Hallingmål-Valdris

Hallingmål-Valdris
Region	Hallingdal, Valdres
Language family	Indo-European Germanic North Germanic West Scandinavian Eastern Norwegian Midland Norwegian Hallingmål-Valdris
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None
Administrative map of Hallingdal and Valdres   Valdres   Hallingdal

Hallingmål-Valdris (also known by the individual names Halling, Hallingdøl, or Valdresmål) is a group of Norwegian dialects traditionally spoken in the traditional districts Hallingdal, Buskerud and Valdres, Oppland.^{[lower-alpha 1]}

Phonology

Consonants

• /rn/ is usually realized as a prestopped nasal [dn̩], while the allophone [ɳ] only occurs in words like baren ([bɑːɳ])^[3] "the bar".^{[4][lower-alpha 2]}
• /rl/ also has a prestopped realization [dl].^[4]
• The phoneme which is commonly called thick L (written /ɽ/ in IPA), exists in words that had either ⟨l⟩ or ⟨rð⟩ in Old Norse. In Vang, /ɽ/ occurs only in the first case.^[6]
• The consonant clusters ⟨sk⟩, ⟨skj⟩, and ⟨sj⟩ were not pronounced as [ʂ], only ⟨-rs-⟩ was.^[7] Sørbygdi in Flå pronounces ⟨sj⟩ as [ʂ], while Gulsvik pronounces it as [ʂj].^[8]
• The consonant clusters ⟨sl⟩ and ⟨tl⟩ were mostly assimilated to [sl]. Hol and Ål assimilated these to [l̥],^[9][10] and Sørbygdi in Flå assimilated ⟨sl⟩ to [ʂl].^[8]
• The clusters ⟨-ld⟩, ⟨-nd⟩ and ⟨-mb⟩ are pronounced as spelled.^[11][12][13]
• The Old Norse cluster ⟨-fn⟩ is pronounced as assimilated [bdn] or [bn].^[12]

Vowels

• The back vowels [ʊ, uː] and [ɔ, oː] in older Hallingmål-Valdris were pronounced as in Old Norse, without the vowel shift to, respectively, [ʉ, ʉː] and [ʊ, uː] that is found in most other Norwegian dialects.^[14][15]
• The short Old Norse vowels ⟨o⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ are pronounced as central [ɞ] almost everywhere, except for Ål (but not Torpo), where these are back [ɔ].^[6][16][17] In Valdres (except for Vang), the schwa /ə/ can also be realized as [ɞ].^[6]
• Traditionally, /æ, æː/ were pronounced as open-mid [ɛ, ɛː].^[18]
• The words pronounced [e(ː)] and [ɛ(ː)] mean "I" and "am", respectively.^[18]
• Itacism is found in southern Hallingdal (Flå, Nes and some in Gol), making the vowel /yː/ to be unrounded to [iː].^[19]
• The Old Norse diphthongs ⟨ei⟩, ⟨ey⟩ and ⟨au⟩ are traditionally pronounced as [aɪ̯], [ɔʏ̯] ([eɪ̯] in southern Hallingdal)^[19] and [aʊ̯]. This is occurs today especially in upper Valdres and Hol and Ål.^[6][7]

Grammar

Declension of nouns^{[20][21][lower-alpha 3]}

Gender		Singular			Plural
		Indefinite	Definite	Dative	Indefinite	Definite	Dative
Feminine	Strong (with i- declension)	[suːɽ]	[suːɽɛ]	[suːɳ]	[ˈsuːˈɽɛ],[lower-alpha 4] [ˈsuːˈɽi][lower-alpha 5]	[ˈsuːɽˈidn̩]	[ˈsuːˈɽu]
	Strong (with a-decl.)	[jaɪ̯t]	[ˈjaɪ̯ˈtɛ]	[ˈjaɪ̯ˈtn̩]	[jaɪ̯ta]	[ˈjaɪ̯ˈtadn̩]	[ˈjaɪ̯ˈtu]
	Weak (with u-decl.)	[ˈjɛnˈtɛ]	[ˈjɛnˈta]	[ˈjɛnˈtʉn]	[ˈjɛnˈtʉ]	[ˈjɛnˈtʉdn̩]	[ˈjɛnˈtu]
Masculine	Strong (with a-decl.)	[gʉːt]	[gʉːtn̩]	[gʉːta]	[ˈgʉːˈta]	[ˈgʉːˈtadn̩]	[ˈgʉːˈtu]
	Strong (with i-decl.)	[griːs]	[griːsn̩]	[ˈgriːˈsɛ]	[ˈgriːˈsɛ],[lower-alpha 4] [ˈgriːˈsi][lower-alpha 5]	[ˈgriːˈsidn̩]	[griːsu]
	Weak (with a-decl.)	[ˈbakˈkɛ]	[ˈbakˈkin]	[ˈbakˈka]	[ˈbakˈka]	[ˈbakˈkadn̩]	[ˈbakˈku]
Neutrum	Strong	[hʉːs]	[hʉːsɛ]	[ˈhʉːˈsɛ]	[hʉːs]	[hʉːsɛ]
	Weak	[aʊ̯ga]	[aʊ̯ga(ə)]	[aʊ̯gaɛ]	[aʊ̯gʉ],[lower-alpha 6] [aʊ̯gu][lower-alpha 4]	[aʊ̯gu],[lower-alpha 6] [aʊ̯gʉdn̩][lower-alpha 4]	[aʊ̯gu]

Personal pronouns^{[22][23][lower-alpha 3]}

Person	Subjective case	Objective case	Dative case	Possessive
				Feminine				Masculine				Neuter
				Subj./Obj.		Dative		Subj./Obj.		Dative		Subj./Obj.		Dative
				Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
1st p. sg.	[eː]	[meː]	[meː]	[miː]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[miː]	[mɪn]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[miː]	[mɪt]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[miː]
2nd person sg.	[dʉː]	[deː]	[deː]	[diː]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[diː]	[dɪn]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[diː]	[dɪt]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[diː]
3rd p. sg. f.	[huː], [ˈhuːˈna]	[huː], [ˈhuːˈna]	[ˈhɛnˈnɛ], [n]	[ˈhɛnˈnɛ(r)] ([ˈhɛnˈnar]),[lower-alpha 7] [ˈhɛnˈnɛs][lower-alpha 8]
3rd p. sg. m.	[han], [n]	[han], [n]	[huːnu], [u]	[has]
3rd p. sg. n.	[dɛ]	[dɛ]	[di]	[siː]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[siː]	[sɪn]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[siː]	[sɪt]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[siː]
1st p. pl.	[meː], [mɞː][lower-alpha 9]	[ʉs], [ɞs][lower-alpha 10]	[ʉs], [ɞs][lower-alpha 10]	[voːr]				[voʈ]		[ˈvoːˈre][lower-alpha 11]					[ˈvoːˈru]
2nd p. pl.	[deː], [dɞː][lower-alpha 9]	[ˈdikˈka(n)], [ˈdikˈku(n)][lower-alpha 12]	[ˈdikˈka(n)], [ˈdikˈku(n)][lower-alpha 12]	[ˈdikˈka(n)], [ˈdikˈku(n)][lower-alpha 12]
3rd p. pl	[daɪ̯]	[daɪ̯]	[daɪ̯]	[ˈdaɪ̯ˈris], [ˈdeːˈris], [ˈdeːˈres][lower-alpha 10]

Citations

Notes

1. The southern villages Begnadalen and Hedalen in Sør-Aurdal, Valdres don't speak Valdris,^[1] as their dialect is closer to the Ringerike dialect.^[2]
2. It may also be realized as [tn̩] in Hemsedal, Gol and the southern villages in Valdres, although this only occurs in plural definite form.^[5][4]
3. The IPA used here is with the traditional diphthongs, and the vowel shift.
4. Only used in Valdres.^[21]
5. Only used in Hallingdal and the southern villages in Valdres.^[21]
6. Only used in Hallingdal.^[21]
7. These forms are used interchangeably,^[24] though Hallingdal only uses the first, without the r.^[25]
8. Only used in Aurdal and Etnedal.^[24]
9. Only used in Valdres, except for Vang.^[24]
10. Only used in Sør-Aurdal.^[24]
11. In the older dialects of Vang and Slidre, [ˈvoːˈra] has been used for feminine, but is not used today.^[26]
12. Only used in Hol and Ål.^[27]

References

1. Kvåle 1999, p. 7.
2. Jahr 1990, p. 57.
3. Kvåle 1999, p. 12.
4. Skjekkeland 1997, p. 116.
5. Kvåle 1999, p. 19, 21.
6. Jahr 1990, p. 58.
7. Kvåle 1999, p. 17.
8. Venås 1977, p. 36.
9. Ross 1907, p. 20.
10. Venås 1977, p. 16.
11. Kvåle 1999, p. 18.
12. Skjekkeland 1997, p. 216.
13. Venås 1977, p. 48.
14. Kvåle 1999, p. 15.
15. Skjekkeland 1997, p. 47.
16. Kvåle 1999, p. 16.
17. Venås, Kjell. "dialekter i Hallingdal". snl.no. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
18. Kvåle 1997, p. 15.
19. Jahr 1990, p. 56.
20. Kvåle 1999, p. 20-25.
21. Ross 1907, p. 22.
22. Kvåle 1999, p. 32-34.
23. Venås 1977, p. 127-133.
24. Kvåle 1999, p. 32.
25. Venås 1977, p. 127-128.
26. Kvåle 1997, p. 34.
27. Venås 1977, p. 129.

Literature

• Jahr, Ernst Håkon (1990). Den Store dialektboka (in Norwegian). Oslo: Novus. ISBN 8270991678.
• Kvåle, Karen Marie (1999). Dè è'kji gøtt veta ko dai saia: talemålsendring i Valdres (in Norwegian). Oslo: Valdreslaget i Oslo. ISBN 8299538505.
• Ross, Hans (1907). Norske bygdemaal. 3-6: Oust-telemaal o numedalsmaal; Hallingmaal o valdresmaal; Gudbrandsdalsmaal; Upplandsmaal (in Norwegian). Christiania: I kommision hos Jacob Dybwad.
• Skjekkeland, Martin (1997). Dei norske dialektane: tradisjonelle særdrag i jamføring med skriftmåla (in Norwegian). Kristiansand: Høyskoleforlaget. ISBN 8276341039.
• Strand, Thea Randina (2009). Varieties in Dialogue: Dialect Use and Change in Rural Valdres, Norway. The University of Arizona: ProQuest. ISBN 1109104251.
• Venås, Kjell (1977). Hallingmålet (in Norwegian). Oslo: Samlaget. ISBN 8252107176.