Milton and Rose Friedman (1999). Two Lucky People: Memoirs. University of Chicago Press. p. 559.
    31. Alan O. Ebenstein (2009). Milton Friedman: A Biography Palgrave Macmillan. p. 259.
    32. Susan M. Hartmann (1971). Truman and the 80th Congress. University of Missouri Press. p. 7.
    33. James T. Patterson (1972). Mr. Republican: a biography of Robert A. Taft. Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 352–68.
    34. Kari A. Frederickson (2000). The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South, 1932–1968. The University of North Carolina Press. passim.
    35. Fred D. Young (1995). Richard M. Weaver, 1910–1963: a life of the mind. University of Missouri. p. 9.
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    37. "The Nation: Independence Day". Time. 1948-11-08. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
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    47. Clarence E. Wunderlin (2005). Robert A. Taft: Ideas, Tradition, and Party in U.S. Foreign Policy. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 191. ISBN 9780742544901.
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    49. James T. Kloppenberg, "Review: In Retrospect: Louis Hartz's The Liberal Tradition in America," Reviews in American History Vol. 29, No. 3 (Sept 2001), pp. 460–478 in JSTOR
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    52. Richard J. Tofel (2009). Restless Genius: Barney Kilgore, The Wall Street Journal, and the Invention of Modern Journalism. Macmillan. p. 157. ISBN 9780312536749.
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    61. E. J. Dionne (2004). Why Americans Hate Politics. Simon and Schuster. p. 37. ISBN 9780743265737.
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