Tor (anonymity network)

This article is about the software and anonymity network. For the software's organization, see The Tor Project, Inc. For other uses, see Tor (disambiguation).

Tor
Developer(s) The Tor Project, Inc
Initial release 20 September 2002 (2002-09-20)[1]
Stable release

0.2.7.6[2] (11 December 2015 (2015-12-11)) [±]
0.2.6.10[3] (12 July 2015 (2015-07-12)) [±]
0.2.5.12[4] (7 April 2015 (2015-04-07)) [±]

0.2.4.27[4] (7 April 2015 (2015-04-07)) [±]
Preview release 0.2.8.2-alpha[5] (28 March 2016 (2016-03-28)) [±]
Development status Active
Written in C[6]
Operating system
Size 2–4 MB
Type Onion routing, Anonymity
License BSD
Website torproject.org

Tor is free software for enabling anonymous communication. The name is an acronym derived from the original software project name The Onion Router,[7] however, the correct spelling is "Tor", capitalizing only the first letter.[8] Tor directs Internet traffic through a free, worldwide, volunteer network consisting of more than seven thousand relays[9] to conceal a user's location and usage from anyone conducting network surveillance or traffic analysis. Using Tor makes it more difficult for Internet activity to be traced back to the user: this includes "visits to Web sites, online posts, instant messages, and other communication forms".[10] Tor's use is intended to protect the personal privacy of users, as well as their freedom and ability to conduct confidential communication by keeping their Internet activities from being monitored.

Onion routing is implemented by encryption in the application layer of a communication protocol stack, nested like the layers of an onion. Tor encrypts the data, including the destination IP address, multiple times and sends it through a virtual circuit comprising successive, randomly selected Tor relays. Each relay decrypts a layer of encryption to reveal only the next relay in the circuit in order to pass the remaining encrypted data on to it. The final relay decrypts the innermost layer of encryption and sends the original data to its destination without revealing, or even knowing, the source IP address. Because the routing of the communication is partly concealed at every hop in the Tor circuit, this method eliminates any single point at which the communicating peers can be determined through network surveillance that relies upon knowing its source and destination.

An adversary might try to de-anonymize the user by some means. One way this may be achieved is by exploiting vulnerable software on the user's computer.[11] The NSA has a technique that targets a vulnerability - which they codenamed "EgotisticalGiraffe" - in an outdated Firefox browser version at one time bundled with the Tor package,[12] and in general, targets Tor users for close monitoring under its XKeyscore program.[13] Attacks against Tor are an active area of academic research,[14][15] which is welcomed by the Tor Project .[16]

History

A cartogram illustrating Tor usage

The core principle of Tor, "onion routing", was developed in the mid-1990s by United States Naval Research Laboratory employees, mathematician Paul Syverson and computer scientists Michael G. Reed and David Goldschlag, with the purpose of protecting U.S. intelligence communications online. Onion routing was further developed by DARPA in 1997.[17][18][19]

The alpha version of Tor, developed by Syverson and computer scientists Roger Dingledine and Nick Mathewson[20] and then called The Onion Routing project, or TOR project, launched on 20 September 2002.[1][21] On 13 August 2004, Syverson, Dingledine and Mathewson presented "Tor: The Second-Generation Onion Router" at the 13th USENIX Security Symposium.[22] In 2004, the Naval Research Laboratory released the code for Tor under a free license, and the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) began funding Dingledine and Mathewson to continue its development.[20]

In December 2006, Dingledine, Mathewson and five others founded The Tor Project, a Massachusetts-based 501(c)(3) research-education nonprofit organization responsible for maintaining Tor.[23] The EFF acted as The Tor Project's fiscal sponsor in its early years, and early financial supporters of The Tor Project included the U.S. International Broadcasting Bureau, Internews, Human Rights Watch, the University of Cambridge, Google, and Netherlands-based Stichting NLnet.[24][25][26][27][28]

From this period onwards, the majority of funding sources came from the U.S. government.[20]

In November 2014 there was speculation in the aftermath of Operation Onymous that a Tor weakness has been exploited. A representative of Europol was secretive about the method used, saying: "This is something we want to keep for ourselves. The way we do this, we can’t share with the whole world, because we want to do it again and again and again."[29] A BBC source cited a "technical breakthrough"[30] that allowed the tracking of the physical location of servers, and the number of sites that police initially claimed to have infiltrated led to speculation that a weakness in the Tor network had been exploited. This possibility was downplayed by Andrew Lewman, a representative of the not-for-profit Tor project, suggesting that execution of more traditional police work was more likely.[31][32] However, in November 2015 court documents on the matter[33] generated serious ethical security research[34] as well as Fourth Amendment concerns.[35]

In December 2015, The Tor Project announced that it had hired Shari Steele as its new Executive Director.[36] Steele had previously led the Electronic Frontier Foundation for 15 years, growing that organization from a small group of lawyers, to a group of more than 60 lawyers, technologists, activists, and international program specialists. Steele has extensive familiarity with Tor, dating back to 2004, when she spearheaded EFF's decision to fund Tor's early development.

Usage

Web based Hidden Services in January 2015[37]
Category Percentage
Gambling
0.4
Guns
1.4
Chat
2.2
New
(Not yet indexed)
2.2
Abuse
2.2
Books
2.5
Directory
2.5
Blog
2.75
Porn
2.75
Hosting
3.5
Hacking
4.25
Search
4.25
Anonymity
4.5
Forum
4.75
Counterfeit
5.2
Whistleblower
5.2
Wiki
5.2
Mail
5.7
Bitcoin
6.2
Fraud
9
Market
9
Drugs
15.4
Web based Hidden Services in February 2016[38][39]
Category Percentage
Violence
0.3
Arms
0.8
Social
1.2
Hacking
1.8
Illegitimate pornography
2.3
Nexus
2.3
Extremism
2.7
Unknown
3.0
Other illicit
3.8
Finance
6.3
Drugs
8.1
Other
19.6
None
47.7
Further information: Dark web

Tor enables users to surf the Internet, chat and send instant messages anonymously, and is used by a wide variety of people for both licit and illicit purposes.[40] Tor has, for example, been used by criminal enterprises, hacktivism groups, and law enforcement agencies at cross purposes, sometimes simultaneously;[41][42] likewise, agencies within the U.S. government variously fund Tor (the U.S. State Department, the National Science Foundation, and – through the Broadcasting Board of Governors, which itself partially funded Tor until October 2012 – Radio Free Asia) and seek to subvert it.[11][43]

Tor is not meant to completely solve the issue of anonymity on the web. Instead, it simply focuses on protecting the transportation of data so that certain sites cannot trace back the data to a given location. It is still possible for sites to backtrack to a location. Tor is not designed to erase a user's tracks but to simply make it less likely for sites to trace back to them.[44]

Tor is also used for illegal activities, e.g., to gain access to censored information, to organize political activities,[45] or to circumvent laws against criticism of heads of state.

Tor has been described by The Economist, in relation to Bitcoin and the Silk Road, as being "a dark corner of the web".[46] It has been targeted by both the American NSA and the British GCHQ signals intelligence agencies, albeit with marginal success,[11] and more successfully by the British National Crime Agency in its Operation Notarise.[47] At the same time, GCHQ has been using a tool named SHADOWCAT for "end-to-end encrypted access to VPS over SSH using the TOR network".[48][49] Tor can be used for anonymous defamation, unauthorized news leaks of sensitive information and copyright infringement, distribution of illegal sexual content,[50][51][52] selling controlled substances,[53] weapons, and stolen credit card numbers,[54] money laundering,[55] bank fraud,[56] credit card fraud, identity theft and the exchange of counterfeit currency;[57] the black market utilizes the Tor infrastructure, at least in part, in conjunction with Bitcoin.[41]

In its complaint against Ross William Ulbricht of the Silk Road, the FBI acknowledged that Tor has "known legitimate uses".[58][59] According to CNET, Tor's anonymity function is "endorsed by the Electronic Frontier Foundation and other civil liberties groups as a method for whistleblowers and human rights workers to communicate with journalists".[60] EFF's Surveillance Self-Defense guide includes a description of where Tor fits in a larger strategy for protecting privacy and anonymity.[61]

In 2014, the EFF's Eva Galperin told BusinessWeek magazine that "Tor’s biggest problem is press. No one hears about that time someone wasn't stalked by their abuser. They hear how somebody got away with downloading child porn."[62]

The Tor Project states that Tor users include "normal people" who wish to keep their Internet activities private from websites and advertisers, people concerned about cyber-spying, users who are evading censorship such as activists and journalists, and military professionals. As of November 2013, Tor had about four million users.[63] According to the Wall Street Journal, in 2012 about 14% of Tor's traffic connected from the United States, with people in "Internet-censoring countries" as its second-largest user base.[64] Tor is increasingly used by victims of domestic violence and the social workers and agencies that assist them. It has also been used to prevent digital stalking, which has increased due to the prevalence of digital media in contemporary online life.[65] Along with SecureDrop, Tor is used by news organizations such as The Guardian, The New Yorker, ProPublica and The Intercept to protect the privacy of whistleblowers.[66]

In March 2015 the Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology released a briefing which stated that "There is widespread agreement that banning online anonymity systems altogether is not seen as an acceptable policy option in the U.K." and that "Even if it were, there would be technical challenges." The report further noted that Tor "plays only a minor role in the online viewing and distribution of indecent images of children" (due in part to its inherent latency); its usage by the Internet Watch Foundation, the utility of its hidden services for whistleblowers, and its circumvention of the Great Firewall of China were touted.[67]

Tor's executive director, Andrew Lewman, also said in August 2014 that agents of the NSA and the GCHQ have anonymously provided Tor with bug reports.[68]

The Tor Project's FAQ offers supporting reasons for EFF's endorsement:

Criminals can already do bad things. Since they're willing to break laws, they already have lots of options available that provide better privacy than Tor provides....

Tor aims to provide protection for ordinary people who want to follow the law. Only criminals have privacy right now, and we need to fix that....

So yes, criminals could in theory use Tor, but they already have better options, and it seems unlikely that taking Tor away from the world will stop them from doing their bad things. At the same time, Tor and other privacy measures can fight identity theft, physical crimes like stalking, and so on.[69]

Operation

Infographic about how Tor works, by EFF

Tor aims to conceal its users' identities and their online activity from surveillance and traffic analysis by separating identification and routing. It is an implementation of onion routing, which encrypts and then randomly bounces communications through a network of relays run by volunteers around the globe. These onion routers employ encryption in a multi-layered manner (hence the onion metaphor) to ensure perfect forward secrecy between relays, thereby providing users with anonymity in network location. That anonymity extends to the hosting of censorship-resistant content by Tor's anonymous hidden service feature.[22] Furthermore, by keeping some of the entry relays (bridge relays) secret, users can evade Internet censorship that relies upon blocking public Tor relays.[70]

Because the IP address of the sender and the recipient are not both in cleartext at any hop along the way, anyone eavesdropping at any point along the communication channel cannot directly identify both ends. Furthermore, to the recipient it appears that the last Tor node (called the exit node), rather than the sender, is the originator of the communication.

Originating traffic

A visual depiction of the traffic between some Tor relay nodes from the open-source packet sniffing program EtherApe

A Tor user's SOCKS-aware applications can be configured to direct their network traffic through a Tor instance's SOCKS interface. Tor periodically creates virtual circuits through the Tor network through which it can multiplex and onion-route that traffic to its destination. Once inside a Tor network, the traffic is sent from router to router along the circuit, ultimately reaching an exit node at which point the cleartext packet is available and is forwarded on to its original destination. Viewed from the destination, the traffic appears to originate at the Tor exit node.

A Tor non-exit relay with a maximum output of 239.69 KB/s

Tor's application independence sets it apart from most other anonymity networks: it works at the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) stream level. Applications whose traffic is commonly anonymized using Tor include Internet Relay Chat (IRC), instant messaging, and World Wide Web browsing.

Hidden services

Tor can also provide anonymity to websites and other servers. Servers configured to receive inbound connections only through Tor are called hidden services. Rather than revealing a server's IP address (and thus its network location), a hidden service is accessed through its onion address, usually via the Tor Browser. The Tor network understands these addresses and can route data to and from hidden services, even those hosted behind firewalls or network address translators (NAT), while preserving the anonymity of both parties. Tor is necessary to access hidden services.[71]

Hidden services have been deployed on the Tor network since 2004.[72] Other than the database that stores the hidden-service descriptors,[73] Tor is decentralized by design; there is no direct readable list of all hidden services, although a number of hidden services catalog publicly known onion addresses.

Because hidden services do not use exit nodes, connection to a hidden service is encrypted end-to-end and not subject to eavesdropping. There are, however, security issues involving Tor hidden services. For example, services that are reachable through Tor hidden services and the public Internet are susceptible to correlation attacks and thus not perfectly hidden. Other pitfalls include misconfigured services (e.g. identifying information included by default in web server error responses), uptime and downtime statistics, intersection attacks, and user error.[73][74]

Hidden services could be also accessed from a standard web browser without client-side connection to the Tor network, using services like Tor2web.[75]

Popular sources of dark web .onion links include Pastebin, Twitter, Reddit and other Internet forums.[76]

Further information: Dark web

Arm status monitor

Arm's header panel and bandwidth graph.

The anonymizing relay monitor (arm) is a command-line status monitor written in Python for Tor.[77][78][79] This functions much like top does for system usage, providing real time statistics for:

Most of arm's attributes are configurable through an optional armrc configuration file. It runs on any platform supported by curses including GNU/Linux, Mac OS X, and other Unix-like variants.

The project began in the summer of 2009,[80][81] and since 18 July 2010 it has been an official part of the Tor project. It is free software, available under the GNU General Public License.

Weaknesses

Like all current low-latency anonymity networks, Tor cannot and does not attempt to protect against monitoring of traffic at the boundaries of the Tor network (i.e., the traffic entering and exiting the network). While Tor does provide protection against traffic analysis, it cannot prevent traffic confirmation (also called end-to-end correlation).[82][83]

In spite of known weaknesses and attacks listed here, a 2009 study revealed that Tor and the alternative network system JonDonym (Java Anon Proxy, JAP) are considered more resilient to website fingerprinting techniques than other tunneling protocols.

The reason for this is that conventional single-hop VPN protocols do not need to reconstruct packet data nearly as much as a multi-hop service like Tor or JonDonym. Website fingerprinting yielded greater than 90% accuracy for identifying HTTP packets on conventional VPN protocols versus Tor which yielded only 2.96% accuracy. However some protocols like OpenSSH and OpenVPN required a large amount of data before HTTP packets were identified.[84]

Researchers from the University of Michigan developed a network scanner allowing identification of 86% of live Tor "bridges" with a single scan.[85]

Eavesdropping

Autonomous System (AS) eavesdropping

If an autonomous system (AS) exists on both path segments from a client to entry relay and from exit relay to destination, such an AS can statistically correlate traffic on the entry and exit segments of the path and potentially infer the destination with which the client communicated. In 2012, LASTor proposed a method to predict a set of potential ASes on these two segments and then avoid choosing this path during path selection algorithm on client side. In this paper, they also improve latency by choosing shorter geographical paths between client and destination.[86]

Exit node eavesdropping

In September 2007, Dan Egerstad, a Swedish security consultant, revealed that he had intercepted usernames and passwords for e-mail accounts by operating and monitoring Tor exit nodes.[87] As Tor cannot encrypt the traffic between an exit node and the target server, any exit node is in a position to capture traffic passing through it that does not use end-to-end encryption such as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS). While this may not inherently breach the anonymity of the source, traffic intercepted in this way by self-selected third parties can expose information about the source in either or both of payload and protocol data.[88] Furthermore, Egerstad is circumspect about the possible subversion of Tor by intelligence agencies:[89]

If you actually look in to where these Tor nodes are hosted and how big they are, some of these nodes cost thousands of dollars each month just to host because they're using lots of bandwidth, they're heavy-duty servers and so on. Who would pay for this and be anonymous?

In October 2011, a research team from ESIEA claimed to have discovered a way to compromise the Tor network by decrypting communication passing over it.[90][91] The technique they describe requires creating a map of Tor network nodes, controlling one third of them, and then acquiring their encryption keys and algorithm seeds. Then, using these known keys and seeds, they claim the ability to decrypt two encryption layers out of three. They claim to break the third key by a statistical-based attack. In order to redirect Tor traffic to the nodes they controlled, they used a denial-of-service attack. A response to this claim has been published on the official Tor Blog stating that these rumours of Tor's compromise are greatly exaggerated.[92]

Traffic-analysis attack

Steven J. Murdoch and George Danezis from University of Cambridge presented an article at the 2005 IEEE Symposium on security and privacy on traffic-analysis techniques that allow adversaries with only a partial view of the network to infer which nodes are being used to relay the anonymous streams.[93] These techniques greatly reduce the anonymity provided by Tor. Murdoch and Danezis have also shown that otherwise unrelated streams can be linked back to the same initiator. This attack, however, fails to reveal the identity of the original user.[93] Murdoch has been working with and has been funded by Tor since 2006.

Tor exit node block

Operators of Internet sites have the ability to prevent traffic from Tor exit nodes or to offer reduced functionality to Tor users. For example, it is not generally possible to edit Wikipedia when using Tor or when using an IP address that also is used by a Tor exit node, due to the use of the TorBlock MediaWiki extension, unless an exemption is obtained. The BBC blocks the IP addresses of all known Tor relays from its iPlayer service—including guards, relays, and exit nodes—regardless of geographic location. Bridge relays are not affected.

Bad apple attack

In March 2011, researchers with the Rocquencourt French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique, INRIA), documented an attack that is capable of revealing the IP addresses of BitTorrent users on the Tor network. The "bad apple attack" exploits Tor's design and takes advantage of insecure application use to associate the simultaneous use of a secure application with the IP address of the Tor user in question. One method of attack depends on control of an exit node or hijacking tracker responses, while a secondary attack method is based in part on the statistical exploitation of distributed hash table tracking.[94] According to the study:[94]

This attack against Tor consists of two parts: (a) exploiting an insecure application to reveal the source IP address of, or trace, a Tor user and (b) exploiting Tor to associate the use of a secure application with the IP address of a user (revealed by the insecure application). As it is not a goal of Tor to protect against application-level attacks, Tor cannot be held responsible for the first part of this attack. However, because Tor's design makes it possible to associate streams originating from secure application with traced users, the second part of this attack is indeed an attack against Tor. We call the second part of this attack the bad apple attack. (The name of this attack refers to the saying "one bad apple spoils the bunch". We use this wording to illustrate that one insecure application on Tor may allow to trace other applications.)

The results presented in the bad apple attack research paper are based on an attack in the wild launched against the Tor network by the authors of the study. The attack targeted six exit nodes, lasted for 23 days, and revealed a total of 10,000 IP addresses of active Tor users. This study is particularly significant because it is the first documented attack designed to target P2P file-sharing applications on Tor.[94] BitTorrent may generate as much as 40% of all traffic on Tor.[95] Furthermore, the bad apple attack is effective against insecure use of any application over Tor, not just BitTorrent.[94]

Some protocols expose IP addresses

Researchers from the French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (INRIA) showed that the Tor dissimulation technique in BitTorrent can be bypassed by attackers controlling a Tor exit node. The study was conducted by monitoring six exit nodes for a period of 23 days. Researches used three attack vectors:[96]

Inspection of BitTorrent control messages
Tracker announces and extension protocol handshakes may optionally contain client IP address. Analysis of collected data revealed that 35% and 33% of messages, respectively, contained addresses of clients.[96]:3
Hijacking trackers' responses
Due to lack of encryption or authentication in communication between tracker and peer, typical man-in-the-middle attacks allow attackers to determine peer IP addresses and even verify the distribution of content. Such attacks work when Tor is used only for tracker communication.[96]:4
Exploiting distributed hash tables (DHT)
This attack exploits the fact that distributed hash table (DHT) connections through Tor are impossible, so an attacker is able to reveal a target's IP address by looking it up in the DHT even if the target uses Tor to connect to other peers.[96]:4–5

With this technique, researchers were able to identify other streams initiated by users, whose IP addresses were revealed.[96]

Sniper attack

Jansen et al., describe a DDoS attack targeted at the TOR node software, as well as defenses against that attack and its variants. The attack works using a colluding client and server, and filling the queues of the exit node until the node runs out of memory, and hence can serve no other (genuine) clients. By attacking a significant proportion of the exit nodes this way, an attacker can degrade the network and increase the chance of targets using nodes controlled by the attacker.[97]

Heartbleed bug

The Heartbleed OpenSSL bug disrupted the Tor network for several days in April 2014 while private keys were renewed. The Tor Project recommended that Tor relay operators and hidden service operators revoke and generate fresh keys after patching OpenSSL, but noted that Tor relays use two sets of keys and that Tor's multi-hop design minimizes the impact of exploiting a single relay.[98] 586 relays later found to be susceptible to the Heartbleed bug were taken off-line as a precautionary measure.[99][100][101][102]

Mouse fingerprinting

In March 2016 a security researcher based in Barcelona, Spain demonstrated that laboratory techniques using time measurement via JavaScript at the 1-millisecond level[103] could potentially identify and correlate a user's unique mouse movements provided that the user has visited the same "fingerprinting" website with both the Tor browser and a regular browser.[104] This proof of concept exploits the ""time measurement via JavaScript" issue which has been an open ticket on the Tor Project for ten months. [105]

Implementations

The main implementation of Tor is written primarily in C, along with Python, JavaScript and several others and consists of 540,751 lines of code as of March 2016.[6]

Tor Browser

Tor Browser

Tor Browser on Linux Mint showing its start page - about:tor
Developer(s) Tor Project
Stable release 5.5.5[106] (26 April 2016 (2016-04-26)) [±]
Preview release 6.0-alpha-4[107] (18 March 2016 (2016-03-18)) [±]
Development status Active
Operating system
Engine Gecko
Size 32–41 MB
Available in 16 languages[108]
Type Onion routing, Anonymity, Web browser, Feed reader
License GPL
Website www.torproject.org/projects/torbrowser.html

Tor Browser, previously known as Tor Browser Bundle (TBB), is the flagship product of the Tor Project. It consists of a modified Mozilla Firefox ESR web browser, the TorButton, TorLauncher, NoScript and HTTPS Everywhere Firefox extensions and the Tor proxy.[109][110] It can be run from removable media and is available for Windows, Mac OS X, and GNU/Linux.[111]

The Tor Browser automatically starts Tor background processes and routes traffic through the Tor network. Upon termination of a session the browser deletes privacy-sensitive data such as HTTP cookies and the browsing history.[110]

Following a series of global surveillance disclosures, Stuart Dredge (The Guardian) recommended using Tor Browser to avoid eavesdropping and retain privacy on the Internet.[112]

Firefox / JavaScript anonymity attack

In August 2013, it was discovered that the Firefox browsers in many older versions of the Tor Browser Bundle were vulnerable to a JavaScript attack, as NoScript was not enabled by default.[113] This attack was being exploited to send users' MAC and IP addresses and Windows computer names to the attackers.[114][115][116] News reports linked this to a United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) operation targeting Freedom Hosting's owner, Eric Eoin Marques, who was arrested on a provisional extradition warrant issued by a United States court on 29 July. The FBI is seeking to extradite Marques out of Ireland to Maryland on four charges — distributing, conspiring to distribute, and advertising child pornography — as well as aiding and abetting advertising of child pornography. The warrant alleges that Marques is "the largest facilitator of child porn on the planet".[117][118] The FBI acknowledged the attack in a 12 September 2013 court filing in Dublin;[119] further technical details from a training presentation leaked by Edward Snowden showed that the codename for the exploit was EgotisticalGiraffe.[120]

The FBI, in Operation Torpedo, has been targeting Tor hidden servers since 2012, such as in the case of Aaron McGrath, who was sentenced to 20 years for running three hidden Tor servers containing child pornography.[121]

Tor Messenger

Tor Messenger
Developer(s) The Tor Project
Initial release 29 October 2015 (2015-10-29)[122]
Preview release 0.1.0b5 / 9 March 2016 (2016-03-09)
Development status Active
Written in C/C++, JavaScript, CSS, XUL
Operating system
Available in English
Website trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/wiki/doc/TorMessenger

On 29 October 2015, the Tor Project released Tor Messenger Beta, an instant messaging program based on Instantbird with Tor and OTR built in and used by default.[122] Like Pidgin and Adium, Tor Messenger supports multiple different instant messaging protocols, however, it accomplishes this without relying on libpurple, implementing all chat protocols in the memory-safe language JavaScript instead.[123]

Third-party applications

Vuze (formerly Azureus) BitTorrent client,[124] Bitmessage anonymous messaging system,[125] and TorChat instant messenger include Tor support.

The Guardian Project is actively developing a free and open-source suite of application programs and firmware for the Android operating system to improve the security of mobile communications.[126] The applications include ChatSecure instant messaging client,[127] Orbot Tor implementation,[128] Orweb (discontinued) privacy-enhanced mobile browser,[129][130] Orfox, the mobile counterpart of the Tor Browser, ProxyMob Firefox add-on[131] and ObscuraCam.[132]

Security-focused operating systems

Several security-focused operating systems like GNU/Linux distributions including Hardened Linux From Scratch, Incognito, Liberté Linux, Qubes OS, Tails, Tor-ramdisk and Whonix, make extensive use of Tor.[133]

Reception, impact, and legislation

Artist-activist Molly Crabapple demonstrating her support of Tor

Tor has been praised for providing privacy and anonymity to vulnerable Internet users such as political activists fearing surveillance and arrest, ordinary web users seeking to circumvent censorship, and people who have been threatened with violence or abuse by stalkers.[134][135] The U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) has called Tor "the king of high-secure, low-latency Internet anonymity",[11] and BusinessWeek magazine has described it as "perhaps the most effective means of defeating the online surveillance efforts of intelligence agencies around the world".[136] Other media have described Tor as "a sophisticated privacy tool",[137] "easy to use"[138] and "so secure that even the world's most sophisticated electronic spies haven't figured out how to crack it".[62]

In March 2011, The Tor Project received the Free Software Foundation's 2010 Award for Projects of Social Benefit. The citation read, "Using free software, Tor has enabled roughly 36 million people around the world to experience freedom of access and expression on the Internet while keeping them in control of their privacy and anonymity. Its network has proved pivotal in dissident movements in both Iran and more recently Egypt."[139]

In 2012, Foreign Policy magazine named Dingledine, Mathewson, and Syverson among its Top 100 Global Thinkers "for making the web safe for whistleblowers".[140]

In 2013, Jacob Appelbaum described Tor as a "part of an ecosystem of software that helps people regain and reclaim their autonomy. It helps to enable people to have agency of all kinds; it helps others to help each other and it helps you to help yourself. It runs, it is open and it is supported by a large community spread across all walks of life."[141]

In June 2013, whistleblower Edward Snowden used Tor to send information about PRISM to The Washington Post and The Guardian.[142]

In 2014, the Russian government offered a $111,000 contract to "study the possibility of obtaining technical information about users and users' equipment on the Tor anonymous network".[143][144]

Advocates for Tor say it supports freedom of expression, including in countries where the Internet is censored, by protecting the privacy and anonymity of users. The mathematical underpinnings of Tor lead it to be characterized as acting "like a piece of infrastructure, and governments naturally fall into paying for infrastructure they want to use".[145]

The project was originally developed on behalf of the U.S. intelligence community and continues to receive U.S. government funding, and has been criticized as "more resembl[ing] a spook project than a tool designed by a culture that values accountability or transparency".[20] As of 2012, 80% of The Tor Project's $2M annual budget came from the United States government, with the U.S. State Department, the Broadcasting Board of Governors, and the National Science Foundation as major contributors,[146] "to aid democracy advocates in authoritarian states".[13] The Swedish government and other organizations provided the other 20%, including NGOs and thousands of individual sponsors.[27][147] Dingledine said that the United States Department of Defense funds are more similar to a research grant than a procurement contract. Tor executive director Andrew Lewman said that even though it accepts funds from the U.S. federal government, the Tor service did not collaborate with the NSA to reveal identities of users.[148]

Critics say that Tor is not as secure as it claims,[149] pointing to U.S. law enforcement's investigations and shutdowns of Tor-using sites such as web-hosting company Freedom Hosting and online marketplace Silk Road.[20] In October 2013, after analyzing documents leaked by Edward Snowden, The Guardian reported that the NSA had repeatedly tried to crack Tor and had failed to break its core security, although it had had some success attacking the computers of individual Tor users.[11] The Guardian also published a 2012 NSA classified slide deck, entitled "Tor Stinks", which said: "We will never be able to de-anonymize all Tor users all the time", but "with manual analysis we can de-anonymize a very small fraction of Tor users".[150] When Tor users are arrested, it is typically due to human error, not to the core technology being hacked or cracked.[151] On 7 November 2014, for example, a joint operation by the FBI, ICE Homeland Security investigations and European Law enforcement agencies led to 17 arrests and the seizure of 27 sites containing 400 pages.[152] A late 2014 report by Der Spiegel using a new cache of Snowden leaks revealed, however, that as of 2012 the NSA deemed Tor on its own as a "major threat" to its mission, and when used in conjunction with other privacy tools such as OTR, Cspace, ZRTP, RedPhone, Tails, and TrueCrypt was ranked as "catastrophic," leading to a "near-total loss/lack of insight to target communications, presence..."[153][154]

In October 2014, The Tor Project hired the public relations firm Thomson Communications in order to improve its public image (particularly regarding the terms "Dark Net" and "hidden services," which are widely viewed as being problematic) and to educate journalists about the technical aspects of Tor.[155]

In June 2015, the special rapporteur from the United Nation's Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights specifically mentioned Tor in the context of the debate in the U.S. of allowing so-called backdoors in encryption programs for law enforcement purposes[156] in an interview for The Washington Post.

In July 2015, the Tor Project announced an alliance with the Library Freedom Project to establish exit nodes in public libraries.[157][158] The pilot program, which established a middle relay running on the excess bandwidth afforded by the Kilton Library in Lebanon, New Hampshire, making it the first library in the U.S. to host a Tor node, was briefly put on hold when the local city manager and deputy sheriff voiced concerns over the cost of defending search warrants for information passed through the Tor exit node. Although the DHS averred that no pressure was applied, and the service was re-established on 15 September 2015,[159] U.S. Rep. Zoe Lofgren (D-Calif) released a letter on 10 December 2015, in which she asked the DHS to clarify its procedures, stating that “While the Kilton Public Library’s board ultimately voted to restore their Tor relay, I am no less disturbed by the possibility that DHS employers are pressuring or persuading public and private entities to discontinue or degrade services that protect the privacy and anonymity of U.S. citizens.”[160][161][162] The second library to host a Tor node was Las Naves Public Library, from Valencia, Spain, and it was implemented in the first months of 2016.[163]

In August 2015, an IBM security research group, called "X-Force", put out a quarterly report that advised companies to block Tor on security grounds, citing a "steady increase" in attacks from Tor exit nodes as well as botnet traffic.[164]

In September 2015, Luke Millanta developed and released OnionView, a web service that plots the location of active Tor relay nodes onto an interactive map of the world. The project's purpose was to detail the network's size and escalating growth rate.[165][166]

In December 2015, Daniel Ellsberg (of the Pentagon Papers),[167] Cory Doctorow (of Boing Boing),[168] Edward Snowden,[169] and artist-activist Molly Crabapple,[170] amongst others, announced their support of Tor.

In March 2016, New Hampshire state representative Keith Ammon introduced a bill[171] allowing public libraries to run privacy software such as Tor which specifically referenced Tor itself. The bill was crafted with extensive input from Alison Macrina, the director the Library Freedom Project.[172] The bill was passed by the House 268-62.[173]

Also in March 2016, the first Tor node, specifically a middle relay, was established at a library in Canada, the Graduate Resource Centre (GRC) in the Faculty of Information and Media Studies (FIMS) at the University of Western Ontario.[174] Given that the running of a Tor exit node is an unsettled area of Canadian law,[175] and that institutions are more capable than individuals to cope with legal pressures, Alison Macrina has opined that in some ways she would like to see intelligence agencies and law enforcement attempt to intervene in the event that an exit node were established.[176]

See also

References

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  163. ↑ Gonzalo, Marilín (26 January 2016). "Esta biblioteca valenciana es la segunda del mundo en unirse al proyecto Tor". eldiario.es. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
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  166. ↑ "The New Map That Tracks Your TOR Activity". www.gq.com.au. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
  167. ↑ https://blog.torproject.org/blog/what-tor-supporter-looks-daniel-ellsberg
  168. ↑ https://blog.torproject.org/blog/what-tor-supporter-looks-cory-doctorow
  169. ↑ https://blog.torproject.org/blog/what-tor-supporter-looks-edward-snowden
  170. ↑ https://blog.torproject.org/blog/what-tor-supporter-looks-molly-crabapple
  171. ↑ http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/bill_status/billText.aspx?id=796&txtFormat=html
  172. ↑ O'Neill, Patrick (2016-03-10). "New Hampshire bill allows for libraries' usage of encryption and privacy software". The Daily Dot. Retrieved 2016-03-10.
  173. ↑ https://legiscan.com/NH/text/HB1508/id/1288060
  174. ↑ "Library in FIMS joins global network fighting back against digital surveillance, censorship, and the obstruction of information". FIMS News. 2016-03-16. Retrieved 2016-03-16.
  175. ↑ Pearson, Jordan (2016-09-25). "Can You Be Arrested for Running a Tor Exit Node In Canada?". Motherboard. Retrieved 2016-03-16.
  176. ↑ Pearson, Jordan (2016-03-16). "Canadian Librarians Must Be Ready to Fight the Feds on Running a Tor Node". Motherboard. Retrieved 2016-03-16.

Footnotes

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