Transfer of sovereignty over Macau

The transfer of sovereignty of Macau from the Portuguese Republic to the People's Republic of China (PRC) occurred on 20 December 1999. Macau was settled and governed by Portuguese merchants in 1535, during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 AD). Portugal's involvement in the region was formally recognized by the Qing in 1749. The Portuguese Governor, emboldened by the First Opium War and the Treaty of Nanking, attempted to annex the territory, expelling Qing authorities in 1846, but was assassinated. After the Second Opium War, the Portuguese government, along with a British representative, signed the Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking that gave Portugal sovereignty over Macau, on the condition that Portugal would cooperate with efforts to end the smuggling of opium.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, and the transfer of China's seat to the PRC at the United Nations in 1971, foreign minister Huang Hua appealed to the UN Special Committee on Decolonization to remove Macau (and Hong Kong) from its list of colonies, preferring bilateral negotiations ending in a return of the territory, rather than the expected independence outcome. The authoritarian right-wing government of Portugal was expelled by the Carnation Revolution, a coup that occurred in 1974. Within one year, the government of Portugal withdrew troops from Macau, withdrew recognition of the Republic of China in favour of the People's Republic, and began negotiations for the return of Macau. Four conferences from June 1986 to March 1987 resulted in a Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration on 13 April 1987 and the transfer of sovereignty on 20 December 1999. Macau is granted a high level of autonomy and the retention of its legal system by the Macau Basic Law.

Background

Sino-Portuguese Lisbon Agreement, which was signed in 1887.

The history of Macau is traced back to the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC), when the region now called Macau came under the jurisdiction of Panyu county, in Nanhai prefecture (present day Guangdong). The Portuguese arrived in the 16th century and wished to obtain rights to anchor ships in Macau's harbours and to carry out trading activities. Around 1552–1553, they obtained temporary permission to erect storage sheds onshore, in order to dry out goods drenched by sea water; they soon built rudimentary stone houses around the area now called Nam Van. In 1557, the Portuguese established a permanent settlement in Macau, paying an annual rent of 500 taels ( 20 kilograms / 44 pounds ) of silver as an annual lease. Because of the activities of Portuguese settlers and Japanese Wokou, the Ming Dynasty tightened its control over Macau between 1608 and 1614. In 1623, the Portuguese government appointed D. Francisco Mascarenhas as the Governor of Macau. At first, the governor was only responsible for the defence of Macau, and Fortaleza do Monte was constructed for this purpose. In 1749, the Qing government issued a complete set of guidelines for Portugal's administration of Macau and carved the Portuguese version on a stela in the Edifício do Leal Senado. However, the Governor of Macau, the representative of Portugal, gradually took over the power of the Senado.

When the Treaty of Nanking was signed in 1842 between Britain and China, the Portuguese government requested the Qing government to exempt them from the ground rent. The Qing authorities refused the request, but retained the preferentials that were already given to Portugal. However, on 20 November 1845, Maria II of Portugal unilaterally declared Macau a free port in which Portugal was exempt from ground rent and allowed merchant vessels of other countries to interact freely in Macau. After the new Governor of Macau, João Ferreira do Amaral, arrived in 1846, a series of colonial policies were enforced in Macau. In May 1846, Amaral demanded that all Chinese residents in Macau pay ground rent, poll tax and property tax, which broadened Portuguese rule in Macau over the Chinese residents. The Qing authorities in Macau immediately protested against Amaral's action and attempted to negotiate. However, beginning in 1849, Amaral expelled all Qing officials from Macau, destroyed the Qing Customs and stopped paying ground rent to the Qing government. Amaral's actions enraged the Chinese residents further, and he was assassinated on 22 August 1849.

Sino-Portuguese Peaceful Trade Relation Pact

In 1862, the Portuguese and Qing governments signed the draft of the Sino-Portuguese Peaceful Trade Pact. However, the Portuguese had the intention of annexing Macau with this pact. The intention was discovered and negotiations were stopped. The topic was not brought up again until 1886, when the Portuguese representative, along with the British representative, opened negotiations with the Qing government once again. Promising that they would cooperate on the anti-smuggling of opium, the Qing and Portuguese governments signed the Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking and the Sino-Portuguese Peaceful Trade Relation Pact. These treaties stated that, "Agreed by China, Portugal will remain in Macau and administer its land the same way Portugal administers other places". However, to avoid the total loss of sovereignty, the Qing government reserved the right to prevent Portugal from transferring Macau to another country. If Portugal were going to transfer Macau to another country, they would require the permission of the Chinese government.

When the government of the People's Republic of China obtained its seat in the United Nations as a result of the UN General Assembly Resolution 2758 in 1971, it began to act diplomatically on the sovereignty issues of Hong Kong and Macau. Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai was especially concerned with the issues. In March 1972, the Chinese UN representative, Huang Hua, wrote to the United Nations Decolonization Committee to state the position of the Chinese government:

"The questions of Hong Kong and Macau belong to the category of questions resulting from the series of unequal treaties which the imperialists imposed on China. Hong Kong and Macau are part of Chinese territory occupied by the British and Portuguese authorities. The settlement of the questions of Hong Kong and Macau is entirely within China's sovereign right and do not at all fall under the ordinary category of colonial territories. Consequently they should not be included in the list of colonial territories covered by the declaration on the granting of independence to colonial territories and people. With regard to the questions of Hong Kong and Macau, the Chinese government has consistently held that they should be settled in an appropriate way when conditions are ripe."^[1]

The same year, on 8 November, the United Nations General Assembly passed the resolution on removing Hong Kong and Macau from the official list of colonies. This created the conditions for the Chinese government to solve the sovereignty issues of Hong Kong and Macau peacefully.

On 25 April 1974, a group of low-ranking Portuguese officers organised a coup d'état, overthrowing the right-wing ruling government that had been in power for 48 years. The new government began the democratisation process. The new Portuguese government carried out de-colonization policies, and proposed Macau's handover to China.

On 31 December 1975, the Portuguese government withdrew its remaining troops from Macau.^[2] President António Ramalho Eanes attended the General Assembly of the United Nations a year later, and discussed with the Chinese representative, Huang Hua, the establishment of diplomatic relations between Portugal and China, and issues of Macau. After two years of discussions, the Portuguese government decided to break off diplomatic relations with the Republic of China on 8 February 1979, and established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China the next day. Both Portugal and the People's Republic of China recognised Macau as the territory of China, and the exact time for its return and other details would be discussed later between the two sides.

After Portugal and the People's Republic of China formally established diplomatic relations, officials of the two countries began to visit each other. In March 1980, the Governor of Macau, Nuno Viriato Tavares de Melo Egídio, accepted an invitation from Beijing and visited China. As the relationship between Portugal and China developed, their heads of state began to visit each other also. In November 1984, the President of the People's Republic of China, Li Xiannian, made a visit to Portugal and met the President of Portugal, António Ramalho Eanes, to exchange opinions on the issues of Macau. In May 1985, Eanes returned the favour by visiting China and met the de facto leader of China Deng Xiaoping, and expressed his desire to solve the issues of Macau in a friendly manner.

Britain and China reached a consensus on the sovereignty question of Hong Kong, which was more complex in its nature. The consensus included the draft of the Sino-British Joint Declaration. Likewise, Sino-Portuguese relations developed steadily, and solving the question of Macau through negotiation was gradually made possible.

The talks

On 20 May 1986, the People's Republic of China, along with Portugal, officially announced that talks on Macanese affairs would begin on 30 June in Beijing. The Portuguese delegation arrived in Beijing in June, and was welcomed by the Chinese delegation led by Zhou Nan. In the welcoming speech, it was stated that, the "Negotiation between China and Portugal on Macau affairs is going to be a talk between two partners, not two opponents."

The talks consisted of four sessions, all held in Beijing:

• The first conference: 30 June – 1 July 1986
• The second conference: 9–10 September 1986
• The third conference: 21–22 October 1986
• The fourth conference: 18–23 March 1987

On 13 April 1987, the Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau by the governments of the People's Republic of China and the Portuguese Republic was formally signed by the Prime Ministers of both governments in Beijing.^[3]

The transition

The Peoples Liberation Army enters Macau for the first time

The twelve years between the signing of the "Sino-Portuguese Declaration" on 13 April 1987 and the transfer of sovereignty on 20 December 1999 were known as "the transition".

On 15 January 1988, the Chinese Foreign Affairs Department announced the Chinese members of the groups that would begin the talk on the issues of Macau during the transition. On 13 April, the "Draft of the Basic Law of the Macau Special Administrative Region Committee" was established during the seventh National People's Congress, and on 25 October, the committee convened the first conference, in which they passed the general outline of the draft and the steps, and decided to organise the "Draft of the Basic Law of Macau Special Administrative Region Information Committee". On 31 March 1993, the National People's Congress passed the resolution on the Basic Law of Macau, which marked the beginning of the latter part of the transition.

The transfer

In the afternoon of 19 December 1999, the 127th Portuguese Governor of Macau Vasco Joaquim Rocha Vieira lowered the flags in Macau, which was the prelude of the ceremony for the establishment of the Macau Special Administrative Region. The official transfer of sovereignty was held at midnight on that day at the Cultural Center of Macau Garden. The ceremony began in the evening and ended at dawn of 20 December.

The evening of 19 December began with dragon and lion dances. These were followed by a slideshow of historical events and features of Macau, which included a mixture of the religions and races of the East and the West, and the unique society of native Portuguese born in Macau. In the final performance, 422 children who represented the 422 years of Portuguese history in Macau were presented along with several international stars to perform the song "Praise for Peace".

Influence

The transfer of the sovereignty of Macau was a significant historical event in Macau, as it returned Macau to China. Because the transfer and the idea of one country, two systems were considered to be successful, the Macau Special Administrative Region, the Legislative Assembly and the Judiciary were all put into practice accordingly under the regulation of the Basic Law.

The steady growth of the Macau Special Administrative Region benefited from the support of the government of China. Since the establishment of the region, public security has been improved and the central government even designated Macau as the city for expansion of gambling-related tourism. The introduction of the Individual Visit Scheme policy made it easier for Chinese mainland residents to travel back and forth. In 2005 alone, there were more than 10 million tourists from mainland China, which made up 60% of the total number of tourists in Macau. The income from the gambling houses in Macau reached almost US$5.6 billion.^[4] On 15 July 2005, the Historic Center of Macau was listed as a World Cultural Heritage site. The increasing development of tourism became a major factor in the rapid development of the economy of Macau.

For Portugal, the transfer of the sovereignty of Macau to China marked the end of the Portuguese overseas empire and its decolonisation process.

Before and after handover

Unchanged after 20 December 1999	Changed after 20 December 1999
Portuguese remained an official language.[5] Chinese had been made an official language in 1993.[6] Public signs are bilingual in Portuguese and Traditional Chinese, although signs may also include English.[7] The legal system remained separate from that of mainland China, broadly based on the Portuguese civil system, with some Portuguese judges continuing to serve.[8] Macau retained the pataca as its currency, which remained responsibility of the Monetary Authority of Macau, and pegged to the Hong Kong dollar.[9] However, the Bank of China began issuing banknotes.[10] The border with the mainland, while now known as the boundary, continued to be patrolled as before, with separate immigration and customs controls.[11] Macau citizens were still required to apply for a Mainland Travel Permit, in order to visit mainland China.[12] Citizens of mainland China still did not have the right of abode in Macau.[13] Instead, they had to apply for a permit to visit or settle in Hong Kong from the PRC government.[14] Macau continued to operate as a separate customs territory from mainland China.[15] It remained an individual member of various international organisations, such as APEC and WTO.[16] Macau continued to negotiate and maintain its own aviation bilateral treaties with foreign countries and territories.[17] These include flights to Taiwan.[18] Macau remained an individual member of sporting organisations such as FIFA.[19] However, the Sports and Olympic Committee of Macau, China, while a member of the Olympic Council of Asia, is not a member of the International Olympic Committee.[20] It continued to drive on the left, unlike Mainland China, which drives on the right, as does Portugal.[21] Vehicle registration plates continued to follow the old Portuguese format, with white characters on a black plate.[22] This had been discontinued in Portugal in 1992.[23] Macau-registered vehicles could travel to and from mainland China, but required special cross-border plates, similar to those of Guangdong.[24] Macau citizens continued to have easier access to many countries, including those in Europe and North America, with Macau SAR passport holders having visa-free access to 117 other countries and territories.[25] Foreign nationals, including Portuguese citizens, were allowed to hold high-level positions in the administration, except the office of Chief Executive.[26] This was in contrast to Hong Kong, where such positions were restricted to citizens of the SAR.[27] Members of the existing Legislative Assembly who had been elected in 1996, remained in office until 2001, although those who had been appointed by the Governor were replaced by those appointed by the incoming Chief Executive.[28] Foreign nationals, including Portuguese citizens, were still allowed to stand for directly elected seats in the Legislative Assembly.[29] This was in contrast to Hong Kong, where foreign nationals could only stand for indirectly elected seats in the Legislative Council.[30] Macau continued to have more political freedoms than mainland China, with the holding of demonstrations and annual memorials to commemorate the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 in Senado Square.[31] However, pro-democracy politicians and academics from Hong Kong were refused entry.[32] It continued to have more freedom of the press than mainland China despite the growing influence of Beijing and Hong Kong journalists being refused entry.[33] Macau continued to have its own civic groups participating in the political system.[34] These are separate from the Communist-led United Front on the mainland.[35] It also continued to have more religious freedoms, with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Macau remaining under the jurisdiction of the Holy See, instead of the Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association on the mainland.[36] However, the Falun Gong spiritual practice has faced restrictions.[37] Macau retained a separate international dialling code (853) and telephone numbering plan from that of the mainland.[38] Calls between Macau and the mainland still required international dialling.[39] It retained different technical standards from mainland China, such as British-style electrical plugs.[40] However, Macau would later adopt the digital TV standard devised in mainland China, instead of DVB-T, replacing PAL-I for TV transmissions.[41] Macau retained a separate ISO 3166 code, MO.[42] It also retained a top-level domain, .mo.[43] However, the Chinese code CN-92 was also used.[44] It retained its own separate postal services, with Correios de Macau operating separately from China Post.[45] Macau was not made part of the Chinese postcode system, nor did it introduce a postcode system of its own.[46] Portuguese-influenced place names remained unchanged, although their unrelated Chinese equivalents were already in use; for example, Avenida Almeida Ribeiro is known as San Ma Lou or "new street of horses".[47] Portuguese monuments remained, although the statue of former Governor João Maria Ferreira do Amaral was taken down in 1992.[48] The floor on the ground level continued to be officially referred to by the Portuguese abbreviation R/C (rés-do-chão).[49]	The Chief Executive of Macau became the head of government, elected by a selection committee with 300 members, who mainly are elected from among professional sectors and business leaders in Macau.[50] The Governor was appointed by Portugal.[51] The former Governor's Palace was now known as the Government Headquarters.[52] The Court of Final Appeal became the highest court of appeal in Macau.[53] This replaced the Superior Court of Justice, established in April 1993.[54] Appeals to the Court of Appeal of the Judiciary District of Lisbon ceased in 1999.[55] All public offices now flew the flags of the PRC and the Macau SAR.[56] The Flag of Portugal now flew only outside the Portuguese Consulate-General and other Portuguese premises.[57] The People's Liberation Army established a garrison in Macau, the first military presence there since the Portuguese military garrison had been withdrawn following the Carnation Revolution in 1974.[58] The Central People's Government was now formally represented in Macau by a Liaison Office.[59] This had been established in 1987 as a branch of Xinhua New Agency, when Macau was under Portuguese administration.[60] Before 1987, it was informally represented by the Nanguang trading company.[2] The Macau SAR Government was now formally represented in Beijing by the Office of the Government of the Macau Special Administrative Region.[61] Elsewhere, the Macau SAR Government was now represented by Macau Economic and Trade Offices in Lisbon (Portugal), Brussels (European Union), Geneva (World Trade Organization) and Taipei (Taiwan).[62] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China was represented in Macau by a Commissioner.[63] The Municipalities of Macau and the Ilhas, which had been retained provisionally following the transfer of sovereignty, were abolished and replaced by the Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau with effect from 1 January 2002.[64] Portugal was now represented in Macau by the Portuguese Consulate-General, also accredited to Hong Kong.[65] This had responsibility for matters relating to Portuguese nationals. However, residents of Macau born after 3 October 1981 were no longer entitled to Portuguese nationality.[66] The Taipei Trade and Tourism Office, the de facto mission of Taiwan, was renamed the Taipei Trade and Cultural Office, and was allowed to issue visas in 2002.[67] It was later renamed the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Macau in 2011.[68] The words "República Portuguesa" no longer appeared on postage stamps, which now displayed the words "Macau, China".[69] The Portuguese coat of arms had already been removed from Macau pataca banknotes and coins issued since 1988.[70] The Macau Police badge now displayed the Macau SAR emblem.[71] The Portuguese honours system was replaced by a local system, with the Grand Medal of Lotus Flower as the highest award.[72] Public holidays changed, with Macau SAR Establishment Day being introduced and Portuguese-inspired occasions, such as the Republic Day, and Freedom Day being abolished.[73] PRC National Day had been made a public holiday in 1981.[74] Macau's aircraft registration prefix changed to B-M, bringing it into line with mainland China.[75] Previously, the Portuguese C-S prefix was used.[76] A giant golden statue of a lotus, erected in a public space outside the Macau Forum named Lotus Square, was presented by the State Council of the People's Republic of China to commemorate the return of Macau to Chinese sovereignty.[77] The University of Macau was relocated to a new campus on Hengqin Island in 2009.[78] This was under the jurisdiction of the Macau SAR government, which had leased a plot of land for M$1.2 billion until 2049.[79]

See also

• Time Capsule (Macau)
• Handover Gifts Museum of Macao
• Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong
• One country, two systems

References

1. The Hong Kong Reader: Passage to Chinese Sovereignty, Ming K. Chan, Gerard A. Postiglione, M.E. Sharpe, 1996, page 45
2. Portuguese behavior towards the political transition and the regional integration of Macau in the Pearl River Region, Moisés Silva Fernandes, in Macau and Its Neighbours in Transition, Rufino Ramos, José Rocha Dinis, D.Y.Yuan, Rex Wilson, University of Macau, Macau Foundation, 1997, page 48
3. Portugal, China Sign Accord to Return Tiny Macao to Chinese Control in 1999, United Press International, Los Angeles Times, April 14, 1987
4. Voice of America (Chinese): The gambling income in Macau is catching up with Las Vegas
5. Portuguese makes comeback in Macau, South China Morning Post, 10 June, 2009
6. Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law: 1997, Jochen Abraham Frowein, Rüdiger Wolfrum, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1997, page 462
7. China, Macau, sign board of city street
8. The Legal and Judiciary System of Macao,People's Daily, December 15, 2009
9. Currency in Circulation in Macao, Monetary Authority of Macau
10. Bank of China Authorized to Issue HKD and MOP (1987 - 1992), Bank of China
11. Police expects visitor increase with round-the-clock borders, Macau Daily Times, 17 December 2014
12. LCQ1: Immigration clearance and entry visas to the Mainland for non-Chinese Hong Kong permanent residents with foreign passports, Government Information Centre, February 15, 2012
13. Certificate of Entitlement to the Right of Abode in the Macao SAR, Identification Services Bureau
14. Exit and Entry Administration Law of the People's Republic of China, Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
15. EU Relations with Macao Special Administrative Region (SAR), European External Action Service
16. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), Direcção dos Serviços de Economia
17. Macao and Lao initialed new Air Services Agreement to liberalize the air transport market between the two places, Civil Aviation Authority of Macao SAR, November 24, 2010
18. Restrictions on Taiwan- Macau flights to be lifted, Taipei Times, February 18, 2014
19. Macau at the FIFA website
20. About Sports & Olympic Committee of Macau, China
21. Strolling in Macau: A Visitor's Guide to Macau, Taipa, and Coloane, Steven K. Bailey, ThingsAsian Press, 2007, page 177
22. Macau Cars Number Plates
23. Circular com matrículas antigas, E-Konomista
24. Blurring Boundary – Macao, Hengqin draw closer with 24-hour border crossing, Macauhub, June 6, 2015
25. The following countries/territories have agreed to grant visa-free access or visa-on-srrival to the holders of Macao (SAR) passport
26. Hong Kong & Macau, Andrew Stone, Chung Wah Chow, Reggie Ho, Lonely Planet, 2008, page 309
27. Keesing's Record of World Events, Volume 37, Longman, 1991
28. Europa World Year Book 2004, Taylor & Francis, 2004, pages 1179-80
29. Portuguese elected to Macao Parliament, The Portugal News, 1 October 2005
30. Lau in passport battle, The Independent, 16 December 1997
31. A quarter of a century: Remembering Tiananmen, Macau Business Daily, June 5, 2015
32. HK concern over Macau entry ban, BBC News Online, 4 March 2009
33. Macau threatens press freedom, South China Morning Post, 3 May, 2012
34. Think tank says co-op between govt, civic groups 'important'. Macau News, July 21, 2014
35. Ms. Huang Ling, Member of Standing Committee of Xiamen Municipal Committee and Director of the United Front Work Department, and entourages visited CityU, City University of Macau, November 24, 2015
36. Pope appoints Hong Kong bishop to Macau, Vatican Radio, 16 January 2016
37. Religious Freedom in Asia, Edward P. Lipton Nova Publishers, 2002, page 101
38. Macao, China, International Telecommunication Union, 19 February 2013
39. China Law, Issues 1-6, 2008, page 50
40. Fast Facts in China, Frommer's
41. World Radio TV Handbook, WRTH Publications Ltd, 2008, page 642
42. ISO Online Browsing Platform: MO
43. MONIC
44. ISO Online Browsing Platform: CN
45. About Us, Correios de Macau
46. Macao, China, Universal Postal Union
47. First Globalization: The Eurasian Exchange, 1500-1800, Geoffrey C. Gunn, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2003, page 270
48. Controversial Macao statue pulled down, United Press International, October 28, 1992
49. Household LPG - Macao Consumer Council,
50. Role of the Chief Executive Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region
51. Political Handbook of the World 1997, Arthur S. Banks, Alan J. Day, Thomas C. Muller, Springer, 1997, page 687
52. Government Headquarters to open to the public during the weekend, Government Information Bureau, 15 October, 2015
53. Commercial and Economic Law in Macau, Jianhong Fan, Alexandre Dias Pereira, Kluwer Law International, page 23
54. Trade Policy Review: Macau, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 1994, page 15
55. Macao's judicial system being improved: court chief, China Daily, December 10, 2014
56. China Macau Government Headquarters
57. The Portuguese consulate building in Macau, China
58. Portugal's Last Days in Macao Marred by Chinese Troop Issue, The New York Times, March 23, 1999
59. Renamed Xinhua becomes a new force in Hong Kong's politics, Taipei Times, 21 January 2000
60. Asia Yearbook, Far Eastern Economic Review, 1988
61. Macao SAR Government to Set up Office in Beijing, July 26, 2000
62. External Economic & Trade Relations > Trade Representative Offices, Macao Economic Services
63. Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Macao Special Administrative Region
64. Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau Building
65. Consulado Geral de Portugal em Macau e Hong Kong
66. Official Journal of the European Communities: Information and notices, Volume 33, Issues 134-148, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1990, page 140
67. Macao allows Taipei office to issue visas to Chinese, Taipei Times, 7 January 2002
68. MAC minister launches renamed Taiwan office in Macau,Taiwan Today, July 20, 2011
69. Filatelia | Macau, selo a selo, Revista Macau, 13 April 2015
70. Macao Magazine, November 2012, page 31
71. Sobre o CPSP > História, Corpo de Polícia de Segurança Pública (CPSP) da Região Administrativa Especial de Macau
72. Decorations, Medals and Certificates of Merit List for 2014, Government Information Bureau, 11 November 2014
73. The Europa Year Book, Volume 2, Taylor & Francis, 1991, page 2219
74. China Perspectives, Issues 33-38, C.E.F.C., 2001, page 58
75. Jane's All the World's Aircraft, pages 48-49
76. Airlines of Asia: Since 1920, Putnam, 1997, page 277
77. Lotus Square, Macao Government Tourism Office
78. Achieving the unthinkable: University of Macau in Hengqin, China Daily, August 2013
79. University of Macau Moves Over the China Border, The New York Times, July 14, 2013

External links

• Official website
• (Chinese)The Chinese garrison in Macau