United States House of Representatives elections, 1890

November 4, 1890^{[Note 1]}

All 332 seats to the United States House of Representatives 167 seats needed for a majority

	Majority party	Minority party

Leader	Charles Frederick Crisp	Thomas Brackett Reed
Party	Democratic	Republican
Last election	152 seats	179 seats
Seats won	238^[1]^{[Note 2]}	86^[1]^{[Note 2]}
Seat change	86	93

	Third party

Leader	Thomas E. Watson
Party	Populist
Last election	0 seats
Seats won	8^[1]^{[Note 2]}
Seat change	8

Speaker before election

Thomas Reed
Republican

Elected Speaker

Charles Crisp
Democratic

Elections to the United States House of Representatives were held in 1890 for members of the 52nd Congress, taking place in the middle of President Benjamin Harrison's term.

A stagnant economy which became worse after the Panic of 1890, combined with a lack of support for then Representative William McKinley's (defeated in the election) steep tariff act, which favored large industries at the expense of consumers, led to a sharp defeat for Harrison's Republican Party, giving a large majority to the Democratic Party and presaging Harrison's defeat in 1892. The Republican-controlled Congress was highly criticized for its lavish spending, and it earned the unflattering nickname of The Billion Dollar Congress. Democrats promised to cut the outlandish budget.

Furthermore, aggressive Republican promotion of controversial English-only education laws enacted by Wisconsin and Illinois in 1889, accompanied by a surge in nativist and anti-Catholic sentiment within the state parties, had greatly hollowed out the party's support base in these former strongholds. A rare multi-confessional alliance of mainly German clergy rallied their flocks in defense of language and faith to the Democratic Party, which tore through incumbent Republican majorities in both states, capturing a total of 11 formerly Republican seats between them alone.^[2] Bitterly divisive struggles over temperance laws had also been alienating immigrants from the increasingly prohibitionist Republican Party across the Midwest more broadly. Dramatic losses in the previous year's gubernatorial elections in Iowa and Ohio (which would lose another 14 Republican congressional seats between them during this election) were due in no small part to wet immigrant communities, especially Germans, expressing their resentment toward Republican efforts to ban or otherwise curtail alcohol consumption by throwing their support behind the Democratic candidates.^[3]

This election also saw the Populist Party, a coalition of farmers and laborers who wanted to overhaul the nation's financial system, make a small mark on Congress.

Election summaries

↓
238	8	86
Democratic	P	Republican

State	Type	Total seats	Democratic	Republican	Populist
State	Type	Total seats	Seats	Change	Seats	Change	Seats	Change
Alabama	District	8	8	1	0	1	0
Arkansas	District	5	5	2	0	1	0	1^{[Note 3]}
California	District	6	2		4		0
Colorado	At-large	1	0		1		0
Connecticut	District	4	3	2	1	2	0
Delaware	At-large	1	1		0		0
Florida	District	2	2		0		0
Georgia	District	10	10		0		0
Idaho^{[Note 4]}	At-large	1	0		1		0
Illinois	District	20	14	7	6	7	0
Indiana	District	13	11	1	2	1	0
Iowa	District	11	6	5	5	5	0
Kansas	District	7	0		2	5	5	5
Kentucky	District	11	10	1	1	1	0
Louisiana	District	6	6	1	0	1	0
Maine^{[Note 4]}	District	4	0		4		0
Maryland	District	6	6	3	0	3	0
Massachusetts	District	12	7	5	5	5	0
Michigan	District	11	8	6	3	6	0
Minnesota	District	5	3	3	1	4	1	1
Mississippi	District	7	7		0		0
Missouri	District	14	14	4	0	4	0
Montana	At-large	1	1	1	0	1	0
Nebraska	District	3	1	1	0	3	2	2
Nevada	At-large	1	0		1		0
New Hampshire	District	2	2	2	0	2	0
New Jersey	District	7	5	2	2	2	0
New York	District	34	23	8	11	8	0
North Carolina	District	9	8	2	1	2	0
North Dakota	At-large	1	0		1		0
Ohio	District	21	14	9	7	9	0
Oregon^{[Note 4]}	At-large	1	0		1		0
Pennsylvania	District	28	11	4	17	4	0
Rhode Island	District	2	2	2	0	2	0
South Carolina	District	7	7		0		0
South Dakota	At-large	2	0		2		0
Tennessee	District	10	8	1	2	1	0
Texas	District	11	11		0		0
Vermont^{[Note 4]}	District	2	0		2		0
Virginia	District	10	10	4	0	4	0
Washington	At-large	1	0		1		0
West Virginia	District	4	4	2	0	2	0
Wisconsin	District	9	8	6	1	6	0
Wyoming^{[Note 4]}	At-large	1	0		1		0
Total		332	238^[1] 71.7%	74	86^[1] 25.9%	83	8^[1] 2.4%	9

House seats

Democratic			71.69%
Republican			25.90%
Populist			2.41%

The previous election of 1888 saw the election of one Labor Party representative in Arkansas.

[[Image:52 us house membership.png|thumb|450px|

House seats by party holding plurality in state
80.1-100% Democratic		80.1-100% Republican
60.1-80% Democratic	60.1-80% Populist	60.1-80% Republican
Up to 60% Democratic		Up to 60% Republican

]]

[[Image:52 us house changes.png|thumb|450px|

Net gain in party representation
6+ Democratic gain		6+ Republican gain
3-5 Democratic gain	3-5 Populist gain	3-5 Republican gain
1-2 Democratic gain	1-2 Populist gain	1-2 Republican gain
no net change

]]

Early election dates

In 1890, five states, with 9 seats among them, held elections early:

June 3 Oregon
September 2 Vermont
September 8 Maine
September 11 Idaho
October 1 Wyoming

Idaho and Wyoming held elections for both the outgoing 51st Congress and the incoming 52nd Congress in 1890, having been admitted that year, and held future elections on the standard election day.

Separate races

December 9, 1890: Thomas J. Geary (D) elected to finish the term of John J. De Haven (R), who had resigned October 1, 1890.

Complete returns

California

Main article: United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1890

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
California 1	Vacant			Democratic gain.	√ Thomas J. Geary (Democratic) 49.3% John A. Barham (Republican) 48.8% L. B. Scranton (Prohibition) 1.9%
California 2	Marion Biggs	Democratic	1886	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	√ Anthony Caminetti (Democratic) 49% George I. Blanchard (Republican) 48.6% J. S. Witherell (Prohibition) 2.4%
California 3	Joseph McKenna	Republican	1884	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Joseph McKenna (Republican) 55.4% John P. Irish (Democratic) 42.5% O. O. Felkner (Prohibition) 2.1%
California 4	William W. Morrow	Republican	1884	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	√ John T. Cutting (Republican) 49.2% Robert Ferral (Democratic) 45.1% Thomas V. Cator (Socialist) 5.6% Joseph Rowell (Prohibition) 0.2%
California 5	Thomas J. Clunie	Democratic	1888	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	√ Eugene F. Loud (Republican) 52.8% Thomas J. Clunie (Democratic) 45.9% E. F. Howe (Prohibition) 1.3%
California 6	William Vandever	Republican	1886	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	√ William W. Bowers (Republican) 51.1% W. J. Curtis (Democratic) 44.1% O. R. Dougherty (Prohibition) 4.8%

Florida

Main article: United States House of Representatives elections in Florida, 1890

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Florida 1	Robert H. M. Davidson	Democratic	1876	Incumbent lost renomination. Democratic hold.	√ Stephen R. Mallory, Jr. (Democratic) 78.5% Harrison Reed (Republican) 21.5%
Florida 2	Robert Bullock	Democratic	1888	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Robert Bullock (Democratic) 58.8% Joseph Stripling (Republican) 41.2%

Ohio

Main article: United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio, 1890

The Ohio Legislature redistricted the state between censuses. Coupled with other Democratic gains, this redistricting gave the Democrats a nine-seat net gain.

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates^[4]
Ohio 1	Benjamin Butterworth	Republican	1884	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	√ Bellamy Storer (Republican) 53.7% Otway Cosgrove (Democratic) 46.3%
Ohio 2	John A. Caldwell	Republican	1888	Incumbent re-elected.	√ John A. Caldwell (Republican) 60.6% Alexander Long (Democratic) 39.4%
Ohio 3	Elihu S. Williams	Republican	1886	Incumbent retired. Republican loss.	√ George W. Houk (Democratic) 53.3% Henry Lee Morey (Republican) 46.7%
Ohio 3	Henry Lee Morey Redistricted from the 7th district	Republican	1888	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.
Ohio 4	Samuel S. Yoder	Democratic	1886	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	√ Martin K. Gantz (Democratic) 51.8% William P. Orr (Republican) 48.2%
Ohio 5	George E. Seney	Democratic	1886	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	√ Fernando C. Layton (Democratic) 55.8% Lawrence W. Stroup (Republican) 44.2%
Ohio 6	Melvin M. Boothman	Republican	1886	Incumbent retired. Democratic gain.	√ Dennis D. Donovan (Democratic) 52.4% Joseph H. Brigham (Republican) 47.6%
Ohio 7	William E. Haynes Redistricted from the 10th district	Democratic	1888	Incumbent re-elected.	√ William E. Haynes (Democratic) 51.6% James M. Ashley (Republican) 48.4%
Ohio 8	Robert P. Kennedy	Republican	1886	Incumbent retired. Democratic gain.	√ Darius D. Hare (Democratic) 50.3% Charles Foster (Republican) 49.7%
Ohio 9	William C. Cooper	Republican	1884	Incumbent retired. Republican loss.	√ Joseph H. Outhwaite (Democratic) 54.1% Thomas B. Wilson (Republican) 45.9%
Ohio 9	Joseph H. Outhwaite Redistricted from the 13th district	Democratic	1884	Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 10	Open seat			New seat Republican gain.	√ Robert E. Doan (Republican) 54.4% John Quincy Smith (Democratic) 45.6%
Ohio 11	Albert C. Thompson	Republican	1886	Lost renomination Democratic gain.	√ John M. Pattison (Democratic) 55.0% DeWitt Clinton Loudon (Republican) 45.0%
Ohio 12	Jacob J. Pugsley	Republican	1886	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	√ William H. Enochs (Republican) 63.2% Ezra V. Dean (Democratic) 36.8%
Ohio 13	Open seat			New seat Democratic gain.	√ James I. Dungan (Democratic) 52.4% William T. Lewis (Republican) 47.6%
Ohio 14	Charles Preston Wickham	Republican	1886	Incumbent retired. Republican loss.	√ James W. Owens (Democratic) 54.9% Samuel Slade (Republican) 45.1%
Ohio 14	James W. Owens Redistricted from the 16th district	Democratic	1888	Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 15	Charles H. Grosvenor	Republican	1886	Lost renomination Democratic gain.	√ Michael D. Harter (Democratic) 55.2% George L. Sackett (Republican) 44.8%
Ohio 16	William McKinley Redistricted from the 18th district	Republican	1886	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.	√ John G. Warwick (Democratic) 50.4% William McKinley (Republican) 49.6%
Ohio 17	Open seat			New seat Democratic gain.	√ Albert J. Pearson (Democratic) 51.2% Christian L. Poorman (Republican) 58.8%
Ohio 18	Joseph D. Taylor Redistricted from the 17th district	Republican	1886	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Joseph D. Taylor (Republican) 59.1% Henry H. McFadden (Democratic) 40.9%
Ohio 19	Ezra B. Taylor	Republican	1880	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Ezra B. Taylor (Republican) 61.9% Thomas E. Hoyt (Democratic) 38.1%
Ohio 20	Martin L. Smyser	Republican	1888	Lost renomination Republican hold.	√ Vincent A. Taylor (Republican) 60.6% Harlan L. Stewart (Democratic) 39.4%
Ohio 21	Theodore E. Burton	Republican	1888	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.	√ Tom L. Johnson (Democratic) 55.3% Theodore E. Burton (Democratic) 44.7%

South Carolina

Main article: United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 1890

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
South Carolina 1	Samuel Dibble	Democratic	1882	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	√ William H. Brawley (Democratic) 84.2% William D. Crum (Republican) 15.7% Others 0.1%
South Carolina 2	George D. Tillman	Democratic	1878	Incumbent re-elected.	√ George D. Tillman (Democratic) 85.5% Seymour E. Smith (Republican) 14.3% Others 0.2%
South Carolina 3	James S. Cothran	Democratic	1886	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	√ George Johnstone (Democratic) 91.4% John R. Tolbert (Republican) 8.2% Others 0.4%
South Carolina 4	William H. Perry	Democratic	1884	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	√ George W. Shell (Democratic) 81.9% J. F. Ensor (Republican) 17.8% Others 0.3%
South Carolina 5	John J. Hemphill	Democratic	1882	Incumbent re-elected.	√ John J. Hemphill (Democratic) 87.1% G. G. Alexander (Republican) 12.2% Others 0.7%
South Carolina 6	George W. Dargan	Democratic	1882	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	√ Eli T. Stackhouse (Democratic) 78.8% Edmund H. Deas (Republican) 20.5% Others 0.7%
South Carolina 7	Thomas E. Miller	Republican	1888^{[Note 5]}	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.	√ William Elliott (Democratic) 44.4% Thomas E. Miller (Republican) 38.8% E. M. Brayton (Independent Republican) 16.5% Others 0.3%

Notes

↑ Five states held early elections between June 3 and October 1.
1 2 3 Dubin (pp. 293–94) counts 235 Democrats, 88 Republicans, and 8 Populists at the opening of the 52nd Congress.
↑ One Labor Party member had been elected in 1888.
1 2 3 4 5 Elections held early.
↑ After disputed election.

References

1 2 3 4 5 6 Martis, pp. 144–145.
↑ Jensen, Richard J. The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896, ch. 5: Education, the Tariff, and the Melting Pot. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1971. pp. 122-153.
↑ Jensen, ch. 4: Iowa, Wet or Dry?. pp. 89-121.
↑ Smith, Joseph P, ed. (1898). History of the Republican Party in Ohio I. Chicago: the Lewis Publishing Company. pp. 592, 593.

Bibliography

Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
Moore, John L., ed. (1994). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc. ISBN 978-0871879967.
"Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.

External links

Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)

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