Tupi–Guarani languages
| Tupi–Guarani | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution: | Brazil, Bolivia, French Guiana, Paraguay, Peru |
| Linguistic classification: |
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| Subdivisions: | |
| Glottolog: | tupi1276[1] |
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Tupi–Guarani (medium pink), other Tupian (violet), and probable range c. 1500 (pink-grey) | |
Tupi–Guarani (
pronunciation ) is the name of the most widely distributed subfamily of the Tupian languages of South America. It includes fifty languages, including the best-known languages of the family, Guarani and Old Tupi.
The words jaguar, tapioca, jacaranda, anhinga, carioca, and capoeira are of Tupi–Guarani origin.
Languages
Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) propose eight branches of Tupí–Guaraní:
- Guaraní (Group I)
- Guarayu (Group II): Guarayu, Pauserna,** Sirionó (dialects Yuqui, Jorá**)
- Tupí (Group III): Old Tupi (lingua franca dialect Tupí Austral), Tupinambá (dialects Nheengatu, AKA Língua Geral as lingua franca, and Potiguára), Cocama–Omagua*, Tupinikin**
- Tenetehara (Group IV): Akwáwa (dialects Asuriní, Suruí do Pará, Parakanã), Avá-Canoeiro, Tapirapé, Tenetehára (dialects Guajajara, Tembé), Turiwára
- Kawahib (Group VI): Apiacá, Kawahíb (numerous varieties; incl. Piripkúra, Diagói?), Kayabí, Karipúna, ?Uru-Pa-In
- Kamayurá (Group VII)
- Xingu (Group VIIIa): Anambé (of Cairarí), Amanayé, Xingú Asuriní, Araweté, Aurá, Ararandewara
- Northern (Group VIIIb): Anambé of Ehrenreich, Emerillon, Guajá, Wayampi, Zo'é, Takunyapé, Urubú–Kaapor, Wayampipukú
*Cabral argues that Kokama/Omagua is a mixed language, and so not directly classifiable, though most of its basic vocabulary is Tupi–Guarani.
**Not listed in Rodrigues & Cabral
Karipuna language (Amapá) may be spurious.
See also
- Tupí people (Tupinambá)
- Guaraní people
- Urubú–Kaapor Sign Language
References
- ↑ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Tupi–Guarani". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
External links
- Swadesh lists of Tupi–Guarani basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
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