Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test

VDRL slide for performing the blood test for Syphilis

The Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test (VDRL) is a blood test for syphilis that was developed by the eponymous lab. The VDRL test is used to screen for syphilis (it has high sensitivity), whereas other, more specific tests are used to diagnose the disease.

History

The VDRL type test was invented before World War I, with its first iteration being that developed by August Paul von Wasserman with the aid of Albert Neisser in 1906. The VDRL test, as it is largely still done today, was developed in 1946 by Harris, Rosenberg, and Riedel.^[1] The lab was renamed to the Treponemal Pathogenesis and Immunology Branch of the United States Public Health Service.

Mechanism

The VDRL is a nontreponemal serological screening for syphilis that is also used to assess response to therapy, to detect central nervous system involvement, and as an aid in the diagnosis of congenital syphilis. The basis of the test is that an antibody produced by a patient with syphilis reacts with an extract of ox heart (diphosphatidyl glycerol). It therefore detects anti-cardiolipin antibodies (IgG, IgM or IgA), visualized through foaming of the test tube fluid, or "flocculation".

The rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test uses the same antigen as the VDRL, but in that test it has been bound to several other molecules including a carbon particle to allow visualization of the flocculation reaction without the need of a microscope.

Many other medical conditions can produce false positive results, including some viruses (mononucleosis, hepatitis), drugs, pregnancy, rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and leprosy.

The syphilis anti-cardiolipin antibodies are beta-2 glycoprotein independent,^[2] whereas those that occur in the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (associated to lupus for example) are beta-2 glycoprotein dependent, and this can be used to tell them apart in an ELISA assay.^[3] This test is very useful as the trend of titres are correlated to disease activity (i.e. falling titres indicate successful treatment). It has a very good sensitivity for syphilis, except in late tertiary form.

Other tests

VDRL slides used in India

There are a number of treponemal-specific tests such as the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (FTA-ABS) test, T. pallidum hemagglutination assays (TPHA), and the microhemagglutination assay (MHA-TP).

The MHA-TP is used to confirm a syphilis infection after another method tests positive for the syphilis bacteria. The MHA-TP test detects antibodies to the bacteria that cause syphilis and can be used to detect syphilis in all stages, except during the first 3 to 4 weeks. This test is not done on spinal fluid. The MHA-TP test is rarely used any more.^[4] Treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay (TP-PA), and the Toluidine red unheated serum test (TRUST) which may be used to confirm a positive VDRL result.

These tests are more specific for syphilis than non-treponemal tests and, in the presence of a positive test, more likely indicate active infection. Unfortunately other treponemal infections such as yaws, bejel and pinta and possibly nonpathogenic commensal treponemes can result in a positive.

References

↑ Harris A, Rosenberg AA, Riedel LM. A microflocculation test for syphilis using cardiolopin antigen: preliminary report. J Vener Dis Inform 1946; 27: 159–172.
↑ Hunt JE, McNeil HP, Morgan GJ, Crameri RM, Krilis SA (1992). "A phospholipid-beta 2-glycoprotein I complex is an antigen for anticardiolipin antibodies occurring in autoimmune disease but not with infection". Lupus 1 (2): 75–81. doi:10.1177/096120339200100204. PMID 1301967.
↑ Kumar KS, Jyothy A, Prakash MS, Rani HS, Reddy PP (2002). "Beta2-glycoprotein I dependent anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss". Journal of postgraduate medicine 48 (1): 5–10. PMID 12082318.
↑ http://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/syphilis-tests

Medical test: Antibodies: autoantibodies

Anti-nuclear antibody	PBC: Anti-gp210 Anti-p62 Anti-sp100 ENA: Anti-topoisomerase/Scl-70 Anti-Jo1 ENA4 Anti-Sm Anti-nRNP Anti-Ro Anti-La Anti-centromere Anti-dsDNA

Anti-mitochondrial antibody	Anti-cardiolipin

Anti-cytoplasm antibody	Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic C-ANCA P-ANCA Anti-smooth muscle Anti-actin Anti-TPO/Antimicrosomal

Cell membrane	Anti-ganglioside Anti-GBM Anti-glutamate

Extracellular	Anti-thrombin Lupus anticoagulant Coeliac disease: Anti-transglutaminase Anti-gliadin not autoantibody RA Rheumatoid factor/anti-IgG Anti-citrullinated peptide

Multiple locations	Anti-phospholipid Anti-apolipoprotein

Medical test: Infectious disease blood tests (CPT 87001–87999)

Bacterial infection	syphilis VDRL rapid plasma reagin Wassermann test FTA-ABS Rickettsia Weil–Felix test Helicobacter HelicoCARE direct Streptococcus antistreptolysin O titre

Viral infection	HIV HIV test BDNA test mChip Epstein–Barr virus monospot test Dengue fever NS1 antigen test

Protozoan infection	toxoplasmosis Sabin–Feldman dye test

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Wednesday, January 20, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.