Hallingmål-Valdris

Hallingmål-Valdris
Region Hallingdal, Valdres
Language codes
ISO 639-3
Glottolog None

Administrative map of Hallingdal and Valdres

Hallingmål-Valdris (also known by the individual names Halling, Hallingdøl, or Valdresmål) is a group of Norwegian dialects traditionally spoken in the traditional districts Hallingdal, Buskerud and Valdres, Oppland.[lower-alpha 1]

Phonology

Consonants

Vowels

Grammar

Declension of nouns[20][21][lower-alpha 3]
Gender Singular Plural
Indefinite Definite Dative Indefinite Definite Dative
Feminine Strong
(with i-
declension)
[suːɽ] [suːɽɛ] [suːɳ] [ˈsuːˈɽɛ],[lower-alpha 4]
[ˈsuːˈɽi][lower-alpha 5]
[ˈsuːɽˈidn̩] [ˈsuːˈɽu]
Strong
(with a-decl.)
[jaɪ̯t] [ˈjaɪ̯ˈtɛ] [ˈjaɪ̯ˈtn̩] [jaɪ̯ta] [ˈjaɪ̯ˈtadn̩] [ˈjaɪ̯ˈtu]
Weak
(with u-decl.)
[ˈjɛnˈtɛ] [ˈjɛnˈta] [ˈjɛnˈtʉn] [ˈjɛnˈtʉ] [ˈjɛnˈtʉdn̩] [ˈjɛnˈtu]
Masculine Strong
(with a-decl.)
[gʉːt] [gʉːtn̩] [gʉːta] [ˈgʉːˈta] [ˈgʉːˈtadn̩] [ˈgʉːˈtu]
Strong
(with i-decl.)
[griːs] [griːsn̩] [ˈgriːˈsɛ] [ˈgriːˈsɛ],[lower-alpha 4]
[ˈgriːˈsi][lower-alpha 5]
[ˈgriːˈsidn̩] [griːsu]
Weak
(with a-decl.)
[ˈbakˈkɛ] [ˈbakˈkin] [ˈbakˈka] [ˈbakˈka] [ˈbakˈkadn̩] [ˈbakˈku]
Neutrum Strong [hʉːs] [hʉːsɛ] [ˈhʉːˈsɛ] [hʉːs] [hʉːsɛ]
Weak [aʊ̯ga] [aʊ̯ga(ə)] [aʊ̯gaɛ] [aʊ̯gʉ],[lower-alpha 6] [aʊ̯gu][lower-alpha 4] [aʊ̯gu],[lower-alpha 6]
[aʊ̯gʉdn̩][lower-alpha 4]
[aʊ̯gu]
Personal pronouns[22][23][lower-alpha 3]
Person Subjective
case
Objective
case
Dative
case
Possessive
Feminine Masculine Neuter
Subj./Obj. Dative Subj./Obj. Dative Subj./Obj. Dative
Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl.
1st p. sg. [eː] [meː] [meː] [miː] [ˈmiːˈnə] [ˈmiːˈnə] [miː] [mɪn] [ˈmiːˈnə] [ˈmiːˈnə] [miː] [mɪt] [ˈmiːˈnə] [ˈmiːˈnə] [miː]
2nd person sg. [dʉː] [deː] [deː] [diː] [ˈdiːˈnə] [ˈdiːˈnə] [diː] [dɪn] [ˈdiːˈnə] [ˈdiːˈnə] [diː] [dɪt] [ˈdiːˈnə] [ˈdiːˈnə] [diː]
3rd p. sg. f. [huː],
[ˈhuːˈna]
[huː],
[ˈhuːˈna]
[ˈhɛnˈnɛ],
[n]
[ˈhɛnˈnɛ(r)] ([ˈhɛnˈnar]),[lower-alpha 7] [ˈhɛnˈnɛs][lower-alpha 8]
3rd p. sg. m. [han], [n] [han], [n] [huːnu], [u] [has]
3rd p. sg. n. [dɛ] [dɛ] [di] [siː] [ˈsiːˈnə] [ˈsiːˈnə] [siː] [sɪn] [ˈsiːˈnə] [ˈsiːˈnə] [siː] [sɪt] [ˈsiːˈnə] [ˈsiːˈnə] [siː]
1st p. pl. [meː], [mɞː][lower-alpha 9] [ʉs], [ɞs][lower-alpha 10] [ʉs], [ɞs][lower-alpha 10] [voːr] [voʈ] [ˈvoːˈre][lower-alpha 11] [ˈvoːˈru]
2nd p. pl. [deː], [dɞː][lower-alpha 9] [ˈdikˈka(n)],
[ˈdikˈku(n)][lower-alpha 12]
[ˈdikˈka(n)],
[ˈdikˈku(n)][lower-alpha 12]
[ˈdikˈka(n)], [ˈdikˈku(n)][lower-alpha 12]
3rd p. pl [daɪ̯] [daɪ̯] [daɪ̯] [ˈdaɪ̯ˈris], [ˈdeːˈris], [ˈdeːˈres][lower-alpha 10]

Citations

Notes

  1. The southern villages Begnadalen and Hedalen in Sør-Aurdal, Valdres don't speak Valdris,[1] as their dialect is closer to the Ringerike dialect.[2]
  2. It may also be realized as [tn̩] in Hemsedal, Gol and the southern villages in Valdres, although this only occurs in plural definite form.[5][4]
  3. 1 2 The IPA used here is with the traditional diphthongs, and the vowel shift.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Only used in Valdres.[21]
  5. 1 2 Only used in Hallingdal and the southern villages in Valdres.[21]
  6. 1 2 Only used in Hallingdal.[21]
  7. These forms are used interchangeably,[24] though Hallingdal only uses the first, without the r.[25]
  8. Only used in Aurdal and Etnedal.[24]
  9. 1 2 Only used in Valdres, except for Vang.[24]
  10. 1 2 3 Only used in Sør-Aurdal.[24]
  11. In the older dialects of Vang and Slidre, [ˈvoːˈra] has been used for feminine, but is not used today.[26]
  12. 1 2 3 Only used in Hol and Ål.[27]

References

  1. Kvåle 1999, p. 7.
  2. Jahr 1990, p. 57.
  3. Kvåle 1999, p. 12.
  4. 1 2 3 Skjekkeland 1997, p. 116.
  5. Kvåle 1999, p. 19, 21.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Jahr 1990, p. 58.
  7. 1 2 Kvåle 1999, p. 17.
  8. 1 2 Venås 1977, p. 36.
  9. Ross 1907, p. 20.
  10. Venås 1977, p. 16.
  11. Kvåle 1999, p. 18.
  12. 1 2 Skjekkeland 1997, p. 216.
  13. Venås 1977, p. 48.
  14. Kvåle 1999, p. 15.
  15. Skjekkeland 1997, p. 47.
  16. Kvåle 1999, p. 16.
  17. Venås, Kjell. "dialekter i Hallingdal". snl.no. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
  18. 1 2 Kvåle 1997, p. 15.
  19. 1 2 Jahr 1990, p. 56.
  20. Kvåle 1999, p. 20-25.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Ross 1907, p. 22.
  22. Kvåle 1999, p. 32-34.
  23. Venås 1977, p. 127-133.
  24. 1 2 3 4 Kvåle 1999, p. 32.
  25. Venås 1977, p. 127-128.
  26. Kvåle 1997, p. 34.
  27. Venås 1977, p. 129.

Literature


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