Yazidis

"Yezidi" redirects here. For other uses, see Yazid (disambiguation).
Yazidis
Êzidî

Yezidis on the mountain of Sinjar, Iraqi-Syrian border, 1920s.
Total population
800,000-1,500,000[1][2][3]
Regions with significant populations
 Iraq 650,000[4]
 Germany 100,000–120,000[5][6][7]
 Syria 70,000[8][9]
 Russia 40,586[10]
 Armenia 35,272 (2011 census)[11]
 Georgia 18,329[12]
 Netherlands 10,000
 Sweden 7,000[7]
Religions
Yazdânism
Languages
Yazdânism
Type Syncretic
Classification Ethnoreligious group
Mir Tahseen Said
Baba Sheikh Khurto Hajji Ismail
Headquarters Ain Sifni
Temples Lalish
Chermera
Other name(s) Êzidî, Yazdani
An unofficial flag used by some Yazidis

The Yazidis (also Yezidis, Êzidî; i/jəˈziːdiːz/ yə-ZEE-dees) are an ethnically Kurdish[18] religious community[19] or an ethno-religious group[20] indigenous to northern Mesopotamia. Yazidism is an ancient religion[21] that is strictly endogamous.[22][23] Yazidism is not linked to Zoroastrianism[24][25][26] but rather to ancient Mesopotamian religions. Even though they are ethnically Kurdish, Yazidis are a distinct and independent religious community with their own unique culture.[27][28][29] They live primarily in the Nineveh Province of Iraq. Additional communities in Armenia, Georgia, Turkey, Iran, and Syria exist as well. The number of Yazidis in their native lands have been in decline since the 1990s as a result of significant migration to Europe, especially to Germany.[30]

The Yazidis are monotheists,[31] believing in God as creator of the world, which he has placed under the care of seven holy beings or angels, the chief of whom is Melek Taus, the Peacock Angel. The Peacock Angel, as world-ruler, causes both good and bad to befall individuals, and this ambivalent character is reflected in myths of his own temporary fall from God's favour, before his remorseful tears extinguished the fires of his hellish prison and he was reconciled with God.

This belief builds on Sufi mystical reflections on Iblis, who refused to prostrate to Adam despite God's express command to do so.[32] Because of this connection to the Sufi Iblis tradition, some followers of other monotheistic religions of the region equate the Peacock Angel with their own unredeemed evil spirit Satan,[33][34][35][36] which has incited centuries of persecution of the Yazidis as "devil worshippers". Persecution of Yazidis has continued in their home communities within the borders of modern Iraq, under fundamentalist Sunni Muslim revolutionaries.[37]

Starting in August 2014, the Yazidis were targeted by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in its campaign to "purify" Iraq and neighbouring countries of non-Islamic influences.[38]

Demographics

Yazidi leaders and Chaldean clergymen meeting in Mesopotamia, 19th century.

Historically, the Yazidis lived primarily in communities in locales that are in present-day Iraq, Turkey, and Syria, and also had significant numbers in Armenia, Georgia and Iran. However, events since the 20th century have resulted in considerable demographic shift in these areas as well as mass emigration.[7] As a result, population estimates are unclear in many regions, and estimates of the size of the total population vary.[1]

The bulk of the Yazidi population lives in Iraq, where they make up an important minority community.[1] Estimates of the size of these communities vary significantly, between 70,000 and 500,000. They are particularly concentrated in northern Iraq in the Nineveh Province. The two biggest communities are in Shekhan, northeast of Mosul, and in Sinjar, at the Syrian border 80 kilometres (50 mi) west of Mosul. In Shekhan is the shrine of Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir at Lalish. During the 20th century, the Shekhan community struggled for dominance with the more conservative Sinjar community.[1] The demographic profile has probably changed considerably since the beginning of the Iraq War in 2003 and the fall of Saddam Hussein's regime.[1]

Yazidis in Syria live primarily in two communities, one in the Al-Jazira area and the other in the Kurd-Dagh.[1] Population numbers for the Syrian Yazidi community are unclear. In 1963, the community was estimated at about 10,000, according to the national census, but numbers for 1987 were unavailable.[39] There may be between about 12,000 and 15,000 Yazidis in Syria today,[1][40] though more than half of the community may have emigrated from Syria since the 1980s.[7] Estimates are further complicated by the arrival of as many as 50,000 Yazidi refugees from Iraq during the Iraq War.[7]

Yazidi men

The Turkish Yazidi community declined precipitously during the 20th century. By 1982, it had decreased to about 30,000, and, in 2009, there were fewer than 500. Most Turkish Yazidis have immigrated to Europe, particularly Germany; those who remain reside primarily in their former heartland of Tur Abdin.[1] Population estimates for the communities in Georgia and Armenia vary, but they too have declined severely. In Georgia, the community fell from around 30,000 people to fewer than 5,000 during the 1990s.[7] The numbers in Armenia may have been somewhat more stable; there may be around 40,000 Yazidis still in Armenia.[41] Most Georgian and Armenian Yazidis have relocated to Russia,[7] which recorded a population of 31,273 Yazidis in the 2002 census.[10]

This mass emigration has resulted in the establishment of large Yazidi diaspora communities abroad. The most significant of these is in Germany, which now has a Yazidi community of more than 100,000 Yazidis living primarily in Celle, Bremen, Bad Oeynhausen, and Oldenburg.[30] Most are from Turkey and, more recently, Iraq and live in the western states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony.[1] Since 2008, Sweden has seen sizeable growth in its Yazidi emigrant community, which had grown to around 4,000 by 2010,[7] and a smaller community exists in the Netherlands.[1] Other Yazidi diaspora groups live in Belgium, Denmark, France, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, and Australia; these have a total population of probably less than 5,000.[1]

Yazidi men in Mardin, Turkey, late 19th century.

In August 2007, some 500 Yazidis were killed in a coordinated series of bombings in Qahtaniya that became the deadliest suicide attack since the Iraq War began. In August 2009, at least 20 people were killed and 30 wounded in a double suicide bombing in northern Iraq, an Iraqi Interior Ministry official said. Two suicide bombers with explosive vests carried out the attack at a cafe in Sinjar, west of Mosul. In Sinjar, many townspeople are members of the Yazidi minority.[42]

The Salafist militant group the so-called "Islamic State", which considers the Yazidis devil-worshippers, captured Sinjar in August 2014 following the withdrawal of Peshmerga troops, forcing up to 50,000 Yazidis to flee into the nearby mountainous region.[43] Threatened with death at the hands of militants, they faced starvation in the mountains, and their plight received international media coverage,[44] leading American President Barack Obama to authorize humanitarian air drops of food and water onto Sinjar Mountain and US airstrikes against militants in support of the beleaguered religious minority. American humanitarian assistance began on 7 August 2014,[45] with Royal Air Force subsequently contributing to the relief effort.[46] At an emergency meeting in London, Australian prime minister Tony Abbott also pledged humanitarian support,[47] while European nations resolved to join the US in helping to arm Peshmerga fighters aiding the Yazidis with more advanced weaponry.[48] Although Kurdish troops managed to rescue several thousand Yazidi refugees via a humanitarian corridor,[49] helping them cross the Tigris into Syria, one relief worker in the evacuation operation described the conditions on Mount Sinjar as "a genocide", having witnessed hundreds of corpses.[50]

Origins

The Yazidi people speak Kurmanji Kurdish[19] and adhere to the religion Yazidism (see Yazdânism), a religion rooted in Iranian religions blended with elements of pre-Islamic Mesopotamian religious traditions.

Although they speak mostly Kurdish, their ethnicity is obscure.[51][52][53][54][55] Commentators identify the Yazidis as predominantly Kurds[56] but according to some sources, they tend to regard themselves as distinct from Kurds.[57][58] Many Yazidis say that Kurds are originally Yazidi who shifted culturally after they adopted Islam.

The United Nations recognizes the Yazidis as a distinct ethnic group.[59] A report from Human Rights Watch (HRW), in 2009, declares that to incorporate disputed territories in northern Iraq-particularly the Nineveh province- into the Kurdish region, KRG and Kurdish authorities have embarked on a two-pronged strategy of inducement and repression. The HRW report also criticizes heavy-handed tactics. According to report: "The goal of these tactics is to push Shabak and Yazidi communities to identify as ethnic Kurds. The Kurdish authorities are working hard to impose Kurdish identity on two of the most vulnerable minorities in Iraq, the Yazidis and the Shabaks".[60] Their principal holy site is in Lalish, northeast of Mosul. The Yazidis' own name for themselves is Êzidî or Êzîdî or, in some areas, Dasinî (the latter, strictly speaking, is a tribal name). Some scholars have derived the name Yazidi from Old Iranian yazata (divine being), and some Yazidis themselves believe that their name is derived from the word Yezdan or Êzid "God", though the current consensus among Western academics support the widespread idea that it is a derivation from Umayyad Caliph Yazid I (Yazid bin Muawiyah), who is revered as Sultan Ezi.[61] The Yazidis' cultural practices are observed in Kurdish, and all speak Kurdish language. Kurdish language is the language of almost all the orally transmitted religious traditions of the Yazidis.

The religion of the Yazidis, Yazidism, is a kind of Yazdânism and has many influences: Sufi influence and imagery can be seen in the religious vocabulary, especially in the terminology of the Yazidis' esoteric literature, but much of the theology is non-Islamic. Their cosmogonies apparently have many points in common with those of ancient Persian religions. Early writers attempted to describe Yazidi origins, broadly speaking, in terms of Islam, or Persian, or sometimes even "pagan" religions; however, research published since the 1990s has shown such an approach to be simplistic.[1]

Yazidi man in traditional clothes.

The origin of Yazidism is now usually seen by scholars as a complex process of syncretism, whereby the belief system and practices of a local faith had a profound influence on the religiosity of adherents of the 'Adawiyya Sufi order living in the Yezidi mountains, and caused it to deviate from Islamic norms relatively soon after the death of its founder, Shaykh 'Adī ibn Musafir, who is said to be of Umayyad descent. He settled in the valley of Laliş (some 36 miles north-east of Mosul) in the early 12th century. Şêx Adî himself, a figure of undoubted orthodoxy, enjoyed widespread influence. He died in 1162, and his tomb at Laliş is a focal point of Yazidi pilgrimage.[62]

According to the Yezidi calendar, April 2012 marked the beginning of their year 6,762 (thereby year 1 would have been in 4,750 BC in the Gregorian calendar).[63]

During the 14th century, important Yezidi tribes whose sphere of influence stretched well into what is now Turkey (including, for a period, the rulers of the principality of Jazira) are cited in historical sources as Yazidi. According to Moḥammed Aš-Šahrastani, "The Yezidis are the followers of Yezîd bn Unaisa, who [said that he] kept friendship with the first Muhakkama before the Azariḳa".[64] "It is clear, then, that Aš-Šahrastani finds the religious origin of this interesting people in the person of Yezîd bn Unaisa. ... We are to understand, therefore, that to the knowledge of the writer, bn Unaisa is the founder of the Yezidi sect, which took its name from him."[65] "Now, the first Muhakkamah is an appellative applied to the Muslim schismatics called Al-Ḫawarij. ... According to this it might be inferred that the Yezidis were originally a Ḫarijite sub-sect."[66] "Yezid moreover, is said to have been in sympathy with Al-Abaḍiyah, a sect founded by 'Abd-Allah Ibn Ibaḍ."[66]

Religious beliefs

Main article: Yazdânism

Yazidis are monotheists,[31] believing in one God, who created the world and entrusted it into the care of a Heptad of seven Holy Beings, often known as Angels or heft sirr (the Seven Mysteries). Preeminent among these is Tawûsê Melek (frequently known as "Melek Taus" in English publications), the Peacock Angel.[67][68]

The Kitêba Cilwe "Book of Illumination", which claims to be the words of Tawûsê Melek, and which presumably represents Yazidi belief, states that he allocates responsibilities, blessings and misfortunes as he sees fit and that it is not for the race of Adam to question him. Sheikh Adî believed that the spirit of Tawûsê Melek was the same as his own, perhaps as a reincarnation. He is reported to have said:

I was present when Adam was living in Paradise, and also when Nemrud threw Abraham in fire. I was present when God said to me: 'You are the ruler and Lord on the Earth'. God, the compassionate, gave me seven earths and throne of the heaven.

Yazidi accounts of creation differ from that of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. They believe that God first created Tawûsê Melek from his own (God's) illumination (Ronahî) and the other six archangels were created later. God ordered Tawûsê Melek not to bow to other beings. Then God created the other archangels and ordered them to bring him dust (Ax) from the Earth (Erd) and build the body of Adam. Then, God gave life to Adam from his own breath and instructed all archangels to bow to Adam. The archangels obeyed except for Tawûsê Melek. In answer to God, Tawûsê Melek replied, "How can I submit to another being! I am from your illumination while Adam is made of dust." Then, God praised him and made him the leader of all angels and his deputy on the Earth. (This probably furthers what some see as a connection to the Islamic Shaytan, as according to the Quran, he too refused to bow to Adam at God's command, though in this case it is seen as being a sign of Shaytan's sinful pride.) Hence, the Yazidis believe that Tawûsê Melek is the representative of God on the face of the Earth and comes down to the Earth on the first Wednesday of Nisan (April). Yazidis hold that God created Tawûsê Melek on this day, and celebrate it as New Year's Day. Yazidis argue that the order to bow to Adam was only a test for Tawûsê Melek, since if God commands anything then it must happen. (Bibe, dibe). In other words, God could have made him submit to Adam, but gave Tawûsê Melek the choice as a test. They believe that their respect and praise for Tawûsê Melek is a way to acknowledge his majestic and sublime nature. This idea is called "Knowledge of the Sublime" (Zanista Ciwaniyê). Şêx Adî has observed the story of Tawûsê Melek and believed in him.[69]

One of the key creation beliefs held by Yazidis is that they are the descendants of Adam through his son Shehid bin Jer rather than Eve.[70]

The Yazidi holy books are claimed to be the Kitêba Cilwe (Book of Revelation) and the Mishefa Reş (Black Book). However, scholars generally agree that the manuscripts of both books published in 1911 and 1913 were forgeries written by non-Yazidis in response to Western travellers' and scholars' interest in the Yazidi religion; the material in them is consistent with authentic Yazidi traditions, however.[61] True texts of those names may have existed, but remain obscure. The real core texts of the religion that exist today are the hymns known as qawls; they have also been orally transmitted during most of their history, but are now being collected with the assent of the community, effectively transforming Yazidism into a scriptural religion.[61] The qawls are full of cryptic allusions and usually need to be accompanied by čirōks or 'stories' that explain their context.[61]

A belief in the reincarnation of lesser Yazidi souls also exists. Like the Ahl-e Haqq, the Yazidis use the metaphor of a change of garment to describe the process, which they call kiras guhorîn in Kurmanji (changing the garment). Spiritual purification of the soul can be attained via continual reincarnation within the faith group, but it can also be halted by means of expulsion from the Yazidi community; this is the worst possible fate, since the soul's spiritual progress halts and conversion back into the faith is impossible.[29] Alongside this notion of continuous rebirth, Yazidi theology also includes descriptions of heaven and hell, with hell extinguished, and other traditions incorporating these ideas into a belief system that includes reincarnation.[70]

Tawûsê Melek is often identified by Muslims and Christians with Shaitan (Satan). Yazidis, however, believe Tawûsê Melek is not a source of evil or wickedness. They consider him to be the leader of the archangels, not a fallen angel.[33][34]

"The Yazidis of Kurdistan have been called many things, most notoriously 'devil-worshippers,' a term used both by unsympathetic neighbours and fascinated Westerners. This sensational epithet is not only deeply offensive to the Yazidis themselves, but quite simply wrong."[71] Non-Yazidis have associated Melek Taus with Shaitan (Islamic/Arab name) or Satan, but Yazidis find that offensive and do not actually mention that name.[71]

According to claims in Encyclopedia of the Orient,

The reason for the Yazidis' reputation of being devil worshipers is connected to the other name of Melek Taus, Shaytan, the same name the Koran has for Satan.[70]

Organization

Yazidi society is hierarchical. The secular leader is a hereditary emir or prince, whereas a chief sheikh heads the religious hierarchy. The Yazidis are strictly endogamous; members of the three Yazidi castes, the murids, sheikhs and pirs, marry only within their group, marriage outside the caste is considered a sin punishable by death to restore lost honour.[28] The current hereditary emir of the world's Yazidi is Prince Tahseen Said.[72]

The current religious leader of the Yazidis, the Baba Sheikh, is Khurto Hajji Ismail.[73]

Religious practices

Prayers

Temple entry at Lalish

Yazidis have five daily prayers:[74]

Nivêja berîspêdê (the Dawn Prayer), Nivêja rojhilatinê (the Sunrise Prayer), Nivêja nîvro (the Noon Prayer), Nivêja êvarî (the Afternoon Prayer), Nivêja rojavabûnê (the Sunset Prayer). However, most Yezidis observe only two of these, the sunrise and sunset prayers.

Worshipers should turn their face toward the sun, and for the noon prayer, they should face toward Laliş. Such prayer should be accompanied by certain gestures, including kissing the rounded neck (gerîvan) of the sacred shirt (kiras). The daily prayer services must not be performed in the presence of outsiders, and are always performed in the direction of the sun. Wednesday is the holy day, but Saturday is the day of rest.[74][75] There is also a three-day fast in December.[70][74]

Festivals

The Yazidi New Year falls in Spring, on the first Wednesday of April (somewhat later than the Equinox). There is some lamentation by women in the cemeteries, to the accompaniment of the music of the Qewals, but the festival is generally characterized by joyous events: the music of dehol (drum) and zorna (shawm), communal dancing and meals, the decorating of eggs.

Similarly, the village Tawaf, a festival held in the spring in honour of the patron of the local shrine, has secular music, dance and meals in addition to the performance of sacred music. Another important festival is the Tawûsgeran (circulation of the peacock) where Qewals and other religious dignitaries visit Yazidi villages, bringing the senjaq, sacred images of a peacock made from brass symbolizing Tawûsê Melek. These are venerated, taxes are collected from the pious, sermons are preached and holy water distributed.

The greatest festival of the year for ordinary Yazidis is the Cejna Cemaiya "Feast of the Assembly" at Laliş, a seven-day occasion. A focus of widespread pilgrimage, this is an important time for social contact and affirmation of identity.[76]

The religious centre of the event is the belief in an annual gathering of the Heptad in the holy place at this time. Rituals practised include the sacrifice of a bull at the shrine of Şêx Shams and the practice of sema.

Pilgrimage

Tomb of Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir (Şêx Adî) in Laliş

The most important ritual is the annual seven-day pilgrimage to the tomb of Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir (Şêx Adî) in Laliş, north of Mosul, Iraq.[74][77]

A sacred microcosm of the world, as it were, it contains not only many shrines dedicated to the koasasa, but a number of other landmarks corresponding to other sites or symbols of significance in other faiths, including Pirra selat "Serat Bridge" and a mountain called Mt. Arafat. The two sacred springs are called Zamzam and Kaniya Sipî "The White Spring". If possible, Yazidis make at least one pilgrimage to Laliş during their lifetime, and those living in the region try to attend at least once a year for the autumn Feast of the Assembly which is celebrated from 23 Aylūl (September) to 1 Tashrīn (October). During the celebration, Yazidis bathe in the river, wash figures of Tawûsê Melek and light hundreds of lamps in the tombs of Şêx Adî and other saints. They sacrifice an ox, which is one reason they have been connected to Mithraism, in addition to the presence of the dog and serpent in their iconography. The sacrifice of the ox is meant to declare the arrival of fall and to ask for precipitation during winter to bring back life to the Earth in the next spring. Moreover, in astrology, the ox is the symbol of Tashrīn.

Purity and taboos

The Yazidis' concern with religious purity, and their reluctance to mix elements perceived to be incompatible, is shown in not only their caste system, but also various taboos affecting everyday life. Some of these, such as those on insulting or offending men of religion or exogamy are both widely respected and severely enforced, such as the 2007 incident of the stoning of Du'a Khalil Aswad, suspected of both exogamy and conversion — which made world headlines.[78]

The purity of Earth, Air, Fire, and Water is protected by a number of taboos, e.g. against spitting on earth, water or fire. Some discourage spitting or pouring hot water on the ground because they believe that spirits or souls that may be present would be harmed or offended by such actions if they happen to be hit by the discarded liquid.

Too much contact with non-Yazidis is also considered polluting. In the past, Yazidis avoided military service which would have led them to live among Muslims, and were forbidden to share such items as cups or razors with outsiders. A resemblance to the external ear may lie behind the taboo against eating head lettuce, whose name koas resembles Yazidi pronunciations of koasasa. Additionally, lettuce grown near Mosul is thought by some Yazidis to be fertilized with human waste, which may contribute to the idea that it is unsuitable for consumption. However, in a BBC interview in April 2010, a senior Yazidi authority stated that ordinary Yazidis may eat what they want, but holy men refrain from certain vegetables (including cabbage) because "they cause gases".[79]

Customs

Children are baptized at birth and circumcision is common but not required. Dead are buried in conical tombs immediately after death and buried with hands crossed. Yazidis are dominantly monogamous but chiefs may be polygamous, having more than one wife. Yazidis are exclusively endogamous; clans do not intermarry even with other Kurds and accept no converts. They claim descent only from Adam and not from Eve. A severe punishment is expulsion, which is also effectively excommunication as the soul of the exiled is forfeit.

In 2007, an incidence of honor killing — the stoning of Du'a Khalil Aswad — made world headlines.[78]

The Chermera or "40 Men" Temple on the highest peak of the Sinjar Mountains in northern Iraq. The temple is so old that no one remembers how it came to have that name, but it is believed to derive from the burial of 40 men on the mountaintop site.[80]

Folklore

The tale of the Yazidis' origin found in the Black Book gives them a distinctive ancestry and expresses their feeling of difference from other races. Before the roles of the sexes were determined, Adam and Eve quarrelled about which of them provided the creative element in the begetting of children. Each stored their seed in a jar which was then sealed. When Eve's was opened it was full of insects and other unpleasant creatures, but inside Adam's jar was a beautiful boychild. This lovely child, known as son of Jar grew up to marry a houri and became the ancestor of the Yazidis. Therefore, the Yazidis regard themselves as descending from Adam alone, while other humans are descendants of both Adam and Eve.[81]

In other cultures

Under the Ottoman Empire

A large Yazidi community existed in Syria, but they declined due to persecution by the Ottoman Empire.[82][83] Several punitive expeditions were organized against the Yazidis by the Ottoman governors (Wāli) of Diyarbakir, Mosul and Baghdad. The objective of these persecutions was the forced conversion of Yazidis to the Sunni Hanafi Islam of the Ottoman Empire.[84]

Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:

In Europe

Feleknas Uca, a Yazidi Member of the European Parliament for Germany's Party of Democratic Socialism, was the world's only Yazidi parliamentarian until the Iraqi legislature was elected in 2005. European Yazidis have contributed to the academic community, such as Khalil Rashow in Germany and Jalile Jalil in Austria.

In May 2012, five members of a Yazidi family living in Detmold, Germany, were convicted for having murdered their sister in a so-called "honor killing" and sentenced to terms ranging from five-and-a-half years to life in prison. The victim was 18-year-old Arzu Özmen (also spelled Ozmen outside Germany), who fell in love with a German journeyman baker and ran away from her family, violating the exogamy taboo. In November 2011, her siblings abducted her and brother Osman killed her with two shots in the head.[85]

In Georgia

Main article: Yazidis in Georgia

The Yazidi population in Georgia has been dwindling since the 1990s, mostly due to economic migration to Russia and the West. According to a census carried out in 1989, there were over 30,000 Yazidis in Georgia; according to the 2002 census, however, only around 18,000 Yazidis remained in Georgia. Today they number around 6,000 by some estimates, including recent refugees from Sinjar in Iraq, who fled to Georgia following persecution by ISIL.[86]

On 16 June 2015, Yazidis celebrated the opening of a temple and a cultural centre named after Sultan Ezid in Varketili, a suburb of Tbilisi. This is the third such temple in the world after those in Iraqi Kurdistan and Armenia.[86]

In Western theological references

As the Yazidis hold religious beliefs that are mostly unfamiliar to outsiders, many non-Yazidi people have written about them and ascribed to their beliefs facts that have dubious historical validity. The Yazidis, perhaps because of their secrecy, also have a place in modern occultism. George Gurdjieff wrote about his encounters with the Yazidis several times in his book Meetings with Remarkable Men, mentioning that they are considered to be "devil worshippers" by other ethnicities in the region. Also, in Peter Ouspensky's book "In Search of the Miraculous", he describes some strange customs that Gurdjieff observed in Yezidi boys: "He told me, among other things, that when he was a child he had often observed how Yezidi boys were unable to step out of a circle traced round them on the ground" (p. 36)

The Theosophical Society, in its electronic version of the Encyclopedic Theosophical Glossary states:

Yezidis (Arabic) [possibly from Persian yazdan god; or the 2nd Umayyad Caliph, Yazid (r. 680–683); or Persian city Yezd] A sect dwelling principally in Iraq, Armenia, and the Caucasus, who call themselves Dasni. Their religious beliefs take on the characteristics of their surrounding peoples, inasmuch as, openly or publicly, they regard Mohammed as a prophet, and Jesus Christ as an angel in human form. Points of resemblance are found with ancient Zoroastrian and Assyrian religion. The principal feature of their worship, however, is Satan under the name of Muluk-Taus. However, it is not the Christian Satan, nor the devil in any form; their Muluk-Taus is the hundred- or thousand-eyed cosmic wisdom, pictured as a bird (the peacock).[87]

Idries Shah, writing under the pen-name Arkon Daraul, in the 1961 book Secret Societies Yesterday and Today, describes discovering a Yazidi-influenced secret society in the London suburbs called the "Order of the Peacock Angel". Shah claimed Tawûsê Melek could be understood, from the Sufi viewpoint, as an allegory of the higher powers in humanity.[88]

In Western literature

Image from A journey from London to Persepolis, 1865

In William Seabrook's book Adventures in Arabia, the fourth section, starting with Chapter 14, is devoted to the "Yezidees", and is titled "Among the Yezidees". He describes them as "a mysterious sect scattered throughout the Orient, strongest in North Arabia, feared and hated both by Moslem and Christian, because they are worshipers of Satan." In the three chapters of the book, he completely describes the area, including the fact that this territory, including their holiest city of Sheik-Adi, was not part of "Irak".[89]

In H.P. Lovecraft's story "The Horror at Red Hook", some of the murderous foreigners are identified as belonging to "the Yezidi clan of devil-worshippers".[90]

In Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey-Maturin series novel The Letter of Marque, set during the Napoleonic wars, there is a Yazidi character named Adi. His ethnicity is referred to as "Dasni".

In her memoir of her service with an intelligence unit of the US Army's 101st Airborne Division in Iraq during 2003 and 2004, Kayla Williams (2005) records being stationed in northern Iraq near the Syrian border in an area inhabited by "Yezidis". The Yezidis were Kurdish-speaking, but did not consider themselves Kurds, and expressed to Williams a fondness for America and Israel. She was able to learn only a little about the nature of their religion: she thought it very ancient, and concerned with angels. She describes a mountain-top Yezidi shrine as "a small rock building with objects dangling from the ceiling", and alcoves for the placement of offerings. She reported that local Muslims considered the Yezidis to be devil worshippers.

In an October 2006 article in The New Republic, Lawrence F. Kaplan echoes Williams's sentiments about the enthusiasm of the Yazidis for the American occupation of Iraq, in part because the Americans protect them from oppression by militant Muslims and the nearby Kurds. Kaplan notes that the peace and calm of Sinjar is virtually unique in Iraq: "Parents and children line the streets when U.S. patrols pass by, while Yazidi clerics pray for the welfare of U.S. forces."[91]

A fictional Yazidi character of note is the super-powered police officer King Peacock of the Top 10 series (and related comics).[92] He is portrayed as a kind, peaceful character with a broad knowledge of religion and mythology. He is depicted as conservative, ethical, and highly principled in family life. An incredibly powerful martial artist, he is able to perceive and strike at his opponent's weakest spots, a power that he claims is derived from communicating with Malek Ta'us.

The Yazidis play a significant role in the thriller Genesis Secret, by Tom Knox, which was an international best-seller in 2006, published in 23 languages. In the book, the Yazidis are portrayed as ancient guardians of the megalithic site, Gobekli Tepe, in Kurdish Turkey.

Tony Lagouranis comments on a Yazidi prisoner in his book Fear Up Harsh: An Army Interrogator's Dark Journey through Iraq:

There's a lot of mystery surrounding the Yazidi, and a lot of contradictory information. But I was drawn to this aspect of their beliefs: Yazidi don't have a Satan. Malak Ta'us, an archangel, God's favorite, was not thrown out of heaven the way Satan was. Instead, he descended, saw the suffering and pain of the world, and cried. His tears, thousands of years' worth, fell on the fires of hell, extinguishing them. If there is evil in the world, it does not come from a fallen angel or from the fires of hell. The evil in this world is man-made. Nevertheless, humans can, like Malak Ta'us, live in this world but still be good.[93]

Persecution by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)

Main articles: Sinjar massacre and Yazidi genocide

In 2014, with the territorial gains of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) there was much upheaval in the Iraqi Yazidi population. In early August the town of Sinjar was nearly deserted as Kurdish Peshmerga forces were no longer able to keep ISIL forces from advancing. ISIL had previously declared the Yazidis to be devil worshippers and had taken the two nearby small oil fields and the town of Zumar as part of a plan to try to seize Mosul's hydroelectric dam.[94]

In Sinjar, ISIL destroyed a Shiite shrine and demanded that the remaining population convert to their version of Islam, pay jizya (a religious tax) or be executed. Up to 200,000 people (including an estimated 40,000 Yazidi[95]) fled the city before it was captured by ISIL forces, giving rise to fears of a humanitarian tragedy.[94] Alongside the local Yazidis fleeing Sinjar were Yazidis (and Shiites) who fled to the city a month earlier when ISIL captured the town of Tal Afar.[94][96]

Yazidi boy in Iraqi Kurdistan, August 2014

Most of the population fleeing Sinjar retreated by trekking up nearby mountains with the ultimate goal of reaching Dohuk in Iraqi Kurdistan (normally a five-hour drive by car). Concerns for elderly and those of fragile health were expressed by the refugees, who told reporters of their lack of water. Reports coming from Sinjar stated that sick or elderly Yazidi who could not make the trek were being executed by ISIL. Yazidi parliamentarian Haji Ghandour told reporters that "In our history, we have suffered 72 massacres. We are worried Sinjar could be a 73rd."[94] UN groups say at least 40,000 members of the Yazidi sect, many of them women and children, have taken refuge in nine locations on Mount Sinjar, a craggy, mile-high ridge identified in local legend as the final resting place of Noah's ark, facing slaughter at the hands of jihadists surrounding them below if they flee, or death by dehydration if they stay.[97] United States President Barack Obama has authorised "targeted airstrikes" against Islamic militants to protect American military personnel and airdrops of meals and water to thousands of Yazidi and Christian religious minorities trapped on the mountaintop in northwest Iraq.[98] Between 20,000 and 30,000 Yazidis, most of them women and children, besieged by ISIL, escaped from the mountain after US air strikes. The Yazidi minority surrounded by Islamist militants on Mount Sinjar were escorted back to Iraqi Kurdistan by Peshmerga forces after fleeing via Syria, Kurdish officials have said.[99][100] PKK and YPG fighters with Peshmergas helped tens of thousands trapped Yazidis to escape from the mountain.[100][101][102] Yazidi girls in Iraq allegedly raped by ISIL fighters have committed suicide by jumping to their death from Mount Sinjar, as described in a witness statement.[103]

Captured women are treated as sex slaves or spoils of war; some are driven to suicide. Women and girls who convert to Islam are sold as brides; those who refuse to convert are tortured, raped, and eventually murdered. Babies born in the prison where the women are held are taken from their mothers to an unknown fate.[104][105]

The Purpose of life is to thrive and save lives with passion. Save Yazidis today with love and compassion!

“
”

Dr. Widad Akrawi lobbying for Yazidis, fall 2014[106][107][108][109]

Haleh Esfandiari from the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars has highlighted the abuse of local women by ISIL militants after they have captured an area. "They usually take the older women to a makeshift slave market and try to sell them. The younger girls ... are raped or married off to fighters", she said, adding, "It's based on temporary marriages, and once these fighters have had sex with these young girls, they just pass them on to other fighters."[110] Speaking of Yazidi women captured by ISIL, Nazand Begikhani said "[t]hese women have been treated like cattle... They have been subjected to physical and sexual violence, including systematic rape and sex slavery. They've been exposed in markets in Mosul and in Raqqa, Syria, carrying price tags."[111] Dr. Widad Akrawi said that ISIL uses slavery and rape as weapons of war.[112]

Defend International reached out to Yazidi refugees in Iraqi Kurdistan, providing humanitarian aid in December 2014

In September 2014, Defend International launched a worldwide campaign entitled "Save The Yazidis: The World Has To Act Now" to raise awareness about the tragedy of the Yazidis in Sinjar and to co-ordinate activities related to intensifying efforts aimed at rescuing Yazidi and Christian women and girls captured by ISIL.[113] In August 2014, Yazda was formed in the USA, northern Iraq and north eastern Syria to provide support for the affected communities.[114] In October 2014 the United Nations reported that more than 5,000 Yazidis had been murdered and 5,000 to 7,000 (mostly women and children) had been abducted by the ISIL.[115][116] In the same month, President of Defend International dedicated her 2014 International Pfeffer Peace Award to the Yazidis.[117][118][119][120][121][122] She asked the international community to make sure that the victims are not forgotten; they should be rescued, protected, fully assisted and compensated fairly.[113]

ISIS has, in their digital magazine Dabiq, explicitly claimed religious justification for enslaving Yazidi women.[123][124][125][126][127] According to The Wall Street Journal, ISIL appeals to apocalyptic beliefs and claims "justification by a Hadith that they interpret as portraying the revival of slavery as a precursor to the end of the world".[128] A pamphlet has surfaced purporting to be from IS and stating their interpretation of Islam that sex slavery is for them permissible. Mainstream Islam disagrees. In December 2014, Amnesty International published a report.[129][130] Despite the oppression Yazidis' women have sustained, they have appeared on the news as examples of retaliation. They have received training, and taken positions at the frontlines of the fighting, making up about a third of the Kurd-Yazidi coalition forces, and have distinguished themselves as warriors.[131][132]

Ethnicity

In Armenia, the Yazidis are recognized as a distinct ethnic group and generally do not consider themselves to be Kurdish.[133][134] The United Nations also recognized the Yazidis as a distinct ethnic group.[135] And according to the Human Rights Watch in 2009, the Yazidis are currently undergoing a process of Kurdification.[136][137]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Allison, Christine (2004-02-20). "Yazidis i: General". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 20 August 2010. There are probably some 200,000-300,000 Yazidis worldwide.
  2. ↑ "Yezidi". Adherents.com. Retrieved 2008-03-31. Cites estimates between 100,000 and 700,000.
  3. ↑ "Deadly Iraq sect attacks kill 200". BBC News. 2007-08-15. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
  4. ↑ Iraq Yezidis: A Religious and Ethnic Minority Group Faces Repression and Assimilation, aina.org, 25 September 2005.
  5. ↑ Jakob, Christian. "Jesiden in Deutschland: Das Trauma der Vorfahren". die Tageszeitung. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
  6. ↑ Hür, Kemal. "Die Religion der Yeziden". Deutschlandradio Kultur. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Megalommatis, Muhammad Shamsaddin (28 February 2010). "Dispersion of the Yazidi Nation in Syria, Turkey, Armenia, Georgia and Europe: Call for UN Action". American Chronicle. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  8. ↑ "Yazidi in Syria Between acceptance and marginalization" (PDF). KurdWatch. kurdwatch.org. p. 4. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
  9. ↑ Andrea Glioti (18 October 2013). "Yazidis Benefit From Kurdish Gains in Northeast Syria". al-monitor. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
  10. 1 2 "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 г. Национальный состав населения Российской Федерации". Demoscope. Demoscope.ru. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
  11. ↑ "2011 Armenian census" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-08-18.
  12. ↑ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Georgia_Census_2002-_Ethnic_group_by_major_administrative-territorial_units.pdf
  13. ↑ "Yazidi in Iraq". Joshua Project. Retrieved 2015-12-26.
  14. ↑ "What language do the Yazidis speak?". ШколаЖизни. 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2015-04-16.
  15. ↑ The Yezidis1 are a heterodox Kurdish-speaking community
  16. ↑ Religion in Kurdistan
  17. ↑ "THE ETHNIC MINORITIES OF ARMENIA" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-12-22. The Yezidis speak Kurmanji, a Northern-Kurdish dialect related to the North-West Iranian dialects). In order to underscore their separate identity the Yezidis call their language Ezdiki
  18. ↑ Sharaf Khan Bitlisi identifies six important Kurdish tribes as Yezidi in the sixteenth century...;
    Philip G. Kreyenbroek, Khalīl Jindī God and Sheikh Adi are Perfect: Sacred Poems and Religious Narratives from Yezidi tradition The Yezidis are a small Kurdish community..;
    [Iraklii CHIKHLADZE, Giga CHIKHLADZE THE YEZIDI KURDS AND ASSYRIANS OF GEORGIA: THE PROBLEM OF DIASPORAS AND INTEGRATION INTO CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY; ca-c.org. Retrieved 11 June 2015.];
    [David Szakonyi Ethnic Mobilization in Post-Soviet Georgia: The Case of the Yezidi-Kurds, ecmi.de. Retrieved 11 June 2015.];
    [Carole A.O'Leary THE KURDS OF IRAQ:RECENT HISTORY, FUTURE PROSPECTS
  19. 1 2 YAZIDIS i. GENERAL, iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  20. ↑ Victoria Arakelova. "Ethno-Religious Communities Identity markers". academia.edu. Retrieved 17 December 2015.;<br"The Religion of the Peacock Angel". google.de. Retrieved 17 December 2015.;<br"Ethno-territorial conflict and coexistence in the caucasus, Central Asia and … - Babak Rezvani – Google Books". google.de. Retrieved 17 December 2015.;<br"Turkey and the Politics of National Identity". google.de. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
  21. ↑ Philip G. Kreyenbroek. "Yezidism in Europe". Retrieved 2015-12-25.
  22. ↑ Attewill, Fred; agencies (2007-08-15). "Background: the Yezidi". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-01-26.
  23. ↑ Eckardt, Frank; Eade, John (2011-01-01). The Ethnically Diverse City. BWV Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8305-1641-5.
  24. ↑ "Weltorganisation der Zoroaster: "Êzîden sind keine Zoroastrier" – Interview mit êzîdîPress – ÊzîdîPress". ezidipress.com. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
  25. ↑ "Zarathustra-Statue als Geschenk für Êzîden in Efrîn – ÊzîdîPress". ezidipress.com. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
  26. ↑ "Qewl-Fälschungen". ezidipress.com. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
  27. ↑ Palmer, Michael D.; Burgess, Stanley M. (2012-03-12). The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Religion and Social Justice. John Wiley & Sons. p. 405. ISBN 978-1-4443-5536-9. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  28. 1 2 "Background: the Yezidi". The Guardian. 2007-08-15. Retrieved 2014-08-09.
  29. 1 2 "Who, What, Why: Who are the Yazidis?". BBC World News. Retrieved 2014-08-08.
  30. 1 2 Gezer, Özlem (23 October 2014). "From Germany to Iraq: One Yazidi Family's War on Islamic State". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  31. 1 2
  32. ↑ Asatrian and Arakelova 2014, 26-29
  33. 1 2 "Kurdish Society" by Martin Van Bruinessen, in The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview, ed. Philip G. Kreyenbroek, Stefan Sperl, Routledge, 17 August 2005, p. 29 "The Peacock Angel (Malak Tawus) whom they worship may be identified with Satan, but is to them not the lord of Evil as he is to Muslims and Christians". Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  34. 1 2 "The Yezidis". google.com. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
  35. ↑ Berman, Russell (2014-08-08). "A Very Brief History of the Yazidi and What They're Up Against in Iraq". The Wire. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  36. ↑ "Iraq crisis: who are the Yazidis and why is Isis hunting them?". The Guardian. 8 August 2014.
  37. ↑ The Devil worshippers, of Iraq. "The Devil worshippers of Iraq". The Telegraph. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  38. ↑ "Who Are the Yazidi, and Why Is ISIS Targeting Them?". Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  39. ↑ Federal Research Division. Syria. "Chapter 5: Religious Life". Library of Congress Country Studies. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  40. ↑ Commins, David Dean (2004). Historical Dictionary of Syria. Scarecrow Press. p. 282. ISBN 0-8108-4934-8. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  41. ↑ Armenia entry at The World Factbook 1.3% of 2,971,650 (July 2007 est.) = 38631.45.
  42. ↑ "At least 20 killed in Iraq blast". CNN.com International. 13 August 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2009.
  43. ↑ "Isil militants execute dozens from Yazidi minority". Gulf News. 2014-08-05. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  44. ↑ "Iraqi Yazidis: 'If we move they will kill us'". Al Jazeera. 5 August 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
  45. ↑ "Obama authorises Iraq air strikes on Islamist fighters". BBC World News. 8 August 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  46. ↑ "Britain's RAF makes second aid drop to Mount Sinjar Iraqis trapped by Isis – video". The Guardian. 12 August 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  47. ↑ "Iraq crisis: Tony Abbott says Australia's role in Iraq only humanitarian 'at this stage'; UN calls for 'urgent' international action". ABC News. 13 August 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  48. ↑ "Europe pledges aid, equipment to Iraq". ABC News. 12 August 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  49. ↑ "Kurds rescue Yazidis from Iraqi mountain". Al Jazeera. 10 August 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  50. ↑ "Thousands of Yazidis 'still trapped' on Iraq mountain". BBC World News. 12 August 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  51. ↑ Stafford, R.S. The Tragedy of the Assyrians. p. 15.
  52. ↑ Smith, Andrew Phillip. The Gnostics: History * Tradition * Scriptures * Influence.
  53. ↑ Concise encyclopedia of the Middle East. 1973. p. 325.
  54. ↑ Dalyan, Dogan, Murat Gokhan, Cabir. "An Overview of 19th Century Yezidi Women" (Who Are the Yezidis?): 114.
  55. ↑ A History of the Arab Peoples: Updated Edition. 2013.
  56. ↑ O’Leary, Carole A. "The Kurds of Iraq: Recent History, Future Prospects" (PDF). Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  57. ↑ Armenia Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments.
  58. ↑ Levinson, David (1998). Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook. p. 203.
  59. ↑ "UNHCR’s ELIGIBILITY GUIDELINES FOR ASSESSING THE INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION NEEDS OF IRAQI ASYLUM-SEEKERS" (PDF). p. 11.
  60. ↑ Ghanim, David. Iraq's Dysfunctional Democracy. p. 34.
  61. 1 2 3 4 "Encyclopaedia Iranica: Yazidis". Iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2014-08-18.
  62. ↑ Late Antique Motifs in Yezidi Oral Tradition by Eszter Spät. Ch. 9 "The Origin Myth of the Yezidis" section "The Myth of Shehid Bin Jer" (p. 347)
  63. ↑ Yazidis celebrate New Year in Iraq, Al Jazeera (YouTube), 28 April 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  64. ↑ Joseph 1919, p. 119
  65. ↑ Joseph 1919, p. 120
  66. 1 2 Joseph 1919, p. 121
  67. ↑ Asher-Schapiro, Avi (11 August 2014). "Who Are the Yazidis, the Ancient, Persecuted Religious Minority Struggling to Survive in Iraq?". National Geographic. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  68. ↑ Thomas, Sean (19 August 2007). "The Devil worshippers of Iraq". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  69. ↑ "Yezidi Reformer: Sheikh Adi". The Truth about the Yezidis. YezidiTruth.org, A Humanitarian Organization, Sedona, Arizona. Archived from the original on 20 March 2008.
  70. 1 2 3 4 Kjeilen, Tore. "Yazidism". Encyclopaedia. LookLex. Retrieved 2008-03-31. Malak Taus filled 7 jars of tears through 7,000 years. His tears were used to extinguish the fire in hell. Therefore, there is no hell in Yazidism.
  71. 1 2 Allison C 1998 The Evolution of Yazidi Religion From Spoken Word to Written Scripture. ISIM Newsletter. https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/16757/ISIM_1_The_Evolution_of_the_Yezidi_Religion_From_Spoken_Word_to_Written_Scripture.pdf?sequence=1
  72. ↑ "Assyrian International Newsagency (AINA), ''Iraqi Yazidi MP: We Are Being Butchered Under the Banner of 'There is No God But Allah'". AINA. Retrieved 2014-08-18.
  73. ↑ Salih, "Islamic Extremists Pose New Risks for Religious Minorities in Iraq", New York Times, 24 June 2014.
  74. 1 2 3 4 "Yezidi Religious Tradition". The Truth about the Yezidis. YezidiTruth.org.
  75. ↑ MacFarquhar, Neill (2003-01-03). "Bashiqa Journal: A Sect Shuns Lettuce and Gives the Devil His Due". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-03-31. Yazidis pray three times a day, at dawn, midday and sunset, facing the direction of the sun each time. 'The sun is very holy to us,' said Walid Abu Khudur, the stocky, bearded guardian of the temple built in honor of a holy man here. 'It is like the eye of God, so we pray toward it.'... They have adopted Christian rituals like baptism and a smattering of practices from Islam ranging from circumcision to removal of their shoes inside their temples. The importance of fire as a divine manifestation comes from Zoroastrianism, the ancient Iranian faith that forms the core of Yazidi beliefs. Indeed their very name is likely taken from an old Persian word for angel.
  76. ↑ Allison, Christine. YAZIDIS. Encyclopædia Iranica (1996) (New York). Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  77. ↑ Hedges, Chris (1993-05-31). "Sheik Adi Journal: Satan's Alive and Well, but the Sect May Be Dying". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-07-21. The Yazidis, who are part of Iraq's Yazidi minority, had 100 of 150 villages demolished during the counterinsurgency operation against the Kurdish rebel movement that reached its peak in 1988. The campaign, which moved hundreds of thousands of people to collective villages, saw 4,000 Yazidi villages dynamited into rubble. ... The sect follows the teachings of Sheik Adi, a holy man who died in 1162, and whose crypt lies in the shrine in the Lalish Valley, about 15 miles east of Mosul. The shrine's graceful, fluted spires poke above the trees and dominate the fertile valley. ... Like Zoroastrians they venerate fire, the sun and the mulberry tree. They believe in the transmigration of souls, often into animals. The sect does not accept converts and banishes anyone who marries outside the faith. Yazidis are forbidden to disclose most of their rituals and beliefs to nonbelievers.
  78. 1 2 Lattimer, Mark (2007-12-13) "Freedom Lost", The Guardian, London, UK, 13 December 2007.
  79. ↑ "Richness of Iraq's minority religions revealed", BBC. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  80. ↑ Lair, Patrick (19 January 2008). "Conversation with a Yazidi Kurd". eKurd Daily. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  81. ↑ Allison, Christine (2001). The Yazidi Oral Tradition in Iraq. Psychology Press. p. 40. ISBN 0-7007-1397-2. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  82. ↑ Commins, David Dean. Historical Dictionary of Syria. Scarecrow Press. p. 282. ISBN 0-8108-4934-8.
  83. ↑ Ghareeb, Edmund A. (2004). Historical Dictionary of Iraq. Scarecrow Press. p. 248. ISBN 0-8108-4330-7.
  84. ↑ Hastings, James (2003). Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Part 18. Kessinger. p. 769. ISBN 0-7661-3695-7.
  85. ↑ "The Role of the Father - Honor Killing Verdict Has Prosecutors Wanting More (English)". Der Spiegel. 2012-05-24. Retrieved 2012-05-27.
  86. 1 2 "Yazidi temple, third in the world, opened in Tbilisi". DFWatch. 2015-06-19. Retrieved 2015-06-19.
  87. ↑ "Yezidis". Encyclopedic Theosophical Glossary. Theosophical University Press. 1999.
  88. ↑ Shah, Idries (1964). The Sufis. Anchor Doubleday. pp. 437–438. ISBN 0-385-07966-4.
  89. ↑ Seabrook, W.B., Adventures in Arabia, Harcourt, Brace, and Company (1927).
  90. ↑ Lovecraft, H.P., The Complete Fiction, Barnes & Noble, 2008; ISBN 978-1-4351-2296-3
  91. ↑ Kaplan, Lawrence F. (2007-10-31). "Sinjar Diarist: Devil's Advocates". The New Republic 235 (4790): 34.
  92. ↑ Moore, Alan and Ha, Gene (1999–2000) Top Ten issues 1-12,
  93. ↑ Lagouranis, Tony (2007). Fear Up Harsh: An Army Interrogator's Dark Journey through Iraq. New American Library. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-451-22112-4.
  94. 1 2 3 4 Loveday Morris. "Islamic State seizes town of Sinjar, pushing out Kurds and sending Yazidis fleeing". The Washington Post. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  95. ↑ Bram Janssen & Sameer N. Yacoub (4 August 2014). "Iraq Air Force to Back Kurds Fighting Islamists". Associated Press. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  96. ↑ "Who Are the Yazidi, and Why Is ISIS Targeting Them?". Newsgroup: http://www.nbcnews.com/ Check |newsgroup= value (help). August 8, 2014. Retrieved November 21, 2015. External link in |newsgroup= (help)
  97. ↑ "40,000 Iraqis stranded on mountain as Isis jihadists threaten death". Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  98. ↑ "Obama orders air strikes on Iraq death". Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  99. ↑ Siddique, Haroon (10 August 2014). "20,000 Iraqis besieged by ISIL escape from mountain after US air strikes". The Guardian.
  100. 1 2 Hadid, Diaa; Mroue, Bassem (12 August 2014). "Syrian Kurdish Fighters Rescue Stranded Yazidis". Associated Press. In a dusty camp here, Iraqi refugees have new heroes: Syrian Kurdish fighters who battled militants to carve out an escape route for tens of thousands trapped on a mountaintop. While the U.S. and Iraqi militaries struggle to aid the starving members of Iraq's Yazidi minority with supply drops from the air, the Syrian Kurds took it on themselves to rescue them. The move underlined how they—like Iraqi Kurds—are using the region's conflicts to establish their own rule. For the past few days, fighters have been rescuing Yazidis from the mountain, transporting them into Syrian territory to give them first aid, food and water, and returning some to Iraq via a pontoon bridge. [...] The U.N. estimated around 50,000 Yazidis fled to the mountain. But by Sunday, Kurdish officials said at least 45,000 had crossed through the safe passage, leaving thousands more behind and suggesting the number of stranded was higher.
  101. ↑ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/08/11/a-u-s-designated-terrorist-group-is-saving-yazidis-and-battling-the-islamic-state/. Retrieved 16 January 2016. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  102. ↑ "The Drama of Sinjar: Escaping the Islamic State in Iraq". SPIEGEL ONLINE. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  103. ↑ Ahmed, Havidar (14 August 2014). "The Yezidi Exodus, Girls Raped by ISIS Jump to their Death on Mount Shingal". Rudaw Media Network. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
  104. ↑ "Islamic State crisis: Yazidi anger at Iraq's forgotten people". BBC News. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  105. ↑ "IS in Iraq: Yazidi women raped, murdered and sold as brides - Christian News on Christian Today". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  106. ↑ "Dr. Widad Akrawi quotes at bestquotes4ever.com". Retrieved 2015-09-29.
  107. ↑ "Dr. Widad Akrawi quote at azquotes.com". Retrieved 2015-09-29.
  108. ↑ "Dr. Widad Akrawi quote at shayarihall.com". Retrieved 2015-09-29.
  109. ↑ "Dr. Widad Akrawi quote at likesuccess.com". Retrieved 2015-09-29.
  110. ↑ Brekke, Kira (8 September 2014). "ISIS Is Attacking Women, And Nobody Is Talking About It". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
  111. ↑ Ivan Watson, "'Treated like cattle': Yazidi women sold, raped, enslaved by ISIS", CNN, 30 October 2014.
  112. ↑ "Dr Widad Akrawi Interviewed at RojNews: How should the international community classify the systematic massacre of the Yezidi civilians in Sinjar by IS jihadists that included taking Yezidi girls as sex slaves". Retrieved 2015-09-26.
  113. 1 2 "Save The Yazidis: The World Has To Act Now". Retrieved 2014-09-12.
  114. ↑ "About Us". Yazda. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
  115. ↑ Steve Hopkins, "Full horror of the Yazidis who didn’t escape Mount Sinjar: UN confirms 5,000 men were executed and 7,000 women are now kept as sex slaves," Daily Mail, 14 October 2014
  116. ↑ Richard Spencer, "Isil carried out massacres and mass sexual enslavement of Yazidis, UN confirms", The Daily Telegraph, 14 October 2014.
  117. ↑ "Dr Widad Akrawi awarded International Pfeffer Peace Prize". Retrieved 20 October 2014.
  118. ↑ "Dr Akrawi Dedicated Peace Award to Yezidis, Christians and Kobane". Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  119. ↑ "Dr. Widad Akrawi Barış ödülünü Kobanê ve Şengal'e adadı". Retrieved 20 October 2014.
  120. ↑ "Peace award dedicated to Kobanî and Şengal". Retrieved 20 October 2014.
  121. ↑ "Dr. Widad Akrawi Xelata Aştiyê pêşkêşî Kobanê û Şengalê hat kirin". Retrieved 20 October 2014.
  122. ↑ "Xelata Aştiyê diyarî Kobanê hat kirin". Retrieved 20 October 2014.
  123. ↑ Reuters, "Islamic State Seeks to Justify Enslaving Yazidi Women and Girls in Iraq", Newsweek, 13 October 2014.
  124. ↑ Athena Yenko, "Judgment Day Justifies Sex Slavery Of Women – ISIS Out With Its 4th Edition Of Dabiq Magazine," International Business Times-Australia, 13 October 2014.
  125. ↑ Allen McDuffee, "ISIS Is Now Bragging About Enslaving Women and Children," The Atlantic, 13 October 2014.
  126. ↑ Salma Abdelaziz, "ISIS states its justification for the enslavement of women", CNN, 13 October 2014.
  127. ↑ Richard Spencer, "Thousands of Yazidi women sold as sex slaves 'for theological reasons', says ISIS", The Daily Telegraph, 13 October 2014.
  128. ↑ Nour Malas, "Ancient Prophecies Motivate Islamic State Militants: Battlefield Strategies Driven by 1,400-year-old Apocalyptic Ideas", The Wall Street Journal, 18 November 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  129. ↑ "Islamic State: Yazidi women tell of sex-slavery trauma". BBC News. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  130. ↑ "Sex slavery 'pushes ISIL victims to suicide'", Al Jazeera, 23 December 2014.
  131. ↑ Dirik, Dilar (August 21, 2015). "From Genocide to Resistance: Yazidi Women Fight Back". Newsgroup: www.teleSURtv.net/english. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
  132. ↑ Barbarani, Sofia (September 2, 2014). "'Islamic State tore our families apart. Now we're fighting back'. Meet the Kurdish women's resistance army". Newsgroup: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ Check |newsgroup= value (help). Retrieved November 21, 2015. External link in |newsgroup= (help)
  133. ↑ Serinci, Deniz (28 May 2014). "The Yezidis of Armenia Face Identity Crisis over Kurdish Ethnicity". Rudaw Media Network.
  134. ↑ Green, Emma (13 August 2014). "The Yazidis, a People Who Fled". The Atlantic. Recently, Yazidis in Armenia tried to establish themselves as an independent, non-Kurdish ethnic group for political reasons...
  135. ↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | UNHCR's Eligibility Guidelines for Assessing the International Protection Needs of Iraqi Asylum-seekers". Refworld. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
  136. ↑ "On Vulnerable Ground". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
  137. ↑ Ghanim, David (2011-09-30). Iraq's Dysfunctional Democracy. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313398018.

Further reading

  • Acikyildiz, Birgul. The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion. London: I.B.Tauris (2014, ISBN 978-1-78453-216-1)
  • Cumont, Franz. Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism. New York: Dover Publications, 1956, p. 152-153.
  • Drower, E.S. [E.S. Stevens]. Peacock Angel. Being Some Account of Votaries of a Secret Cult and their Sanctuaries. London: John Murray, 1941.
  • Joseph, I. "Yezidi Texts". The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, 1908–1909/XXV, 2, pp. 111–156.
  • Kreyenbroek, F.G. "Yezidism - its Background, Observances and Textual Tradition". Texts and Studies in Religion, 62. Lewiston, Queenston and Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press, 1995.
  • Kurdoev, K.K. "Ob alfavite ezidskikh religioznykh knig" (Report on the alphabet of the Yezidi religious books). Pis'mennye pamiatniki i problemy istorii kul'tury narodov Vostoka. VIII godichnaia nauchnaia sessiia LO IV AN SSSR. Leningrad, 1972, pp. 196–199. In Russian.
  • Kurdoev, K.K. "Ob avtorstve i iazyke religioznykh knig kurdov XI–XII vv. predvaritel'noe soobshchenie" (Preliminary report on the Yezidi religious books of the eleventh-twelfth centuries: their author and language). VII godichnaia nauchnaia sessiia LO IV AN SSSR. Leningrad, 1971, pp. 22–24. In Russian.
  • Marie, A. 1911. "La découverte récente des deux livres sacrés des Yêzîdis". Anthropos, 1911/VI, 1. pp. 1–39.
  • Menzel, Th. "Yazidi, Yazidiya" in Encyclopaedia of Islam.
  • Omarkhali, Kh. "Yezidizm. Iz glubini tisyachaletiy" (Yezidism. From the early millennia). Sankt Peterburg, 2005. In Russian.
  • Omarkhali, Kh. "Yezidism: Society, Symbol, Observance". Istanbul, 2007. In Kurdish.
  • Reshid, T. Yezidism: historical roots, International Journal of Yezidi Studies, January 2005.
  • Reshid, R., Etnokonfessionalnaya situasiya v sovremennom Kurdistane. Moskva-Sankt-Peterburg: Nauka, 2004, p. 16. In Russian.
  • Rodziewicz, A., Yezidi Eros. Love as The Cosmogonic Factor and Distinctive Feature of The Yezidi Theology in The Light of Some Ancient Cosmogonies, Fritillaria Kurdica, 2014/3,41, pp. 42–105.
  • Rodziewicz, A., Tawus Protogonos: Parallels between the Yezidi Theology and Some Ancient Greek Cosmogonies, Iran and the Caucasus, 2014/18,1, pp. 27–45.
  • Wahbi, T., Dînî Caranî Kurd, Gelawej Journal, N 11-12, Baghdad, 1940, pp. 51–52. In Kurdish.
  • Williams, Kayla, and Michael E. Staub. 2005. Love My Rifle More Than You. W.W. Norton, New York. ISBN 0-393-06098-5
  • Ph.G. Kreyenbroek in collaboration with Z. Kartal, Kh. Omarkhali, and Kh.J. Rashow. Yezidism in Europe: Different Generations Speak about their Religion. Wiesbaden, 2009.
  • Omarkhali Khanna in collaboration with Kovan Khanki. A method of the analysis of the Yezidi Qewls: On the example of the religious hymn of Omar Khala and Hesin Chineri. Avesta, Istanbul, 2009.
  • Salman H Haji, Pharmacist, Lincoln NE US
  • Spät, Eszter: The Yezidis, 2005, Saqi Books, ISBN 0-86356-593-X
  • Allison, Christine: The Yezidi Oral Tradition in Iraqi Kurdistan, September 14, 2001 by Routledge/Curzon, ISBN 9780700713974

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yazidism.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Thursday, May 05, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.