Working Men's College

Working Men's College (WMC)
Motto Auspicium Melioris Aevi
Type Adult Education
Established 1854
Principal Satnam Gill
Administrative staff
125
Students 4000
Location Somers Town, St Pancras, London, England
51°32′09″N 0°08′10″W / 51.535699°N 0.13602°W / 51.535699; -0.13602Coordinates: 51°32′09″N 0°08′10″W / 51.535699°N 0.13602°W / 51.535699; -0.13602
Website www.wmcollege.ac.uk

The Working Men's College (or WMC), is among the earliest adult education institutions established in the United Kingdom, and Europe's oldest extant centre for adult education. Founded by Christian Socialists, at its inception it was at the forefront of liberal education philosophy.

History and background

Frederick Denison Maurice, Founder of the Working Men's College.

Founded in 1854 the College was established by Christian Socialists to provide a liberal education for Victorian skilled artisans to counter what its founders saw as the failings in practice of the social theory of Associationism. The founding of the College was also partially a response to concerns about the revolutionary potential of the Chartist Movement. Its early protagonists were also closely associated with the Co-operative Movement and labour organisations.[1]

The College's founders a view reached in 1904[1] were Frederick Denison Maurice, (the first principal), Thomas Hughes (author of Tom Brown's Schooldays), John Malcolm Forbes Ludlow, Frederick James Furnivall, Lowes Cato Dickinson,[2][3] John Westlake, Richard Buckley Litchfield and John Llewelyn Davies. Notable early promoters and supporters of the College and its foundation were Edward Vansittart Neale, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Ruskin,[4] Charles Blachford Mansfield,[5] John Stuart Mill, James Clerk Maxwell, and Charles Kingsley, (author of The Water-Babies), while later including G.M. Trevelyan, E. M. Forster, C.E.M. Joad and Seamus Heaney.

In the 1870s the new college failed to take up an offer to merge with the Working Women's College which had been founded by Elizabeth Malleson. Malleson decided to make her college co-educational and this caused a dispute amongst her organisation. As a result, Frederick Denison Maurice with Frances Martin helped to set up the College for Working Women in Fitzroy Street in 1874. This was later to be called The Frances Martin College.[6] This sister college, through financial and organisational difficulties, eventually ran its courses for women at The Working Men's College, and later this in name only as it, and its associated charity, had become unviable. The College's charitable funds were absorbed into those of The Working Men's College, and The Frances Martin College ceased to exist in 1967. Around this time, in 1965, The Working Men's College admitted female students for the first time.

The decision to admit women was an expression of what was seen by the College as its unique and progressive historic feature: educational and financial management through a democratically elected Council of teachers and students.[1] Teachers, (who were unpaid volunteer professionals in their field,) and students were both considered as, and called, Members of College as a mark of equality and respect. This educational and management tradition, seen as being in the spirit of a liberal education that promotes values and responsible civic behaviour, and being a direct link to the founders' concern over the failure of Associationism, lasted until the mid1990s. Sir Wilfred Griffin Eady, principal of the College from 1949 to 1955, defined Liberal Education, the raison d'etre of the College, as "something you can enjoy for its own sake, something which is a personal possession and an inward enrichment, and something which teaches a sense of values".[1]

During the 1970s the College introduced and increased a number of certificated courses, and by the beginning of the 1980s there were successful moves to change the voluntary tradition by remunerating teachers. This led to a drain on the financial reserves of the College. Where previously it supported itself mostly from interest on donations as investments, by the late 1980s it felt obliged to seek government financial aid.

In 199697, the governance of the college was changed. Before the change, two bodies regulated college under Articles of Association and a Scheme of Management: a College Council of 12 teachers and 12 students elected by members of college, and a College Corporation of 16 members self-appointed. Council directed education and finance policy through its committees, and elected college officers: the Principal, Vice Principal, Dean of Studies, Bursar and Librarian. Corporation managed college charitable trust funds and provided for asset maintenance and part-finance for courses; it was composed largely of lawyers, bankers and businessmen thought capable of managing and extending charitable funding from the private sector. Both bodies and their officers were voluntary. Before 1996, an administrative staff of Warden, Deputy Warden, Financial Controller, and College Secretary ran the College day-to-day, managing a small number of part-time reception and maintenance staff. After legal advice, and representations to the Charity Commission, Corporation introduced a new Scheme of Management that dissolved Council, and created a self-appointed governing Board of 21 members to decide policy and oversee what became an enlarged paid management. Forceful argument on the change was made on both sides. Seeing Liberal Education’s civic values and democratic control as being relevant was a view opposed by one that saw a more management-based method being needed for financial and educational viability.[7]

College building and use

1904-2000

The Working Men's College pre 1904 - Great Ormond Street, London

The College opened at 31 Red Lion Square, later moving to Great Ormond Street[8][9] in 1857, both in Central London. In 1905 it located to its new Crowndale Road building in the borough of St Pancras, London, now part of The London Borough of Camden. This new home had been designed by W. D. Caroe. Since 1964 the building has been Grade II listed.

The Working Men's College foundation stone inscription reads:

This first stone of the new home of The Working Men’s College was laid by H.R.H. The Prince of Wales on the 16th of July 1904 The Jubilee Year of the College. In memory of Frederick Denison Maurice and of those who worked with him and followed in his footsteps. Albert V. Dicey KC Principal / Reginald J. Mure M.A. Chairman of Building Committee / William D. Caroe M.A. Architect.

The Prince of Wales mentioned later became George V of the United Kingdom.

The idea of a new purpose-built College had been expressed in the late 1880s. By the 1890s, the demand for more space through increased student numbers, and competition from other institutions such as Evening Continuation Schools and early Polytechnics, created a need for greater accommodation, and a desire for facilities such as a museum, gymnasium and chemistry laboratory. The College developed a new building at Crowndale Road on a site purchased from Lord Camden; begun in July 1904, and partly occupied in 1905, it was formally opened by Sir William Anson in January 1906.[1]

The physical structure of the building at Crowndale Road was designed to reflect that found within university colleges. Large common spaces, Library,[10] Common Room, Hall, Museum, and later The Charles Wright Common Room, promoted social and intellectual interaction between student, teacher and staff Members of College. There was no separate staff room. Specialist rooms such as science laboratories art and craft studios, lecture theatre, and a gymnasium were added in the 1930s, reflecting a desire to provide a broad educational experience.

Principal in providing this experience was The Common Room.[11] During the 20th century this room, with a Servery for refreshment, provided a focus for College Members to meet, read, discuss, prepare for class, eat, and occasionally hold impromptu public debates. It was used as a meeting place for College societies and clubs. Over the years, the College held societies covering activities and subjects such as boxing, cricket, debating, economics, football, geology, singing, chess, draughts, rowing, history, natural history, old students, modern languages, language interpretation, railways, walking, sketching, holidays, wireless, music, and science.[12] Regular social events were organised by a Common Room Committee. The room was the venue for one of the College’s most important functions, The Furnivall Supper, provided by College founder F.J. Furnivall. The supper, a Christmas meal for old people of the district round the College, lasted as an event until the 1980s. Up to the late1980s, a September Teachers’ Supper was held in The Common Room hosted by the Principal; there was a talk from a guest speaker followed by debate.

The Maurice Hall, with its stage and theatrical lighting, was used for College and outside-user social functions: dances, recitals by the College orchestra, conferences, outside speakers, theatrical performance, lectures, general College meetings, and for a yearly Lowes Dickinson Award art Exhibition.

The Museum has changed its use over the years, from schoolroom for private school tenants to art studio. The room features a pastel portrait of Lionel Jacob, (teacher, Vice Principal 190410.) It was re-designated in the early 1990s as the William Walker Room (William 'Paddy' Walker, student and Corporation member for 50 years).

The Gymnasium and The Charles Wright Room, were part of a 1936 building extension, through the demolition of two adjacent College-owned houses, funded by endowment funds, an Appeal Fund, and the Board of Education. The Gymnasium was an adjunct to new College playing fields at Canon’s Park, Edgware, that were already used for physical training and sports. The introduction of gymnastics followed a "national interest in physical training – stimulated by the efforts of the European dictatorships in this direction".[1] The Charles Wright Room (Charles Wright, b.1855, College benefactor) was added as a second Common Room. Within this 1936 extension were two new science laboratories, one the Ellis Franklin Laboratory, (Ellis Franklin, teacher, Vice Principal 192229,) and new flats for the College Secretary and caretaker.

Post 2000

College building and use programmes reduced original common space and removed some specialist rooms. The Common Room, which ceased to be such in its original sense, was split, one half to house a Centre for Student Affairs for enrolment and other administration. The rear of the building was restructured, removing the original Servery, adding a new lift, and a cafeteria with new library on two levels. The Charles Wright Common Room became management space. The gymnasium was converted for general use. The old Library remained, being listed; it kept its original purpose, and use as an occasional location for film.

In 2013

Curriculum

The College provides daytime, evening, weekend, short and year-long courses for adults. The curriculum follows national or College-defined programmes in art, applied arts, humanities, languages, computing and basic education.

In 2008, College provision was graded as "good" or "outstanding" by Ofsted,[13] and in 2009 it was awarded Beacon Status.[14] In the 2013 inspection of the College, WMC was rated as "outstanding" by Ofsted,[13] the first College in London to be rated so highly in the new framework for inspection.

The Working Men's College remains one of the smallest adult education providers in the area.

Notable associates

Founders

1854 - 1904

1905 - 1954

1955 - 2011

Vice Principals

A principal provided the intellectual driving force and public face of the College. In 1869 F.D. Maurice found his work beyond the College precluded taking as active a role as previously. He recommended an office of Vice Principal to oversee and direct administration. This office was supplemented by others: Dean of Studies, Bursar, and Librarian; all being taken by teachers or students through election. These offices ceased to exist in 1996/97.

  • Horace H. West: 1948-1952
  • H. Michael D. Parker: 1952-1955
  • Anthony J. Lincoln: 1955-1960
  • Baram Sh. Saklatvala: 1960-1966
  • Rudi L. Weisweiller: 1966-1976
  • A. George B. Deacon: 1976-1978
  • Henry John Byrt: 1978-1982
  • Roger Farrington: 1982-1985
  • Denis F. Murphy: 1985-1990
  • Reginald Wright: 1990-1992
  • Shankara Angadi: 1992-1994
  • Ian Bell: 1994-1996

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 J. F. C. Harrison, A History of the Working Men's College (1854-1954), Routledge Kegan Paul, 1954
  2. Lowes Dickinson Award 2009, accessed January 2010
  3. Lowes Cato Dickinson, National Portrait Gallery, accessed January 2010
  4. 1 2 Collngwood, W. G.:The Life of John Ruskin, part 3, The Echo Library (2007). ISBN 1406847089
  5. Charles Blachford Mansfield Retrieved 21 Jan 2011.
  6. Working Women's College, Bloomsbury Project, Retrieved 28 July 2015
  7. The Independent: Lucy Ward Education Correspondent 23 Jan 1997 Retrieved 18 January 2011.
  8. The Oval Room at Great Ormond Street Retrieved 18 January 2011.
  9. The Library at Great Ormond Street Retrieved 18 January 2011.
  10. The Library at Crowndale Road
  11. The Common Room at Crowndale Road Retrieved 18 January 2011.
  12. Davies, J. Llewelyn (1904) The Working Men’s College 1854-1904, Macmillan and Co. p.199; retrieved 2011
  13. 1 2 "The Working Men’s College", Ofsted inspection reports 2008, 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
  14. "Specialist Providers", LSIS - Beacon status. Retrieved 30 July 2009.
  15. "Death of Mr. Llewelyn Davies" The Times 19 May 1916; retrieved 22 May 2011
  16. http://www.oscholars.com/Ruskin/Ruskin3/publications.htm
  17. John Wharlton Bunney biography Retrieved 18 January 2011.
  18. Ebenezer Cooke
  19. Evans, Caracoc The National Library of Wales; retrieved 18 January 2011
  20. Archives askart.com; retrieved 24 May 2011
  21. Thomas Charles Farrer askart.com; retrieved 24 May 2011
  22. Lockwood, J. F. (1957) Haldane and Education Public Administration, 35: 232–244. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1957.tb01227.x; retrieved 22 May 2011
  23. Vernon Lushington: The Rossetti Archive Retrieved 18 January 2011.
  24. Faulkner, Peter Morris and the Working Men's College Morris Society; retrieved 23 May 2011
  25. Alexander Munro (1825-71): The Victorian Web Retrieved 18 January 2011.
  26. Thomas Sulman: The Rossetti Archive - Mary in the House of St. John Retrieved 18 January 2011
  27. Thomas Sulman: The Rossetti Archive - Two Lovers Embracing Retrieved 18 January 2011
  28. Thomas Sulman: The Rossetti Archive - Jan Van Eyck's Studio Retrieved 18 January 2011
  29. Ralph George Scott Bankes: Twyford School Retrieved 18 January 2011
  30. Stanley Arthur Franklin: British Cartoon Archive Retrieved 18 January 2011
  31. 1 2 3 4 Barnes, Janet (1982) Percy Horton 1897 – 1970 Sheffield City Art Galleries ISBN 0-900660-85-6
  32. Wilfred Arthur Greene: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Retrieved 18 January 2011
  33. Ronald Horton National Archives; retrieved 22 May 2011
  34. Albert Houthuesen; retrieved 21 May 2011
  35. Geoffrey Rhoades The Tate Collection; retrieved 21 May 2011
  36. 1 2 The Working Men's College aaowen.com; retrieved 24 May 2011
  37. Albert Alan Owen ARAM, ARCM, Prof Cert RAM Aberystwyth Arts Centre; retrieved 24 May 2011
  38. Jeremy Seabrook Profile Guardian; retrieved 24 May 2011
  39. Tom Schuller: OECD Directorate for Education Retrieved 18 January 2011
  40. Tom Schuller: Pascal International Observatory; retrieved 18 January 2011

External links

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