Tsushima dialect

Tsushima Japanese
Native to	Japan
Region	Tsushima Island
Language family	Japonic Japanese Kyūshū Japanese Hichiku Tsushima Japanese
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	tsus1237[1]

Tsushima dialect (対馬方言) is a dialect of Japanese on spoken Tsushima Island of Nagasaki Prefecture.

Classification

Despite being a mountainous island, Tsushima has a relatively homogeneous dialect. The sole exception is Tsutsu at the southern tip of the island. Okumura (1990) assumed wave-like dispersal of new lexical features from Izuhara, Tsushima's politico-cultural center. They appear to have little influence on the geographically isolated community of Tsutsu.^[2]

Tsushima's general resemblance to mainland Kyūshū dialects is obvious, but exactly how it has evolved remains an open problem. Tsushima is often classified as a Hichiku (northwestern Kyūkyū) dialect, but some Hōnichi (eastern Kyūshū)-like elements are sometimes noted. The accent system of Tsushima in general can be seen as a variant of the Chikuzen subgroup of the Hichiku dialect. However, Okumura (1990) argued that the Tsutsu accent system of Tsushima could hardly have a Chikuzen-like ancestor and was more close to the Buzen subgroup of the Hōnichi dialect. He questioned the mainstream view of Chikuzen membership because Tsutsu appeared to be more conservative than the rest of Tsushima.^[2]

Vocabulary

Although Tsushima attracts folklorists for its preservation of archaic practices, linguists often find the Tsushima dialect uninteresting because Tsushima's vocabulary can usually be found elsewhere in Japan. Words that appear to be specific to Tsushima include wam (round shaped valley) and sae (narrow valley).^[3]

The Tsushima dialect was noted for the nearly total lack of Korean influence. Due to Tsushima's geographic proximity and special role in Japanese diplomacy with Korea, linguists used to expect the Tsushima dialect to show some influence from Korean.^[4] However, they were unable to test the hypothesis by conducting field work since Tsushima was a point of strategic importance. In 1950 and 1951, the Linguistic Society of Japan finally conducted full-scale research together with several other academic societies. They were surprised that Korean had virtually no influence on the Tsushima dialect. All they could find in the northernmost community of Waniura was a couple of Korean loanwords such as yanban (the rich, from Korean yangban), pē (ship, from Korean pae) and chonga (unmarried (Korean) man, from Korean chonggak). They were not nativized but used with clear awareness of their foreign origin.^[3][5][6] Korean koguma (sweet potato) is likely to have been borrowed from the Tsushima dialect. Sweet potato is called kōkō-imo in southern Kyūshū but is getting closer to the Korean form as it moves toward the north: kōkomo in central-western Tsushima and kogomo in northern Tsushima.^[5][6]

References

1. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Tsushima-ben". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
2. Okumura Mitsuo 奥村三雄 (1990). "Tsushima hōgen no shiteki kōsatsu 対馬方言の史的考察". Hōgen kokugo-shi kenkyÅ« 方言国語史研究 (in Japanese). pp. 136–175.
3. Horii Reiichi 堀井令以知 (1988) [1956]. "Tsushima hōgen no goi 対馬方言の語彙". Chiiki shakai no gengo bunka 地域社会の言語文化 (in Japanese). pp. 248–257.
4. Ogura Shinpei 小倉進平 (1921). "Kokugo tokuni Tsushima hōgen ni oyoboshita Chōsen goi no eikyō 國語特に對馬方言に及ぼした朝鮮語彙の影響". Hōgen 方言 (in Japanese) 2 (7): 1–21.
5. Izui Hisanosuke 泉井久之助 (1954). "Tsushima hōgen no goi 對馬方言の語彙". In KyÅ« gakkai rengō Tsushima kyōdō chōsa iinkai 九學會連合對馬共同調査委員會. Tsushima no sizen to bunka 對馬の自然と文化 (in Japanese). pp. 105–106.
6. Horii Reiichi 堀井令以知 (2001). "Tsushima hōgen 1950 nen no chōsa kenkyū 対馬方言1950年の調査研究" (PDF). Kansai Gaikokugo Daigaku kenkyū ronshū 関西外国語大学研究論集 (in Japanese) (73): 171–187.