Xerox

This article is about the company. For photocopying, see photocopier.
Xerox Corporation
Public
Traded as NYSE: XRX
S&P 500 Component
Industry Document services
Business process services[1]
Founded Rochester, New York, U.S.
(1906 (1906))
Founders Joseph C. Wilson
Chester Carlson
Headquarters Norwalk, Connecticut, U.S.
Area served
 Worldwide
Key people
 Ursula Burns
(Chairman & CEO)
Products Office printers, Production printers & digital presses, multi-function printers, wide format printers, projectors, scanners Copiers, and other office equipments[2]
Services business processes, document management, and outsourcing services
Revenue Decrease US$ 18.04 billion (2015)[3]
Decrease US$ 645 million (2015)[3]
Decrease US$ 488 million (2015)[3]
Total assets Decrease US$ 24.80 billion (2015)[3]
Total equity Decrease 9.43 billion (2015)[3]
Number of employees
 140,800 (2015)[3]
Website www.xerox.com

Xerox Corporation /ˈzɪərɒks/ is an American global corporation that sells business services and document technology products.[4] Xerox is headquartered in Norwalk, Connecticut (moved from Stamford, Connecticut in October 2007),[5] though its largest population of employees is based around Rochester, New York, the area in which the company was founded. The company purchased Affiliated Computer Services for $6.4 billion in early 2010.[6] As a large developed company, it is consistently placed in the list of Fortune 500 companies.

Researchers at Xerox and its Palo Alto Research Center invented several important elements of personal computing, such as the desktop metaphor GUI, the computer mouse[7] and desktop computing.[8] These features were frowned upon by the then board of directors, who ordered the Xerox engineers to share them with Apple technicians. The features were taken on by Apple and, later, Microsoft. Partly thanks to these features, these two firms would then go on to duopolize the personal computing world.[9] Xerox also invented Ethernet.

History

The Xerox 914 was the first one-piece plain paper photocopier, and sold in the millions.

Xerox was founded in 1906 in Rochester as The Haloid Photographic Company,[10] which originally manufactured photographic paper and equipment.

In 1938 Chester Carlson, a physicist working independently, invented a process for printing images using an electrically charged drum and dry powder "toner". However, it would take more than 20 years of refinement before the first automated machine to make copies was commercialized, using a document feeder, scanning light, and a rotating drum.

Joseph C. Wilson, credited as the "founder of Xerox", took over Haloid from his father. He saw the promise of Carlson's invention and, in 1946, signed an agreement to develop it as a commercial product. Wilson remained as President/CEO of Xerox until 1967 and served as Chairman until his death in 1971.

Looking for a term to differentiate its new system, Haloid coined the term Xerography from two Greek roots meaning "dry writing". Haloid subsequently changed its name to Haloid Xerox in 1958 and then Xerox Corporation in 1961.[11]

Before releasing the 914, Xerox tested the market by introducing a developed version of the prototype hand-operated equipment known as the Flat-plate 1385. The 1385 was not actually a viable copier because of its speed of operation. As a consequence, it was sold as a platemaker to the offset lithography market, perhaps most notably as a platemaker for the Addressograph-Multigraph Multilith 1250 and related sheet-fed offset printing presses. It was little more than a high quality, commercially available plate camera mounted as a horizontal rostrum camera, complete with photo-flood lighting and timer. The glass film/plate had been replaced with a selenium-coated aluminum plate. Clever electrics turned this into a quick developing and reusable substitute for film. A skilled user could produce fast, paper and metal printing plates of a higher quality than almost any other method. Having started as a supplier to the offset lithography duplicating industry, Xerox now set its sights on capturing some of offset's market share.

The 1385 was followed by the first automatic xerographic printer, the Copyflo, in 1955. The Copyflo was a large microfilm printer which could produce positive prints on roll paper from any type of microfilm negative. Following the Copyflo, the process was scaled down to produce the 1824 microfilm printer. At about half the size and weight, this still sizable machine printed onto hand-fed, cut-sheet paper which was pulled through the process by one of two gripper bars. A scaled-down version of this gripper feed system was to become the basis for the 813 desktop copier.

The Xerox 914

Main article: Xerox 914

The company came to prominence in 1959 with the introduction of the Xerox 914,[12] "the most successful single product of all time." The 914, the first plain paper photocopier was developed by Carlson and John H. Dessauer;[13] it was so popular that by the end of 1961 Xerox had almost $60 million in revenue. The product was sold by an innovative Ad campaign showing that even monkeys could make copies at the touch of a button - simplicity would become the foundation of future Xerox products and User Interfaces. Revenues leaped to over $500 million by 1965.

1960s

The company expanded substantially throughout the 1960s, making millionaires of some long-suffering investors who had nursed the company through the slow research and development phase of the product. In 1960, a xerography research facility called the Wilson Center for Research and Technology was opened in Webster, New York. In 1961, the company changed its name to Xerox Corporation. Xerox common stock (XRX) was listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1961 and on the Chicago Stock Exchange in 1990.

In 1963 Xerox introduced the Xerox 813, the first desktop plain-paper copier, realizing Carlson's vision of a copier that could fit on anyone's office desk. Ten years later in 1973, a basic, analogue, color copier, based on the 914, followed. The 914 itself was gradually sped up to become the 420 and 720. The 813 was similarly developed into the 330 and 660 products and, eventually, also the 740 desktop microfiche printer.

Xerox's first foray into duplicating, as distinct from copying, was with the Xerox 2400, introduced in 1966. The model number denoted the number of prints produced in an hour. Although not as fast as offset printing, this machine introduced the industry's first automatic document feeder, paper slitter and perforator, and collator (sorter). This product was soon sped up by fifty percent to become the Xerox 3600 Duplicator.

Meanwhile, a small lab team was borrowing 914 copiers and modifying them. The lab was developing what it called long distance xerography (LDX) to connect two copiers using the public telephone network, so that a document scanned on one machine would print out on the other. The LDX system was introduced in 1964. Many years later this work came to fruition in the Xerox telecopiers, seminal to today's fax machines. The fax operation in today's multifunction copiers is true to Carlson's original vision for these devices.

In 1968, C. Peter McColough, a longtime executive of Haloid and Xerox, became Xerox's CEO. The same year, the company consolidated its headquarters at Xerox Square in downtown Rochester, New York, with its 30-story Xerox Tower.

Xerox embarked on a series of acquisitions. It purchased University Microfilms International in 1962, Electro-Optical Systems in 1963,[14] and R.R. Bowker in 1967. In 1969, Xerox acquired Scientific Data Systems (SDS), which it renamed the Xerox Data Systems (XDS) division and which produced the Sigma line and its successor XDS 5xx series of mainframe computers in the 1960s and 1970s. Xeros sold XDS was to Honeywell in 1975.

1970s

Archie McCardell was named president of the company in 1971.[15] During his tenure, Xerox introduced the Xerox 6500, its first color copier.[16] During McCardell's reign at Xerox, the company announced record revenues, earnings and profits in 1973, 1974, and 1975.[17] John Carrol became a backer, later spreading the company throughout North America.

In the mid-1970s, Xerox introduced the "Xerox 9200 Duplicating System". Originally designed to be sold to print shops, to increase their productivity, it was twice a fast as the 3600 duplicator at two impressions per second (7200 per hour). It was followed by the 9400, which did auto-duplexing, and then by the 9500, which was which added variable zoom reduction and electronic lightness/darkness control.

In a 1975 Super Bowl commercial for the 9200, Xerox debuted an advertising campaign featuring "Brother Dominic", a monk who used the 9200 system to save decades of manual copying.[18] Dominic, portrayed by Jack Eagle, became the face of Xerox into the 1980s.

Following these years of record profits, in 1975, Xerox resolved an anti-trust suit with the United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC), which at the time was under the direction of Frederic M. Scherer. The Xerox consent decree resulted in the forced licensing of the company's entire patent portfolio, mainly to Japanese competitors. Within four years of the consent decree, Xerox's share of the U.S. copier market dropped from nearly 100% to less than 14%.[19]

In 1979, Xerox purchased Western Union International (WUI) as the basis for its proposed Xerox Telecommunications Network (XTEN) for local-loop communications. However, after three years, in 1982, the company decided the idea was a mistake and sold its assets to MCI at a loss.[20]

1980s

David T. Kearns, a Xerox executive since 1971, took over as CEO in 1982. The company was revived in the 1980s and 1990s, through improvement in quality design and realignment of its product line. Attempting to expand beyond copiers, in 1981 Xerox introduced a line of electronic memory typewriters, the Memorywriter, which gained 20% market share, mostly at the expense of IBM.[14]

In 1983 Xerox bought Crum & Forster, an insurance company, and formed Xerox Financial Services (XFS) in 1984.[14]

In 1985 Xerox sold all of its publishing subsidiaries including University Microfilms and R.R. Bowker.[21]

1990s

Xerox "Pixellated X" logo introduced in 1994

In 1990 Paul Allaire, a Xerox executive since 1966, succeeded David Kearns, who had reached mandatory retirement age. Allaire disentangled Xerox from the financial services industry.

Development of digital photocopiers in the 1990s and a revamp of the entire product range again gave Xerox a technical lead over its competitors. In 1990, Xerox released the DocuTech Production Publisher Model 135, ushering in print-on-demand. Digital photocopiers were essentially high-end laser printers with integrated scanners. Soon, additional features such as network printing and faxing were added to many models, known as Multi Function Machines, or just MFMs, which were able to be attached to computer networks. Xerox worked to turn its product into a service, providing a complete document service to companies including supply, maintenance, configuration, and user support.

To reinforce this image, in 1994 the company introduced a corporate signature, "The Document Company", above its main logo and introduced a red digital X. The digital X symbolized the transition of documents between the paper and digital worlds.

In the mid-1990s LA County Superior Court turned to Xerox for help in replacing nearly 500 aging copiers throughout LA County, but Xerox refused to consider leasing. The County instead went to Konica. Xerox was shut out of the County for the next two years.

In April 1999 Allaire was succeeded by Richard Thoman, who had been brought in from IBM in 1997 as president. The first "outsider" to head Xerox Thoman resigned in 2000.

2000s

After Thoman's resignation Allaire again resumed the position of CEO and served until the appointment of Anne M. Mulcahy, another long-term Xerox executive.[22] Xerox's turnaround was largely led by Mulcahy, who was appointed president in May 2000, CEO in August 2001 and chairman in January 2002.[23] She launched an aggressive turnaround plan that returned Xerox to full-year profitability by the end of 2002, along with decreasing debt, increasing cash, and continuing to invest in research and development.

In 2000, Xerox acquired Tektronix color printing and imaging division in Wilsonville, Oregon, for US$925 million. This led to the current Xerox Phaser line of products as well as Xerox solid ink printing technology.

In September 2004, Xerox celebrated the 45th anniversary of the Xerox 914. More than 200,000 units were made around the world between 1959 and 1976, the year production of the 914 was stopped. Today, the 914 is part of American history as an artifact in the Smithsonian Institution.

In November 2006, Xerox completed the acquisition of XMPie. XMPie, the leading provider of software for cross-media, variable data one-to-one marketing, offers solutions to help businesses create and manage highly-effective direct marketing and cross-media campaigns.[24]

In October 2008, Xerox Canada Ltd. was named one of Greater Toronto's Top Employers by Mediacorp Canada Inc., which was announced by the Toronto Star newspaper.[25]

On May 21, 2009, it was announced that Ursula Burns would succeed Anne Mulcahy as CEO of Xerox. On July 1, 2009, Burns became the first African American woman to head a company the size of Xerox.

On September 28, 2009, Xerox announced the intended acquisition of Affiliated Computer Services, a services and outsourcing company, for $6.4 Billion. The acquisition was completed in February 2010. Xerox said it paid 4.935 Xerox shares and $18.60 cash for each share of ACS, totaling $6.4 billion, or $63.11 a share for the company.[26]

2010s

In May 2011, Xerox acquired NewField IT for an undisclosed sum.[27] NewField IT developed the Asset DB toolset which is widely used across the managed print services (MPS) market along with MPS market-leading consulting and software services delivering a large impact for this relatively small acquisition.[28]

In December 2013, Xerox sold their Wilsonville, Oregon solid ink product design, engineering and chemistry group and related assets previously acquired from Tektronix to 3D Systems for $32.5 million in cash.[29]

In December 2014, Xerox sold the IT Outsourcing business it had acquired in 2009 from Affiliated Computer Services to Atos for US$1,050,000,000.[30] This move was taken due to the relatively slow growth of this business relative to some other Xerox units.[30]

In January 2016, Xerox—reportedly under pressure from activist shareholder Carl Icahn—announced that by the end of the year it would spin off its business services unit, largely made up of Affiliated Computer Services, into its own publicly traded company. The name and management of the new company had not been determined at the time of the announcement. Icahn will appoint three members of the new company's board of directors, and he will choose a person to advise its search for a C.E.O.[31]

Digital printing

The laser printer was invented in 1969 by Xerox researcher Gary Starkweather by modifying a Xerox 7000 copier. Xerox management was afraid the product version of Starkweather's invention, which became the 9700, would negatively impact their copier business so the innovation sat in limbo until IBM launched the 3800 laser printer in 1976.

The first commercial non-impact printer was the Xerox 1200, introduced in 1973,[32] based on the 3600 copier. It had an optical character generator designed by optical engineer Phil Chen.

In 1977, following IBM's laser printer introduction, the Xerox 9700 was introduced. Laser printing eventually became a multibillion-dollar business for Xerox.

In the late 1970s Xerox introduced the "Xerox 350 color slide system" This product allowed the customer to create digital word and graphic 35mm slides. Many of the concepts used in today's "Photo Shop" programs were pioneered with this technology.

In 1980, Xerox announced the forward looking 5700 laser printing system, a much smaller version of their 9700, but with revolutionary touch screen capabilities and multiple media input (word processing disks, IBM magcards, etc.) and printer 'finishing' options. This product was allegedly never intended to make the commercial markets due to its development cost, but rather to show the innovation of Xerox. It did take off with many customers, but was soon replaced with its still smaller and lower cost 2700 Distributed Electronic Printer offering in 1982.[33]

Palo Alto Research Center

Main article: Xerox PARC
The Xerox Alto workstation was developed at Xerox PARC.

In 1970, under company president C. Peter McColough, Xerox opened the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, known as Xerox PARC. The facility developed many modern computing technologies such as the graphical user interface (GUI), laser printing, WYSIWYG text editors and Ethernet. From these inventions, Xerox PARC created the Xerox Alto in 1973, a small minicomputer similar to a modern workstation or personal computer. This machine can be considered the first true Personal Computer, given its versatile combination of a cathode-ray-type screen, mouse-type pointing device, and a QWERTY-type alphanumeric keyboard. But the Alto was never commercially sold, as Xerox itself could not see the sales potential of it. It was, however, installed in Xerox's own offices, worldwide and those of the US Government and military, who could see the potential. Within these sites the individual workstations were connected together by Xerox's own unique LAN, The Ethernet. Data was sent around this system of heavy, yellow, low loss coaxial cable using the packet data system. In addition, PARC also developed one of the earliest internetworking protocol suites, the PARC Universal Packet (PUP).

In 1979, Steve Jobs made a deal with Xerox's venture capital division: He would let them invest $1 million in exchange for a look at the technology they were working on. Jobs and the others saw the commercial potential of the WIMP (Window, Icon, Menu, and Pointing device) system and redirected development of the Apple Lisa to incorporate these technologies. Jobs is quoted as saying, "They just had no idea what they had." In 1980, Jobs invited several key PARC researchers to join his company so that they could fully develop and implement their ideas.

In 1981, Xerox released a system similar to the Alto, the Xerox 8010 Star. It was the first commercial system to incorporate technologies that have subsequently become commonplace in personal computers, such as a bitmapped display, window-based GUI, mouse, Ethernet networking, file servers, print servers and e-mail. The Xerox 6085 Star, despite its technological breakthroughs, did not sell well due to its high price, costing $16,000 per unit. A typical Xerox Star-based office, complete with network and printers, would have cost $100,000.

In the mid-1980s, Apple considered buying Xerox; however, a deal was never reached. Apple instead bought rights to the Alto GUI and adapted it into to a more affordable personal computer, aimed towards the business and education markets. The Apple Macintosh was released in 1984, and was the first personal computer to popularize the GUI and mouse amongst the public.

In 2002 PARC was spun off into an independent wholly owned subsidiary of Xerox.

Chief Executives

Chief executives
Name Title Tenure Photo
George C. Seager President 1906–1912
Gilbert E. Mosher President 1912–1938
Joseph R. Wilson President 1938–1946
Joseph C. Wilson President
CEO		 1946–1966
1961–1967
C. Peter McColough CEO 1968–1982
David T. Kearns CEO 1982 – July 31, 1990
Paul A. Allaire CEO August 1, 1990 – April 6, 1999
G. Richard Thoman CEO April 7, 1999 – May 10, 2000
Paul A. Allaire CEO May 11, 2000 – July 31, 2001
Anne M. Mulcahy CEO August 1, 2001 – July 1, 2009
Ursula M. Burns CEO July 1, 2009 – present

Products and services

Xerox's current headquarters in Norwalk, Connecticut.

Xerox is the world’s leading enterprise for business process and document management. Examples of some of the company’s services include: Transaction Processing Services - Xerox manages and streamlines day-to-day processes such as insurance claims, debit card swipes, benefits distribution and payroll.[1]
Managed Print Services and Centralized Print Services - Xerox reduces costs and optimize clients’ print and digital document infrastructure.[1]
Legal and e-Discovery Services - Xerox help corporations and law firms manage volumes of electronic data more efficiently by using in-house imaging and analytics capabilities.[1]
Finance, Accounting and Payment Services - Xerox portfolio manages core, end-to-end process areas of finance, accounting and procurement on behalf of clients.[1]

Xerox manufactures and sells a wide variety of office equipment including scanners, printers, and multifunction systems that scan, print, copy, email and fax. These model families include WorkCentre, Phaser, and ColorQube.[2] For the graphic communications and commercial print industries, the Xerox product portfolio includes high-volume, digital printing presses, production printers, and wide format printers that use xerographic and inkjet printing technologies. Product families include iGen, Nuvera, DocuPrint, Impika and Rialto.[34]

Corporate structure

Xerox logo 1968–2008 designed by Chermayeff & Geismar.

Although Xerox is a global brand, it maintains a joint venture, Fuji Xerox, with Japanese photographic firm Fuji Photo Film Co. to develop, produce and sell in the Asia-Pacific region. Fuji Photo Film Co. is currently the majority stakeholder, with 75% of the shareholding.

Xerox India, formerly Modi Xerox, is Xerox's Indian subsidiary derived from a joint venture formed between Dr. Bhupendra Kumar Modi and Rank Xerox in 1983. Xerox obtained a majority stake in 1999 and aims to buy out the remaining shareholders.[35]

NewField IT is a wholly owned subsidiary of Xerox that implements and supports third party software for MPS providers.[28]

Xerox now sponsors the Factory Ducati Team in the World Superbike Championship, under the name of the "Xerox Ducati".

Rank Xerox

Rank Xerox logo used in 1980s

European operations, Rank Xerox, later extended to Asia and Africa, has been fully owned by Xerox Corporation since 1997. The Rank Xerox name was discontinued following the buyout, and the Rank Xerox Research Centre was renamed to the Xerox Research Centre Europe.

Accounting irregularities

On May 31, 2001, Xerox Corporation announced that its auditors, KPMG LLP, had certified Xerox's financial statements for the three years ended December 31, 2000. And the financials included some restatements.[36] On March 31, 2002, Xerox restated its financials which reflected the reallocation of equipment sales revenue of more than $2 billion.[37] On April 11, 2002, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission filed a complaint against Xerox.[38] The complaint alleged Xerox deceived the public between 1997 and 2000 by employing several "accounting maneuvers," the most significant of which was a change in which Xerox recorded revenue from copy machine leases – recognizing a "sale" when a lease contract was signed, instead of recognizing revenue over the entire length of the contract. At issue was when the revenue was recognized, not the validity of the revenue. Xerox's restatement only changed what year the revenue was recognized. On December 20, 2002, Xerox Corporation reported that it had discovered an error in the calculation of its non-cash interest expense related to a debt instrument and associated interest rate swap agreements, resulted in after-tax understatement of interest expense of approximately $5 million to $6 million or less than 1 cent per share in each of the four quarters of 2001 and for the first three quarters of 2002.[39]

In response to the SEC's complaint, Xerox Corporation neither admitted nor denied wrongdoing. It agreed to pay a $10 million penalty and to restate its financial results for the years 1997 through 2000. On June 5, 2003, six Xerox senior executives accused of securities fraud settled their issues with the SEC and neither admitted nor denied wrongdoing. They agreed to pay $22 million in penalties, disgorgement, and interest. The company received approval to settle the securities lawsuit in 2008.[40]

On January 29, 2003, the SEC filed a complaint against Xerox's auditors,[41] KPMG, alleging four partners in the "Big Five" accounting firm permitted Xerox to "cook the books" to fill a $3 billion "gap" in revenue and $1.4 billion "gap" in pre-tax earnings. In April 2005 KPMG settled with the SEC by paying a US$22.48 million fine.[42] Meanwhile, Xerox paid a civil penalty of $10 million.[43] As part of the settlement KPMG neither admits nor denies wrongdoings. During settlement with the Securities and Exchange Commission, Xerox began to revamp itself once more. As a symbol of this transformation, the relative size of the word "Xerox" was increased in proportion to "The Document Company" on the corporate signature and the latter was dropped altogether in September-2004, along with the digital X. However, the digital X and "The Document Company" were still used by Fuji Xerox until April-2008.

Character substitution bug

In 2013, German computer scientist David Kriesel discovered an error in a Xerox WorkCentre 7535 copier. The device would substitute number digits in scanned documents, even when OCR was turned off. For instance, a cost table in a scanned document had an entry of 85.40, instead of the original sum of 65.40.[44] After unsuccessfully trying to resolve this issue with Xerox's customer support, he publicised his findings on his blog. Providing examples pages that lead to the bug occurrence, it was confirmed that this bug was reproducible on a wide variety of Xerox WorkCentre and other high-end Xerox copiers.

The source of the error was a bug in the JBIG2 implementation, which is an image compression standard that makes use of pattern matching to encode identical characters only once. While this provides a high level of compression, it is susceptible to errors in identifying similar characters.

A possible workaround was published by Kriesel, which involved setting the image quality from "normal" to "higher" or "high". Shortly afterwards it was found that the same fix had been suggested in the printer manual, which mentioned the occurrence of character substitutions in "normal mode", indicating that Xerox was aware of the software error.[45] In Xerox's initial response to a growing interest by the media, the error was described as occurring rarely and only when factory settings had been changed.[46][47] After Kriesel provided evidence that the error was also occurring in all three image quality modes (normal, higher and high) including the factory defaults, Xerox corrected their statement and released a software patch to eliminate the problem.[48][49] Despite the problem being present in some instances also in higher quality mode, Xerox advises users that they can use this mode as an alternative to applying the patch.[50]

Trademark

The word "xerox" is used as a synonym for "photocopy" (both as a noun and a verb) in many areas; for example,"I xeroxed the document and placed it on your desk." or "Please make a xeroxed copy of the articles and hand them out a week before the exam". Though both are common, the company does not condone such uses of its trademark, and is particularly concerned about the ongoing use of Xerox as a verb as this places the trademark in danger of being declared a generic word by the courts. The company is engaged in an ongoing advertising and media campaign to convince the public that Xerox should not be used as a verb.[51][52]

To this end, the company has written to publications that have used Xerox as a verb, and has also purchased print advertisements declaring that "you cannot 'xerox' a document, but you can copy it on a Xerox Brand copying machine". Xerox Corporation continues to protect its trademark in most if not all trademark categories. Despite their efforts, many dictionaries continue to include the use of "xerox" as a verb, including the Oxford English Dictionary. In 2012, the Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB) of India declared "xerox" a non-generic term after "almost 50 years (1963–2009) of continued existence on the register without challenge, and with proof of almost 44 years of use evident (1965-2009)",[53] but as of 2015, most Indians still use it as a synonym for photocopying.[54]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Xerox Services: BPO and Managed Print Services Produce Results". Xerox.
  2. 1 2 "Professional Digital Printing Equipment - Xerox". Xerox.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Annual Report 2014, Financial Highlights". Xerox Corporation.
  4. ↑ "Xerox Annual Report 2014".
  5. ↑ "Online Fact Book: Historical Highlights". www.xerox.com. 2007.
  6. ↑ "Xerox Corporation Details". PCX. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
  7. ↑ The first computer mouse New Launches. October 2, 2007. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
  8. ↑ The Graphical User Interface: A Historic Overview Sensomatic. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
  9. ↑ How Xerox Forfeited the PC War Fool.com September 18, 2000. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
  10. ↑ Online Fact Book: Xerox at a Glance, xerox.com. Article retrieved December 13, 2006.
  11. ↑ "Xerox Hopes Its New Logo Doesn't Say 'Copier'", NYT.com. Article retrieved January 7, 2008.
  12. ↑ Eva Hemmungs Wirten, No Trespassing: Authorship, Intellectual Property Rights, and the Boundaries of Globalization (University of Toronto Press, 2004), p61.
  13. ↑ Xerox 914 Plain Paper Copier at americanhistory.si.edu
  14. 1 2 3 "Gale Directory of Company Histories: Xerox Corporation (from Amswers.com)". Retrieved November 3, 2013.
  15. ↑ "Xerox Appoints Chairman and President," New York Times, December 14, 1971.
  16. ↑ Smith, Gene. "Xerox Planning to Market Color Copier Next Year." New York Times. May 19, 1972.
  17. ↑ Smith, Gene. "Xerox Foresees Profit Record in 1973." New York Times. May 25, 1973; Reckert, Claire M. "Xerox Earnings Set Record." New York Times. July 17, 1974; Reckert, Claire M. "Xerox Earnings Up 5.4% to Record." New York Times. April 16, 1975.
  18. ↑ "Ad Age Encyclopedia of Advertising: Xerox corp.". Advertising Age. September 15, 2003. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
  19. ↑ "Xerox: The Downfall.". Business Week. March 5, 2001. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
  20. ↑ Strauss, Paul R. (September 1983). "Xerox at the Crossroads". Data Communications. Retrieved November 6, 2013.
  21. ↑ Winter, Christine (November 14, 1985). "Bell, Howell Acquires Two Data Firms". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved Sep 10, 2014.
  22. ↑ "America's Best Leaders: Anne Mulcahy, Xerox CEO". Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved November 25, 2008.
  23. ↑ Morris, Betsy (June 2003). "The Accidental CEO". Fortune.
  24. ↑ "Leaders in One-to-One in One, Personalized VDP and Cross Media Communications". XMPie. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
  25. ↑ "Reasons for Selection, 2009 Greater Toronto's Top Employers Competition".
  26. ↑ "Xerox to buy ACS to expand back office services". Reuters. September 28, 2009.
  27. ↑ "Xerox acquires NewField IT to expand managed print services". May 23, 2011.
  28. 1 2 "Xerox confirms transfer of 120 Wilsonville employees to an Indian contractor, HCL Technologies". IT Director.com. May 30, 2011.
  29. ↑ "3D Systems To Acquire a Portion of Xerox’s Oregon Based Solid Ink Engineering and Development Teams". Retrieved January 14, 2014.
  30. 1 2 Patnaik, Subrat; Baker, Liana B. (18 December 2014). "Xerox to sell IT outsourcing arm to France's Atos for $1.05 billion". Reuters.
  31. ↑ de la Merced, Michael J.; Picker, Leslie (January 29, 2016). "Xerox, in Deal With Carl Icahn, to Split Company in Two". The New York Times. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
  32. ↑ Vullo, Christina. "Flashback Friday: The Xerox 1200 Computer Printing System". Xerox Blogs. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
  33. ↑ http://simson.net/ref/Xerox/1987.Xerox.FactBook.odd.pdf|title=Xerox 1987 Fact Book
  34. ↑ "Digital Printing Press for Commercial Printers : Xerox".
  35. ↑ "Xerox looks to up stake in Indian arm to 100%". The Economic Times. March 2005.
  36. ↑ "Xerox 2000 Financial Statement Audit Complete; 'After Rigorous Reviews of Xerox's Accounting, No Fictitious Transactions Were Found and the Company's Liquidity is Not Impacted.'".
  37. ↑ "Xerox agrees to pay fine to SEC, restate results".
  38. ↑ "SEC v. Xerox Corporation". SEC. 2002.
  39. ↑ "Xerox Reports Adjustment in Non-Cash Interest Expense".
  40. ↑ "Xerox Corp receives approval to settle securities lawsuit". Mar 2008. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
  41. ↑ "Complaint: KPMG LLP et al.". SEC. 2003.
  42. ↑ "SEC fines Xerox's ex-auditor". Democrat and Chronicle. April 2005.
  43. ↑ "KPMG and Xerox Settle Securities Lawsuit". Mar 2008. Retrieved July 24, 2013.
  44. ↑ "Xerox scanners/photocopiers randomly alter numbers in scanned documents". Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  45. ↑ "Possible workaround for character substitutions in xerox machines". Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  46. ↑ Coy, Peter. "Some Xerox Scanners Can Alter Documents by Accident". Businessweek.com. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  47. ↑ "Xerox scanners alter numbers in scanned documents". ZDNet. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  48. ↑ Williams, Martyn (August 13, 2013). "Impact of Xerox character-substitution bug wider than thought". PCWorld. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  49. ↑ "BBC News - Xerox to update scan software after switched number outcry". BBC News. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  50. ↑ http://www.xerox.com/assets/pdf/ScanningQAincludingAppendixA.pdf
  51. ↑ Stim, Richard (2006). Patent, Copyright & Trademark. Nolo. p. 388. ISBN 1-4133-0196-7.
  52. ↑ "Online Fact Book: Overview". Retrieved July 2, 2007.
  53. ↑ R. Sivaraman. "Appellate Board upholds trademark status of Xerox". The Hindu.
  54. ↑ "Maggi returns". The Indian Express. 11 November 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2015.

References

External links

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