Triosephosphate isomerase

triosephosphate isomerase

Side view of triose P isomerase monomer, active site at top center
Identifiers
EC number 5.3.1.1
CAS number 9023-78-3
Databases
IntEnz IntEnz view
BRENDA BRENDA entry
ExPASy NiceZyme view
KEGG KEGG entry
MetaCyc metabolic pathway
PRIAM profile
PDB structures RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene Ontology AmiGO / EGO

Triose-phosphate isomerase (TPI or TIM) is an enzyme (EC 5.3.1.1) that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of the triose phosphate isomers dihydroxyacetone phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate triose phosphate isomerase D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
 
 
  triose phosphate isomerase

Compound C00111 at KEGG Pathway Database.Enzyme 5.3.1.1 at KEGG Pathway Database.Compound C00118 at KEGG Pathway Database.

TPI plays an important role in glycolysis and is essential for efficient energy production. TPI has been found in nearly every organism searched for the enzyme, including animals such as mammals and insects as well as in fungi, plants, and bacteria. However, some bacteria that do not perform glycolysis, like ureaplasmas, lack TPI.

In humans, deficiencies in TPI are associated with a progressive, severe neurological disorder called triose phosphate isomerase deficiency. Triose phosphate isomerase deficiency is characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia. While there are various mutations that cause this disease, most include the mutation of glutamic acid at position 104 to aspartic acid.[1]

Triose phosphate isomerase is a highly efficient enzyme, performing the reaction billions of times faster than it would occur naturally in solution. The reaction is so efficient that it is said to be catalytically perfect: It is limited only by the rate the substrate can diffuse into and out of the enzyme's active site.[2][3]

Mechanism

The mechanism involves the intermediate formation of an "enediol". The relative free energy of each ground state and transition state has been determined experimentally, and is displayed in the figure.[2]

The structure of TPI facilitates the conversion between dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP). The nucleophilic glutamate 165 residue of TPI deprotonates the substrate,[4] and the electrophilic histidine 95 residue donates a proton to form the enediol intermediate.[5][6] When deprotonated, the enediolate then collapses and, abstracting a proton from protonated glutamate 165, forms the GAP product. Catalysis of the reverse reaction proceeds analogously, forming the same enediol but with enediolate collapse from the oxygen at C2.[7]

TPI is diffusion-limited. In terms of thermodynamics, DHAP formation is favored 20:1 over GAP production.[8] However, in glycolysis, the use of GAP in the subsequent steps of metabolism drives the reaction toward its production. TPI is inhibited by sulfate, phosphate, and arsenate ions, which bind to the active site.[9] Other inhibitors include 2-phosphoglycolate, a transition state analog, and D-glycerol-1-phosphate, a substrate analog.[10]

Side view of triose phosphate isomerase dimer.

Structure

Triosephosphate isomerase
Identifiers
Symbol TIM
Pfam PF00121
Pfam clan CL0036
InterPro IPR000652
PROSITE PDOC00155
SCOP 1tph
SUPERFAMILY 1tph

Triose phosphate isomerase is a dimer of identical subunits, each of which is made up of about 250 amino acid residues. The three-dimensional structure of a subunit contains eight α-helices on the outside and eight parallel β-strands on the inside. In the illustration, the ribbon backbone of each subunit is colored in blue to red from N-terminus to C-terminus. This structural motif is called an αβ-barrel, or a TIM-barrel, and is by far the most commonly observed protein fold. The active site of this enzyme is in the center of the barrel. A glutamic acid residue and a histidine are involved in the catalytic mechanism. The sequence around the active site residues is conserved in all known triose phosphate isomerases.

The structure of triose phosphate isomerase contributes to its function. Besides the precisely placed glutamate and histidine residues to form the enediol, a ten- or eleven-amino acid chain of TPI acts as a loop to stabilize the intermediate. The loop, formed by residues 166 to 176, closes and forms a hydrogen bond to the phosphate group of the substrate. This action stabilizes the enediol intermediate and the other transition states on the reaction pathway.[7]

In addition to making the reaction kinetically feasible, the TPI loop sequesters the reactive enediol intermediate to prevent decomposition to methylglyoxal and inorganic phosphate. The hydrogen bond between the enzyme and the phosphate group of the substrate makes such decomposition stereoelectronically unfavorable.[7] Methylglyoxal is a toxin and, if formed, is removed through the glyoxalase system.[11] The loss of a high-energy phosphate bond and the substrate for the rest of glycolysis makes formation of methylglyoxal inefficient.

Studies suggest that a lysine close to the active site (at position 12) is also crucial for enzyme function. The lysine, protonated at physiological pH, may help neutralize the negative charge of the phosphate group. When this lysine is mutated to a neutral amino acid, TPI loses all function, but mutants with a different positively charged amino acid retain some function.[12]


See also

References

  1. ↑ Orosz, F.; Oláh, J. (2008). "Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency: facts and doubts". IUBMB Life 58 (12): 703–715. doi:10.1080/15216540601115960. PMID 17424909.
  2. 1 2 Albery, W. J.; Knowles, J. R. (1976). "Free-Energy Profile for the Reaction Catalyzed by Triosephosphate Isomerase". Biochemistry 15 (25): 5627–5631. doi:10.1021/bi00670a031. PMID 999838.
  3. ↑ Rose, I.A.; Fung first2 = W.J.; Warms first3 = J.V.B. (1990). "Proton diffusion in the active site of triosephosphate isomerase". Biochemistry 29 (18): 4312–4317. doi:10.1021/bi00470a008. PMID 2161683.
  4. ↑ Alber, T.; Banner, D.W.; Wilson, I.A. (1981). "On the three-dimensional structure and catalytic mechanism of triose phosphate isomerase.". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 293 (1063): 159–171. doi:10.1098/rstb.1981.0069. PMID 6115415.
  5. ↑ Nickbarg, E.B.; Davenport, R.C.; Knowles, J.R. (1988). "Triose Phosphate Isomerase: Removal of a Putatively Electrophilic Histidine Residue Results in a Subtle Change in Catalytic Mechanism.". Biochemistry 27 (16): 5948–5960. doi:10.1021/bi00416a019. PMID 2847777.
  6. ↑ Komives, E.A.; Chang, L.C.; Knowles, J.R. (1991). "Electrophilic Catalysis in Triosephosphate Isomerase: the Role of Histidine-95.". Biochemistry 30 (12): 3011–3019. doi:10.1021/bi00226a005. PMID 2007138.
  7. 1 2 3 Knowles, J.R. (1991). "Enzyme catalysis: not different, just better". Nature 350 (6314): 121–124. doi:10.1038/350121a0. PMID 2005961.
  8. ↑ Harris, T.K.; Cole, R.N.; Mildvan, A.S. (1998). "Proton Transfer in the Mechanism of Triosephosphate Isomerase.". Biochemistry 37 (47): 16828–16838. doi:10.1021/bi982089f. PMID 9843453.
  9. ↑ Lambeir, A.-M.; Opperdoes, F.R.; Wierenga, R.K. (1987). "Kinetic properties of triose-phosphate isomerase from Trypanosama brucei brucei". European Journal of Biochemistry 168 (1): 69–74. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb13388.x. PMID 3311744.
  10. ↑ Lolis, E.; Petsko, G.A. (1990). "Crystallographic Analysis of the Complex between Triosephosphate Isomerase and 2-Phosphoglycolate at 2.5-Å Resolution: Implications for Catalysis". Biochemistry 29 (28): 6619–6625. doi:10.1021/bi00480a010. PMID 2204418.
  11. ↑ Creighton, D.J.; Hamilton, D.S. (2001). "Brief History of Glyoxalase I and What We Have Learned about Metal Ion-Dependent, Enzyme-Catalyzed Isomerizations.". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 387 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1006/abbi.2000.2253. PMID 11368170.
  12. ↑ Lodi, P.J.; Chang, L.C.; Komives, E.A. (1990). "Triosephosphate Isomerase Requires a Positively Charged Active Site: The Role of Lysine-12.". Biochemistry 33 (10): 2809–2814. doi:10.1021/bi00176a009. PMID 8130193.
Glycolysis Metabolic Pathway
Glucose Hexokinase Glucose 6-phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase Fructose 6-phosphate phosphofructokinase-1 Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase
ATP ADP ATP ADP
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Triosephosphate isomerase Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
NAD+ + Pi NADH + H+
+ 2 2
Phosphoglycerate kinase 3-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoglycerate mutase 2-Phosphoglycerate Phosphopyruvate hydratase(Enolase) Phosphoenolpyruvate Pyruvate kinase Pyruvate
ADP ATP H2O ADP ATP
2 2 2 2
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Sunday, February 07, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.