Vogue (Madonna song)

"Vogue"
Madonna poses with her head leaning back, wearing a black corset.
Single by Madonna
from the album I'm Breathless
B-side "Keep It Together" (Single Remix)
Released March 20, 1990 (1990-03-20)
Format
Recorded December 1989–January 1990
Genre
Length 4:50
Label
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
  • Madonna
  • Shep Pettibone
  • Craig Kostich (exec.)
Madonna singles chronology
"Keep It Together"
(1990)		 "Vogue"
(1990)		 "Hanky Panky"
(1990)
Music video
"Vogue" on YouTube

"Vogue" is a song by American singer Madonna from her second soundtrack album I'm Breathless (1990). It was released as the first single from the album on March 20, 1990, by Sire Records. Madonna was inspired by vogue dancers and choreographers Jose Gutierez Xtravaganza and Luis Xtravaganza from the Harlem "House Ball" community, the origin of the dance form, and they introduced "Vogueing" to her at the Sound Factory club in New York City. "Vogue" later appeared on her greatest hits compilation albums, The Immaculate Collection (1990) and Celebration (2009).

"Vogue" is an upbeat dance-pop and house song and set the trends of dance music in the 1990s. However, it has strong influences of 1970s disco within its composition. The song also contains a spoken section, in which the singer name-checks various golden-era Hollywood celebrities. Lyrically, the song is about enjoying oneself on the dance floor no matter who one is, and it contains a theme of escapism. Critically, "Vogue" has been met with appreciation ever since its release; reviewers have praised its anthemic nature and listed it as one of the singer's career highlights. Commercially, the song remains one of Madonna's biggest international hits, topping the charts in over 30 countries, including Australia, Canada, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It became the world's best-selling single of 1990, selling over six million copies.

The music video for "Vogue", directed by David Fincher, was shot in black-and-white and takes stylistic inspiration from the 1920s and 1930s. Madonna and her dancers can be seen voguing to different choreographed moves. Critics noted the way in which Madonna used her postmodern influence to expose an underground subcultural movement to the masses. The video has been ranked as one of the greatest of all times in different critic lists and polls and won three awards at the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards out of a total of nine nominations.

Madonna has performed the song on six of her tours, at the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards, and at her performance during the halftime show of Super Bowl XLVI. The song has also been covered numerous times by different artists, such as the Chipettes on their album Club Chipmunk: The Dance Mixes; it also featured on the soundtrack of The Devil Wears Prada, as well as in "The Power of Madonna" episode of the Fox show Glee. Writers and critics have noted the video and the song's influence in bringing an underground subculture into mainstream popular culture through the postmodern nature of her power and influence, as well as the way in which it followed a new trend in which dance music enjoyed widespread popularity.

Background

In late 1989, after her album Like a Prayer had spawned three U.S. hits—the title track, "Express Yourself" and "Cherish"—and a top-five European single in "Dear Jessie", its fourth US single, "Oh Father", stalled at number 20 in the charts. Perhaps to ensure that the last single release of "Keep It Together" would fare better on the charts, Madonna and producer Shep Pettibone decided to compose a new song to be placed on the flipside of "Keep It Together" and quickly produced "Vogue". The song and video were inspired by the dance of the same name, performed in New York clubs in the underground gay scene, in which dancers used a series of complex hand gestures, body poses and movements to imitate their favourite Hollywood stars (see the list of the names of the Hollywood stars below), as well as the cover models from Vogue magazine.

After presenting the song to Warner Bros. executives, all parties involved decided that the song was too good to be wasted on a B-side and that it should be released as a single. Although the song itself had nothing to do with Madonna's then-upcoming Disney movie Dick Tracy, it was included on the album I'm Breathless, which contained songs from and inspired by the film. Madonna altered some of the suggestive lyrics because the song was connected to the Disney film via soundtrack.[1]

Composition
"Vogue"
A dance-pop song, "Vogue" has a house beat and disco influences.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

"Vogue" is a dance-pop and house song with notable disco influence.[2][3][4] The song has been noted by Allmusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine to have a "deep house groove" and to have a "throbbing beat" by Mark Coleman of Rolling Stone.[5][6] J. Randy Taraborrelli, in his book Madonna: An Intimate Biography, wrote that the song was a "pulsating dance track".[7] According to sheet music published at Musicnotes.com at Alfred Publishing, the song is written in the key of A♭ major, has a tempo of 116 beats per minute, and in it, Madonna's vocal range spans from C4 to E♭5.[8] Lyrically, the song has a theme of escapism,[6] and talks about how any person can enjoy themself. In the bridge, the song has a spoken rap section, in which Madonna references numerous "golden era" Hollywood celebrities.

The lyrics of the song's rap section feature the names of 16 stars from the 1920s to the 1950s. In order of mention in the lyrics, they are: Greta Garbo, Marilyn Monroe, Marlene Dietrich, Joe DiMaggio, Marlon Brando, Jimmy Dean, Grace Kelly, Jean Harlow, Gene Kelly, Fred Astaire, Ginger Rogers, Rita Hayworth, Lauren Bacall, Katharine Hepburn, Lana Turner and Bette Davis.

Ten of the stars mentioned in the song (Davis, Dean, Dietrich, DiMaggio, Garbo, Harlow, Rogers, Turner and both Kellys) were entitled to a royalty payment of $3,750 when Madonna performed "Vogue" at the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show in 2012 as their images were used in the 'set dressing' of the performance.[9] At the time, Bacall was the lone one still alive. She died at the age of 89 in 2014.[10]

"Vogue" contains samples of some songs from the disco era. The bassline is from "Love Is the Message" by MFSB.[11] The horns and strings appear in the song "Ooh, I Love It (Love Break)" by the Salsoul Orchestra.

Critical reception

"Vogue" has received generally positive reviews from critics. AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine claimed that the song was "Madonna's finest single moment" and that it had an "instantly memorable melody".[5] In a review of The Immaculate Collection, Stephen Thomas Erlewine also claimed that the song was "sleek" and "stylish".[12] Jose F. Promis, in another Allmusic review, claimed that "Vogue" was a "crowning artistic achievement".[13] In a 1990 review of I'm Breathless, Mark Coleman from Rolling Stone wrote that, whilst the song initially sounded "lackluster", within the album's context, it "gains a startling resonance".[6] Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine, in his review of the album as a whole, claimed that whilst the "hugely influential" song initially sounded "grossly out of place", it turns out to be "a fitting finale" for I'm Breathless.[14] Jim Farber from Entertainment Weekly, in a relatively negative review of I'm Breathless, asserted that the "finale of Vogue" is "the sole bright spot".[15] J. Randy Taraborrelli, in his book, Madonna: An Intimate Biography, wrote that the song was a "funky, uptown anthem celebrating the art of 'voguing'", as well as that the rap section "is still one of Madonna's greatest camp musical moments".[16]

In 2003, Madonna fans were asked to vote for their Top 20 Madonna singles of all-time by Q-Magazine. "Vogue" was allocated the #14 spot. In 2007, VH1 ranked fifth the song on its list of "Greatest Songs of the 90s".[17] Slant Magazine listed "Vogue" as tenth "Best Singles of the '90s"[18] as well as third in their list of the "100 Greatest Dance Songs".[19] "Vogue", on addition, has received numerous accolades. It won the 1991 Juno Award for Best Selling International Single,[20] as well as winning the American Music Award for Favourite Dance Single. The song, based on the 1990 Rolling Stone Reader's Poll Awards, was voted Best single.[21] The song was also ranked as the fourth best song of 1990 on that year's Pazz & Jop poll by The Village Voice.[22]

Commercial performance

Madonna performing "Vogue" on the Sticky & Sweet Tour.

After its release, "Vogue" reached number one in over 30 countries worldwide, becoming Madonna's biggest hit at that time.[23][24] It was also the best-selling single of 1990 with sales of more than two million,[25] and has sold more than six million copies worldwide to date.[26] In the U.S., massive airplay and sales demand in response to the popular music video in April 1990 made way for "Vogue"'s number 39 debut in the week of April 14. The song shot to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in its sixth week on the chart, displacing Sinéad O'Connor's four-week run in the top spot with "Nothing Compares 2 U". The song also reached number one on the Hot Dance Club Play chart, remaining there for two weeks. On June 28, 1990, "Vogue" was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of two million copies of the physical single across United States.[27] To date, it remains Madonna's best-selling physical single in the country. After digital sales began in 2005, "Vogue" has sold additional 311,000 digital downloads, according to Nielsen SoundScan.[28]

"Vogue" was also a huge success in Europe by topping the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles chart for eight consecutive weeks. In the United Kingdom, the song knocked Snap!'s "The Power" off the number one slot and stayed there for four weeks, continuing a trend of club/pop crossovers going to number one. It was helped in the UK by multi-formatting. As well as the 7, 12, CD and cassette singles, the label released four limited editions: 12 with Face of the 80s poster, 12 with 'X-rated poster and an extra remix on the b-side, 7 picture disc and 12 picture disc. According to The Official Charts Company, the song has sold 505,000 copies there and is her 11th biggest selling single in the UK.[29] Released as a double A-side to "Keep It Together", "Vogue" also topped Australian ARIA singles chart for five weeks.[30]

Music video

Background

The video was directed by David Fincher and shot at The Burbank Studios in Burbank, California on February 10–11, 1990. According to Lucy O'Brien in her book Madonna: Like an Icon, the video was brought together after a "huge casting call" in Los Angeles where hundreds of different sorts of dancers appeared.[31]

Filmed in black-and-white, the video recalls the look of films and photography from The Golden Age of Hollywood with the use of artwork by the Art Deco artist Tamara de Lempicka and an Art Deco set design. Many of the scenes are recreations of photographs taken by noted photographer Horst P. Horst, including his famous "Mainbocher Corset", "Lisa with Turban" (1940), and "Carmen Face Massage" (1946). Horst was reportedly "displeased" with Madonna's video because he never gave his permission for his photographs to be used and received no acknowledgement from Madonna.[32] Some of the close-up poses recreate noted portraits of such stars as Marilyn Monroe, Veronica Lake, Greta Garbo,[33] Marlene Dietrich, Katharine Hepburn, and Jean Harlow. (Additionally, several stars of this era were name-checked in the song's lyrics.)[34] Several famous Hollywood portrait photographers whose style and works are referenced include George Hurrell,[35][36] Eugene Robert Richee,[37] Don English,[38] Whitey Schafer, Ernest Bachrach, Scotty Welbourne, Laszlo Willinger, and Clarence Sinclair Bull.[39]

The video features the dancers for Madonna's then-upcoming Blond Ambition Tour. The choreography was set by "Punk Ballerina" Karole Armitage.[34] The video world-premiered on MTV on March 29, 1990.

There are two versions of the video, the regularly aired television music video,[40] and the 12" remix, which is the extended version over three minutes longer.[41][42]

Synopsis

Madonna wearing the controversial sheer lace blouse in the black and white "Vogue" music video.

The black-and-white video, set in Art Deco-themed 1920s and 1930s surroundings, starts off showing different sculptures, works of art, as well as Madonna's dancers posing. Along with this are images of a maid and a butler cleaning up inside what seems to be a grand house. When the dance section of the song starts, Madonna turns around, and, similarly to the lyrics, strikes a pose. The video progresses, and images of men with fedoras, Madonna wearing the controversial sheer lace dress and other outfits, follow. As the chorus begins, Madonna and her dancers start to perform a vogue dance routine, where she sings the chorus as her dancers mime the backing vocals. After this, other scenes of Madonna in different outfits and imitations of golden-era Hollywood stars progresses, after which there is a scene with Madonna's dancers voguing. Finally, after this scene, Madonna can be seen wearing her iconic "cone bra", after which she also performs a dance routine with a fellow dancer. As the rap section begins, different clips of Madonna posing in the style of famous photographs or portraits of Hollywood stars, begins, ultimately followed by a choreographed scene with her dancers and backup singers.

Reception

MTV placed the video at second on their list of "100 Greatest Music Videos Ever Made" in 1999.[43] In 1993, Rolling Stone magazine listed the video as the twenty-eighth best music video of all-time. Also, the same magazine listed "Vogue" as the #2 music video of all time in 1999 second only to Michael Jackson's Thriller.[44] It was also ranked at number five on "The Top 100 Videos That Broke The Rules", issued by MTV on the channel's 25th anniversary in August 2006.[45] It was the third time Fincher and Madonna collaborated on a video (the first being 1989's "Express Yourself" and the second being 1989's "Oh Father"). About.com listed as the best Madonna video.[44]

There was some controversy surrounding the video due to a scene in which Madonna's breasts and, if the viewer looks closely, her nipples could be seen through her sheer lace blouse, as seen in the picture on the right.[34] MTV wanted to remove this scene, but Madonna refused, and the video aired with the shot intact.

"Vogue" music video received a total of nine MTV Video Music Awards nominations, becoming her most-nominated video at the award show. It won Best Direction, Best Editing and Best Cinematography.[46][47][48]

Sampling controversy

Madonna and Pettibone were sued by VMG Salsoul in June 2012 based on the accusation that they had sampled the 1976 composition called "Love Break" by the Salsoul Orchestra.[49] The case was settled in Madonna's favor; the judge found that "no reasonable audience" would be able to discern the sampled portions, as they were insignificant to "Vogue".[50]

Live performances

Madonna performing "Vogue" on the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show in 2012

A performance of the song, featuring Madonna and the dancers in black lycra shorts was included on the 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour. Later that year she performed a lip-synched version at the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards which was later released on the video compilation The Immaculate Collection and the European video single for "Justify My Love". It featured Madonna and her dancers dressed in an 18th-century French theme, with Madonna bearing great resemblance to Marie Antoinette. Madonna wore Glenn Close's costume from the film Dangerous Liaisons.[35][51][52] During the performance, Madonna and her dancers flashed their undergarments during their routine, and at one point Madonna pushed the faces of two male dancers into her breasts, and one of her dancers also fondled her breasts. Overall, the performance was ranked as the second best in the history of MTV Video Music Awards in a Billboard poll.[53]

Cover versions

Madonna performing "Vogue" at the APLA "Commitment To Life IV" benefit in 1990.

In 2008, Rihanna covered the song during the Fashion Rocks show. In 2014, the studio version of the recording leaked online.[54] On the Fox TV show Glee, Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch) sang and performed in a "Vogue" music video on the March 2010 all-Madonna episode, with the name of Ginger Rogers replaced by the name of Sue Sylvester, and the phrase "Bette Davis we love you" replaced by the phrase "Will Schuester I hate you". The song charted at number 106 on the UK Singles Chart.[55] Australian singer Kylie Minogue used the song in both her Homecoming Tour and For You, For Me Tour, as a mashup with her own song "Burning Up". Beth Ditto covered "Vogue" on several live performances, including at Moscow Miller Party.[23] She also paid homage to "Vogue" with the video of her single "I Wrote the Book".[56] In 2014, Katy Perry used a snippet of "Vogue" and mashed it with her own song "International Smile", during The Prismatic World Tour.[57]

Legacy

Vogue dance has gained mainstream popularity with the release of the song.

With the release of the song, Madonna brought the underground "vogueing" into the mainstream culture.[19][58] Before Madonna popularized the dance, Vogue was performed mostly in bars and disco of New York City on the underground gay scene.[59]

Author Lucy O'Brien, in her book Madonna: Like an Icon, wrote a detailed description of the song's influence:

'Vogue' became the Number 1 hit of that summer, played in clubs across the globe, from London to New York to Bali. It rode the crest of the newly emerging dance craze, where club culture, house music and techno met the mainstream. 'Vogue' reflected the new hedonism; positive, upbeat, and totally inclusive.[31]

The song has been noted to be unmistakably feminist, both in its lyrics and consumption. The song, and the culture surrounding it, seem to explicitly exclude straight males from its directive while simultaneously demanding their submission to the song's messages, themes, and legacy.[60]

However, some critique exists out of the possible exploitation of an underground queer culture for commercial gain. as feminist writer, Nicole Akoukou Thompson, notes for the Latin Post Madonna had “taken a very specifically queer, transgender, Latino and African-American phenomenon and totally erased that context with her lyrics.” The argument being that Madonna exploited the queens from the underground Harlem ballroom scene and for money and chart success.[61]

The song is also noted for bringing house music into mainstream popular music,[62] as well as for reviving disco music after a decade of its commercial death. Erick Henderson of Slant Magazine explained that the song "was instrumental in allowing disco revivalism to emerge, allowing the denigrated gay genre to soar once again within the context of house music, the genre disco became in its second life."[60] Sal Cinquemani of the same publication wrote that the song was "making its impact all the more impressive (it would go on to inspire a glut of pop-house copycats) and begging the question: If disco died a decade earlier, what the fuck was this big, gay, fuscia drag-queen boa of a dance song sitting on top of the charts for a month for?"[18]

Vogue has inspired flash mobs around the US.[63]

In 2015 the rhythmic gymnastics group from Ukraine is using the tune for their 6 clubs and 2 hoops routine, which is intended to be shown at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio. Actor Channing Tatum danced to "Vogue" in a video.[64]

Accolades and awards

Accolades

Awards

Year Ceremony Award Result
1990 MTV Video Music Award Video of the Year Nominated
Best Female Video Nominated
Best Dance Video Nominated
Best Direction in a Video Won
Best Choreography in a Video Nominated
Best Art Direction in a Video Nominated
Best Editing in a Video Won
Best Cinematography in a Video Won
Viewer's Choice Nominated
Rolling Stone Reader's Poll Awards Best Single Won
Best Video Won
1991 American Music Awards Favorite Dance Single Won
Favorite Pop/Rock Single Nominated
Juno Award Best International Single Won

Track listing

US 7" single, Cassette single / Japanese 3" CD single (5439-19863-7/4 / WPDP-6227)
  1. "Vogue" (Single Version) – 4:19
  2. "Vogue" (Bette Davis Dub) – 7:26
UK / European 7" single, Cassette single (W9851, W9851C)
  1. "Vogue" (Single Version) – 4:19
  2. "Keep It Together" (Single Remix) – 4:31
US CD maxi-single (7599-21513-2)
  1. "Vogue" (Single Version) – 4:19
  2. "Vogue" (12" version) – 8:25
  3. "Vogue" (Bette Davis Dub) – 7:26
  4. "Vogue" (Strike-A-Pose Dub) – 7:36
US 12" maxi-single (7599-21513-0)
  1. "Vogue" (12" version) – 8:25
  2. "Vogue" (Bette Davis Dub) – 7:26
  3. "Vogue" (Strike-A-Pose Dub) – 7:36
UK CD single, 12" single, 12" Picture Disc / European CD single, 12" single (W9851CD, W9851T, W9851TP / 7599-21525-2/0 )
  1. "Vogue" (12" Version) – 8:25
  2. "Keep It Together" (12" Remix) – 7:50
UK Limited Edition 12" with X-Rated poster (W9851TX, 7599-21544-0)
  1. "Vogue" (12" version) – 8:25
  2. "Vogue" (Strike-A-Pose Dub) – 7:36
Japanese CD EP (WPCP-3698)
  1. "Vogue" (12" version) – 8:25
  2. "Vogue" (Bette Davis Dub) – 7:26
  3. "Vogue" (Strike-A-Pose Dub) – 7:36
  4. "Hanky Panky" (Bare Bottom 12" Mix) – 6:36
  5. "Hanky Panky" (Bare Bones Single Mix) - 3:52
  6. "More" (Album Version) - 4:58

Charts

Weekly charts

Chart (1990) Peak
position
Australia (ARIA Singles Chart)[30] 1
Austrian Singles Chart[69] 7
Belgian VRT Top 30[70] 1
Canadian RPM Singles Chart[71] 1
Dutch Top 40[69] 2
European Hot 100 Singles[72] 1
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[73] 1
French Singles Chart[69] 9
German Singles Chart[74] 4
Irish Singles Chart[75] 2
Italian Singles Chart[76] 1
Japanese International Singles Chart[77] 1
New Zealand Singles Chart[69] 1
Norwegian Singles Chart[69] 1
Spanish Singles Chart[78] 1
Swedish Singles Chart[69] 1
Swiss Singles Chart[69] 1
UK Singles Chart[79] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[80] 1
US Hot Dance Music/Club Play[81] 1
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks[81] 16

Year-end charts

Chart (1990) Position
Australia (ARIA Singles Chart)[82] 3
Canadian Singles Chart[83] 4
Germany (Official German Charts)[84] 19
Italian Singles Chart[85] 5
NZ Singles Chart[86] 3
Swiss Singles Chart[87] 12
UK Singles Chart[88] 8
US Billboard Hot 100[89] 5

Decade-end charts

Chart (1990–1999) Position
US Billboard Hot 100[90] 93

Certifications

Region Certification Sales/shipments
Australia (ARIA)[91] 2× Platinum 140,000
Canada (Music Canada)[92] Platinum 100,000
France (SNEP)[93] Silver 220,000[94]
New Zealand (RMNZ)[95] Gold 7,500
United Kingdom (BPI)[96] Gold 530,600[97]
United States (RIAA)[98] 2× Platinum 2,000,000
Digital
Brazil (ABPD)[99] Gold 100,000
United States 311,000[100]

*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
xunspecified figures based on certification alone

See also

References

  1. ↑ Taraborrelli 2002, pp. 182–183
  2. ↑ Jose F. Promis. "Vogue - Madonna - Review". AllMusic. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
  3. ↑ "Rewinding the Charts: 25 Years Ago, Madonna Was in 'Vogue' Atop the Hot 100". Billboard.
  4. ↑ "Vogue' Producer Shep Pettibone's First Interview in 20 Years: On Making a Madonna Classic & Why He Left Music Behind".
  5. 1 2 Thomas, Stephen. "I'm Breathless - Madonna". AllMusic. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
  6. 1 2 3 Mark Coleman (June 14, 1990). "I'm Breathless | Album Reviews". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
  7. ↑ Randy Taraborrelli, J (September 4, 2008). "Madonna: An Intimate Biography". ISBN 978-0-330-47018-6.
  8. ↑ "Unsupported Browser or Operating System". Musicnotes.com. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
  9. ↑ Gardner, Eriq (2012-09-28). "Lawsuit Aims to Stop Marlon Brando Estate From Suing Madonna Over 'Vogue'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
  10. ↑ Krule, Miriam (2014-08-12). "All 16 of the Icons Name-Dropped in Madonna’s "Vogue" Are Now Gone". Slate. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  11. ↑ Romano, Tricia (September 23, 2003). "Love Is the Message". The Village Voice. Retrieved 2011-03-01.
  12. ↑ Thomas, Stephen (November 13, 1990). "The Immaculate Collection - Madonna". AllMusic. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
  13. ↑ Promis, Jose F. "Vogue - Madonna". AllMusic. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
  14. ↑ "Madonna: I'm Breathless | Music Review". Slant Magazine. March 9, 2003. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
  15. ↑ Farber, Jim (July 20, 2001). "The Girl Material". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
  16. ↑ Randy Taraborrelli, J (September 4, 2008). "Madonna: An Intimate Biography". ISBN 978-0-330-47018-6.
  17. ↑ Ali, Rahsheeda (2013-05-23). "The 100 Greatest Songs Of the '90s | Music News + Gossip | VH1 Music". VH1. Retrieved 2014-03-30.
  18. 1 2 "Best Singles of the '90s". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
  19. 1 2 "100 Greatest Dance Songs". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
  20. ↑ "18th American Music Awards (presented in 1991)". Rock on the Net. January 28, 1991. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
  21. ↑ "Rocklist.net Rolling Stone (USA) End Of Year Lists". Rocklistmusic.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
  22. ↑ "Pazz & Jop 1990: Critics Poll". Robert Christgau. March 5, 1991. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
  23. 1 2 Cover Media (July 29, 2011). "Madonna: Beth Ditto is great". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 2011-11-22.
  24. ↑ Lamb, Bill. "Madonna's Top 10 Pop Hits – The Biggest Madonna Songs". About.com. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
  25. ↑ Holden, Stephen (August 5, 1990). "Strike the Pose: When Music Is Skin Deep POP VIEW; Video Age Music: Stark Images, Shrill Voices, Skin Deep". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
  26. ↑ "Hits of 1990". NineMSN (PBL Media / Microsoft). Retrieved November 12, 2010.
  27. ↑ "Gold & Platinum Searchable Database - March 30, 2014". RIAA. Retrieved 2014-03-30.
  28. ↑ "ACTUAL ARTICLE TITLE BELONGS HERE!". Billboard. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
  29. ↑ "Madonna: The Official Top 40". MTV. MTV Networks. Retrieved 2010-12-20.
  30. 1 2 "australian-charts.com > Madonna - Vogue (song)". Hung Medien. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  31. 1 2 O'Brien, Lucy (August 11, 2008). "Madonna: Like an icon". ISBN 978-0-552-15361-4.
  32. ↑ "Archives | The Dallas Morning News, The Dallas Morning News.". Nl.newsbank.com. 1990-05-16. Retrieved 2014-03-30.
  33. ↑ "Greta Garbo Headshot". Nndb.com. Retrieved 2014-03-30.
  34. 1 2 3 "Video of the week: Madonna - Vogue - Rhino News". rhino.co.uk. Archived from the original on May 21, 2008.
  35. 1 2 Clerk, Carol (2002). Madonnastyle. ISBN 0-7119-8874-9.
  36. ↑ Butler, Jeremy G. (2006). Television: Critical Methods and Applications. 3rd edition, ISBN 0-8058-5415-0
  37. ↑ Henry Keazor and Thorsten Wübbena (2007). Video Thrills The Radio Star: Musikvideos: Geschichte, Themen, Analysen (in German) 2nd edition, ISBN 3-89942-728-9
  38. ↑ Guilbert, Georges-Claude (2002). Madonna as Postmodern Myth. ISBN 0-7864-1408-1, p.140
  39. ↑ Kobal, John (1976). Hollywood Glamor Portraits: 145 photos of stars, 1926–1949. ISBN 0-486-23352-9
  40. ↑ Vogue video by Madonna on YouTube
  41. ↑ "Music videos - Yahoo Music". Yahoo Music.
  42. ↑ ""Vogue (Pop Up Video) " by Madonna | Pop Up Video". VH1. Retrieved 2014-03-30.
  43. ↑ "MTV: 100 Greatest Music Videos Ever Made". RockOnTheNet.com. Retrieved 2010-01-23.
  44. 1 2 "Top 10 Madonna Music Videos". About.com. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
  45. ↑ "Madonna's 'Like a Prayer' Voted Most Groundbreaking Video of All Time!". MTV. Retrieved December 20, 2009.
  46. ↑ "Madonna - "Vogue" (1990)". Rolling Stone.
  47. ↑ "1990 MTV Video Music Awards - Highlights, Winners, Performers and Photos from the 1990 MTV VMAs". mtv.com.
  48. ↑ "Life with My Sister Madonna". google.com.
  49. ↑ "Madonna Sued Over ‘Vogue’". MTV News.
  50. ↑ Gardner, Eriq (November 18, 2013). "Madonna and Music Producer Win 'Vogue' Sampling Lawsuit". The Hollywood Reporter.
  51. ↑ Wilker, Deborah. BAN THE BOX' CRUSADE DOOMS WASTEFUL CD PACK Sun Sentinel. October 5, 1990.
  52. ↑ Voller, Debbi.Madonna: the style book p.35
  53. ↑ "MTV VMAs' 15 Best Performances Ever". Billboard. August 20, 2014. Retrieved 2015-07-27.
  54. ↑ "Rihanna Covers Madonna’s 'Vogue,' and More of the News You Missed Today". Vogue. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
  55. ↑ "Official Singles Chart for the week ending 8 May 2010". ChartsPlus (Liverpool: UKChartsPlus) (454): 1–4. May 6, 2010.
  56. ↑ "EXCLUSIVE: Gossip's Beth Ditto Nods to Madonna". Spin. February 16, 2011. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
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