Ürümqi

For other uses, see Ürümqi County.
Ürümqi
乌鲁木齐市 • ئۈرۈمچى شەھىرى‎
Prefecture-level city

From top: A panoramic view of Ürümqi's CBD, Red Mountain (Hong Shan), Ürümqi Night Market, and a view of Tian Shan from Ürümqi

Ürümqi (red) in Xinjiang (orange)
Ürümqi

Location of the city centre in Xinjiang

Coordinates: 43°49′30″N 87°36′00″E / 43.82500°N 87.60000°E / 43.82500; 87.60000Coordinates: 43°49′30″N 87°36′00″E / 43.82500°N 87.60000°E / 43.82500; 87.60000
Country  China
Region Xinjiang
County-level divisions 8
Government
 • CPC Committee Secretary Zhu Hailun[1]
 • Mayor Ilham Sabir
Area
 • Prefecture-level city 14,577 km2 (5,628 sq mi)
 • Urban 9,575.7 km2 (3,697.2 sq mi)
 • Metro 4,816.6 km2 (1,859.7 sq mi)
Population (2010 census)
 • Prefecture-level city 3,112,559
 • Density 210/km2 (550/sq mi)
 • Urban 3,029,372
 • Urban density 320/km2 (820/sq mi)
 • Metro 2,988,715
 • Metro density 620/km2 (1,600/sq mi)
Time zone De jure: China Standard (UTC+8)
De facto: Ürümqi Time (UTC+6)
Postal code 830000
Area code(s) 991
License plate prefixes 新A
GDP (2013) CNY 240 billion
US $38.63 billion
GDP per capita CNY 68,691
US $11,057
ISO 3166-2 CN-65-01
Website www.urumqi.gov.cn (Chinese)
Ürümqi

"Ürümqi" in Simplified Chinese (top), Traditional Chinese (middle), and Uighur Arabic (bottom) characters
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese 乌鲁木齐
Traditional Chinese 烏魯木齊
Postal Urumtsi
Literal meaning "beautiful pasture" (in Oirat)
Dihua
Chinese 迪化
Postal Tihwa
Literal meaning "to enlighten"
Mongolian name
Mongolian Cyrillic Өрөмч
Mongolian script ᠥᠷᠥᠮᠴᠢ
Uyghur name
Uyghur
ئۈرۈمچى‎

Ürümqi (Chinese: 乌鲁木齐; from Oirat "beautiful pasture") is the capital of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China[2] in Northwest China. Ürümqi was a major hub on the Silk Road during China's Tang dynasty, and developed its reputation as a leading cultural and commercial center during the Qing dynasty.

With a built-up (or metro) population of 2,988,715 as of 2010 census (6 urban and suburban districts but Dabancheng not yet urbanized) and 3.03 million in 7 urban and suburban districts,[3] Ürümqi is the largest city in China's western interior. Since the 1990s Ürümqi has developed economically and serves as a regional transport node, cultural, and commercial centre.

History

Although Ürümqi is situated near the northern route of the Silk Road, it is a relatively young city. It was not called Urumqi until the time of the Dzungar Khanate. According to Chinese scholars, during the 22nd year of Emperor Taizong's reign in the Tang dynasty, AD 648, the Tang government set up the town of Luntai in the ancient town seat of Urabo,[4] 10 kilometres (6 miles) from the southern suburb of present-day Ürümqi in the Tang dynasty's Protectorate General to Pacify the West which controlled Xinjiang. Ancient Luntai Town was a seat of local government, and collected taxes from the caravans along the northern route of the Silk Road.

Steppe peoples had used the location, the pass between the Bogda Shan to the east and the Tian Shan to the west, connecting the Dzungar Basin to the north and the Turpan Depression to the south. The Oirats Dzungar tribes to form the Dzungar Khanate were the last major power to control Ürümqi before China, and their language gave Ürümqi its modern-day name. Ürümqi remained a small town, and less important than the oasis and Silk Road trade center Turpan 200 km (120 mi) to the southeast.

Thus, little is heard of the region following the Tang dynasty in the Chinese texts until China's Qing dynasty vanquished the Dzungar Khanate to the west in the Dzungar genocide. One writer, Wei Yuan, described the resulting desolation in what became northern Xinjiang as "an empty plain for a thousand li, with no trace of man". After 1759 state farms were established, "especially in the vicinity of Urumchi, where there was fertile, well-watered land and few people."[5] By 1762, more than 500 shops were opened by Chinese migrants to the area of modern-day Ürümqi. In 1763, the Qianlong Emperor named the expanded town of Luntai "Dihua"[6] (Chinese: 迪化; pinyin: Díhuà; Manchu: Wen de dahabure fu), meaning "to enlighten". Dihua quickly became Xinjiang's commercial and financial center, boasting many statues also to Guandi, or the Chinese god of war.[7]

Demographically, Dihua was populated with Chinese Muslims from Gansu and Shaanxi, Han Chinese from all over China, and ethnically diverse Bannermen, which included Manchus. Professor of Chinese and Central Asian History at Georgetown University, James A. Millward wrote that foreigners often mistakenly think that Urumqi was originally a Uyghur city and that the Chinese destroyed its Uyghur character and culture, however, Urumqi was founded as a Chinese city by Han and Hui (Tungans), and it is the Uyghurs who are new to the city.[8] Those Qing literati who visited Dihua were impressed by its cultural sophistication and similarity to eastern China. The writer Ji Xiaolan compared Dihua to Beijing, in that both had numerous wine shops which offered daily performances of Chinese music and dance.[9] The origin of Hui in Urumqi is often indicated by the names of their Mosques.[10]

The Battle of Ürümqi took place in 1870 between the Turkic Muslim forces of Yaqub Beg against the Dungan Muslim forces of Tuo Ming (Daud Khalifa). With the help of Xu Xuegong's Han Chinese militia, Yaqub Beg's forces defeated the Dungans.[11][12][13][14][15] In 1884, the Guangxu Emperor established Xinjiang as a Province, with Dihua as its capital.[16]

During the Kumul Rebellion the Battle of Ürümqi (1933) and the Battle of Ürümqi (1933–34) took place between the forces of Ma Zhongying's 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) and Jin Shuren and Sheng Shicai's provincial forces. At the second battle Ma was assisted by the Han Chinese General Zhang Peiyuan.

The adventurer Ahmad Kamal recalled during the Kumul rebellion that Turki women and women in general did not wear veils when they went about the bazar of Urumchi, unlike southern Xinjiang's bazars.[17]

Following the founding of the People's Republic of China, on 1 February 1954, the city's name was officially changed back to its Dzungar Oirat name Ürümqi, meaning "beautiful pasture" in the Oirat language of the Dzungar people.[18]

New, big mosques have been financially assisted in being built by the Chinese government in Urumqi.[19] While in southern Xinjiang China implements strong rules regarding religion, in Urumqi, China treats the Uyghurs and religion lax and permissively.[20]

The city suffered unrest in May 1989 with 150 injuries, and was the site of major rioting in July 2009 triggered by violence in Southern China between ethnic Han Chinese and Southern Xinjiang Uyghurs. Official reports of the 2009 riots say that nearly 200 people were left dead, but the actual toll is unknown and disputed. Reports of extensive retaliation against the Uyghur minority have circulated ever since, despite the Chinese government having shut down access to emails and overseas phone calls for over ten months.[21]

Geography

The largest city in western China, Ürümqi has earned a place in the Guinness Book of Records as the most remote city from any sea in the world. It is about 2,500 kilometres (1,600 mi) from the nearest coastline as Ürümqi is the closest major city to the Eurasian pole of inaccessibility, although Karamay and Altay, both in Xinjiang, are closer.[22] The city has an administrative area of 10,989 square kilometres (4,243 sq mi) and has an average elevation of 800 metres (2,600 ft).

The location 43°40′52″N 87°19′52″E / 43.68111°N 87.33111°E / 43.68111; 87.33111 in the southwestern suburbs of Ürümqi (Ürümqi County) was designated by local geography experts as the "center point of Asia" in 1992, and a monument to this effect was erected there in the 1990s. The site is a local tourist attraction.[23]

Water supply

Although surrounded by deserts (the Gurbantünggüt in the north and the Taklamakan in the south), the Ürümqi area is naturally watered by a number of small rivers flowing from the snow-capped Tian Shan mountains: the main range of the Tian Shan in south of the city (Ürümqi County), and the Bogda Shan east of the city (Dabancheng District). A network of small reservoirs and canals redistribute the water throughout the extensively irrigated area along the foothills of the mountain ranges.

As the Ürümqi region's population and economy is growing, the water demand exceeds the natural supply. To alleviate water shortages, the Irtysh–Ürümqi Canal was constructed in the first decade of the 21st century. The canal's main trunk terminates in the so-called "Reservoir 500" ("500"水库; 44°12′00″N 87°49′00″E / 44.20000°N 87.81667°E / 44.20000; 87.81667) in the far north-eastern suburbs of the city (on the border of Ürümqi's subruban Midong District and Fukang City). A new industrial area, called Ganquanbao Industrial Park (甘泉堡工业园), or Industrial New City 500 (500工业新城) was being developed in 2009, west of the reservoir, relying on it for water supply.[24][25] From the reservoir area water is further distributed over a network of canals throughout the lower Midong District.

Climate

In Ürümqi a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk) prevails, with very large differences between summer and winter, warm summers, with a July daily average of 23.7 °C (74.7 °F), and very cold winters, with a January daily average of −12.6 °C (9.3 °F). The annual average temperature is 6.90 °C (44.4 °F). The city is semi-arid, with its summers slightly wetter than its winters, yet sunny weather is much more likely in the warmer months, and relative humidity is the lowest during summer. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 30 percent in December to 70 percent in August and September, the city receives 2,523 hours of bright sunshine annually. Its annual precipitation is about 290 millimetres (11.4 in). Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −41.5 °C (−43 °F) on 27 February 1951 to 42.1 °C (108 °F) on 1 August 1973.[26][27]

Climate data for Ürümqi
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) −7.4
(18.7)		 −4.7
(23.5)		 2.7
(36.9)		 16.1
(61)		 23.1
(73.6)		 27.6
(81.7)		 30.1
(86.2)		 29.0
(84.2)		 23.1
(73.6)		 13.2
(55.8)		 2.0
(35.6)		 −4.4
(24.1)		 12.5
(54.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) −12.0
(10.4)		 −9.2
(15.4)		 −1.4
(29.5)		 10.5
(50.9)		 17.2
(63)		 21.9
(71.4)		 24.2
(75.6)		 22.9
(73.2)		 17.2
(63)		 8.2
(46.8)		 −2.0
(28.4)		 −8.7
(16.3)		 7.4
(45.33)
Average low °C (°F) −16.6
(2.1)		 −13.7
(7.3)		 −5.4
(22.3)		 4.8
(40.6)		 11.2
(52.2)		 16.1
(61)		 18.2
(64.8)		 16.7
(62.1)		 11.2
(52.2)		 3.1
(37.6)		 −5.9
(21.4)		 −12.9
(8.8)		 2.2
(36.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 10.4
(0.409)		 10.0
(0.394)		 18.5
(0.728)		 32.3
(1.272)		 38.9
(1.531)		 36.2
(1.425)		 30.4
(1.197)		 23.3
(0.917)		 26.2
(1.031)		 26.3
(1.035)		 19.1
(0.752)		 14.6
(0.575)		 286.2
(11.266)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 9.2 7.2 7.2 6.8 6.8 8.0 8.4 6.3 5.0 5.5 6.9 9.6 86.9
Average relative humidity (%) 78 77 72 48 43 43 43 41 44 58 74 78 58.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 101.6 128.8 180.5 248.0 283.3 282.7 298.7 301.0 262.6 224.4 127.4 84.3 2,523.3
Percent possible sunshine 35 44 49 62 63 61 64 70 70 66 44 30 57
Source: China Meteorological Administration

Air quality

According to the National Environmental Analysis released by Tsinghua University and The Asian Development Bank in January 2013, Urumqi is among one of ten most air polluted cities in the world. Also according to this report, 7 of 10 most air polluted cities are in China, including Taiyuan, Beijing, Urumqi, Lanzhou, Chongqing, Jinan and Shijiazhuang.[28]

Administrative divisions

Ürümqi currently comprises 8 county-level subdivisions: 7 districts and 1 county.

Map
Name Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Uyghur (UEY) Uyghur Latin (ULY) Population (2010) Area (km2) Density (/km2)
City proper
Tianshan District 天山区 Tiānshān Qū تىيانشان رايونى‎ Tiyanshan Rayoni 696,277 171 4071.79
Saybagh District 沙依巴克区 Shāyībākè Qū سايباغ رايونى‎ Saybagh Rayoni 664,716 422 1575.15
Xinshi District 新市区 Xīnshì Qū يېڭىشەھەر رايونى‎ Yëngisheher Rayoni 730,307 143 5107.04
Shuimogou District 水磨沟区 Shuǐmògōu Qū شۇيموگۇ رايونى‎ Shuymogu Rayoni 390,943 92 4249.38
Suburban
Toutunhe District 头屯河区 Tóutúnhé Qū تۇدۇڭخابا رايونى‎ Tudungxaba Rayoni 172,796 276 626.07
Dabancheng District 达坂城区 Dábǎnchéng Qū داۋانچىڭ رايونى‎ Dawanching Rayoni 40,657 5,188 7.83
Midong District 米东区 Mǐdōng Qū مىدوڭ رايونى‎ Midong Rayoni 333,676 3,594 92.84
Rural
Ürümqi County 乌鲁木齐县 Wūlǔmùqí Xiàn ئۈرۈمچى ناھىيىسى‎ Ürümchi Nahiyisi 83,187 4,332 19.20

Demographics

According to the 2000 census, Ürümqi has 2,081,834 inhabitants, with a population density of 174.53 inhabitants/km2 (452.3 inhabitants/sq. mi.).[29]

Ethnicity Population Percentage
Han 1,567,562 75.3%
Uyghur 266,342 12.79%
Hui 167,148 8.03%
Kazakhs 48,772 2.34%
Manchu 7,682 0.37%
Mongol 7,252 0.35%
Xibe 3,674 0.18%
Russian 2,603 0.13%
Tu 1,613 0.08%
Kyrgyz 1,436 0.07%
Uzbek 1,406 0.07%
Zhuang 878 0.04%
Tatar 767 0.04%
Tibetan 665 0.03%
Dongxiang 621 0.03%
Miao 620 0.03%
Korean 588 0.03%
Other 2,205 0.09%

Economy

Outer Ring Road viaducts in Urumqi at night

Ürümqi is a major industrial center within Xinjiang. Ürümqi, together with Karamay and Korla, account for 64.5 percent of the total industrial output of Xinjiang. Ürümqi is also the largest consumer center in the region, recording ¥41.9 billion retail sales of consumer goods in 2008, an increase of 26 percent from 2007. The GDP per capita reached US$6,222 in 2008.[30] According to statistics, Urumqi ranked 7th in 2008 by the disposable income for urban residents among cities in Western China.[31] Ürümqi has been a central developmental target for the China Western Development project that the Central Government is pursuing.

The Urumqi Foreign Economic Relations and Trade Fair (Chinese: 乌洽会) has been held annually since 1991 and has been upgraded into the first China-Eurasia Expo in 2011. Its purpose is to promote domestic and foreign markets. The 17th Fair has attracted participants from the Ministry of Commerce and the China Council for Promotion of International Trade.[32]

Buildings in Urumqi CBDs near People's Square

Xinjiang Guanghui Group (新疆广汇集团) is the largest real estate enterprise and most powerful privately owned company in Xinjiang and is currently engaged in energy and automobile. China CITIC Bank Mansion (中信银行大厦), headquarters of Guanghui, located in one of the CBDs in North Xinhua Road, is the tallest building in Urumqi and Xinjiang; with a height of 229 metres, it is also the tallest in Northwestern China and Central Asia. Zhongshan Road (Sun Yat-sen Road, Chinese: 中山路) has been one of the ten most famous commercial streets in China since 2005. Zhongshan Road has always been the hub of consumer electronics in the city, with the largest computer, mobile phone and consumer electronics market in Xinjiang, including Baihuacun, Cyber Digital Plaza and Fountain Plaza.

As the economic center in Xinjiang, Urumqi has expanded its urban area since the 1990s. The CBDs in the city increased rapidly all around the major districts. Despite the old city areas being primarily in the south, the development in the north part began since the late 1980s. The completion of the new office tower for Urumqi Municipal Government in 2003 at Nanhu Square (南湖广场) in Nanhu Road marked a shift of the city center to the north. Lacking a subway, the city commenced the construction of viaducts for Outer Ring Road (外环路) since 2003, which considerably facilitates transport. Youhao Road (友好路) and surrounding neighborhood, is the commercial center for business, shopping and amusement. Youhao Group (友好集团), the namesake local enterprise, owns a major market share of retails. Maison Mode Urumqi (乌鲁木齐美美百货), open since 2008, became one of the few notable department stores for luxury merchandise in the city.[33] The Urumqi Economic and Technological Development Zone (UETD) located in the northern Toutunhe District, has been a leading base for steel, machinery manufacturing, biochemistry and other industrial innovations.

Pollution

Ürümqi is considered one of the most polluted cities in China and the world. Blacksmith Institute mentioned Urumqi in 2007 World’s Worst Polluted Places caused by air pollution along with Linfen and Lanzhou, all in China.[34] In 2008, Toronto Star listed Ürümqi as one of the Top Ten worst places to live in the world due to sulphurous pollution.[35] Heavy haze is extremely common in winter, which frequently affects air traffic. Officials believed that severe winter air pollution in Ürümqi is mainly caused by energy-heavy industries and the outdated coal-firing winter heating system.[36] According to a report by Department of Environmental Science and Engineering of Fudan University, the average PM2.5 and TSP concentrations in the winter of 2007 were 12 times higher than USA standard for PM2.5 and 3 times the National Ambient Air Quality Standard of China for TSP.[37] The sulfur dioxide from industrial emissions mixed with the local anthropogenic aerosol with the transported soil dust from outside the city was the main sources of the high concentration of sulfate, one of the main factors causing the heavy air pollution over Urumqi.[37]

Tourism

People's Square
International Grand Bazaar Xinjiang

Education and science

Xinjiang University of Finance and Economics.
Ürümqi No.1 High School.

Urumqi has many educational campuses including Xinjiang University, Xinjiang Normal University, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang Medical University and many others.

Universities

High schools

Research institutes

Transportation

Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport.
Ürümqi train station.

Air

Ürümqi is served by the Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport. It is a hub for China Southern Airlines. Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport is the largest airport in Xinjiang.

Rail

Ürümqi is Xinjiang's main rail hub. It is the western terminus of the Lanzhou–Xinjiang (Lanxin) and Ürümqi–Dzungaria (Wuzhun) Railway, and the eastern terminus of the Northern Xinjiang (Beijiang) and the Second Ürümqi–Jinghe Railway. The Beijiang and the Lanxin Lines form part of the Trans-Eurasian Continental Railway, which runs from Rotterdam through the Alataw Pass on the Kazakhstan border to Ürümqi and on to Lanzhou and Lianyungang. There is also a high-speed rail line in operation, which connect Ürümqi with Xining and Lanzhou since 2014.

Road

Many roads North & West typically shut down rapidly in the early October period, remaining shut until winter breaks. Trains should remain operational.

Metro

Ürümqi Light Rail Transit is currently under construction and expected to open in 2015.

Bus rapid transit

The Ürümqi BRT bus service was launched in August 2011 after an investment of 930 million yuan in an effort to improve urban traffic.[41] There are currently four routes operated, BRT1, BRT2, BRT3, and BRT5 mainly along the north-to-south downtown major roads.[42]

Media

Logo of Urumqi Television Station, shaped after Hong Shan

The Xinjiang Networking Transmission Limited operates the Urumqi People's Broadcasting Station and the Xinjiang People Broadcasting Station, broadcasting in the Mandarin, Uyghur, Kazakh, Mongolian, Russian and the Kyrgyz languages.

The Xinjiang Television Station (XJTV), located in Urumqi, is the major TV broadcasting station in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. The local television station for Urumqi city is Urumqi Television Station (UTV)(乌鲁木齐电视台).

Sport

China started a bandy development programme by organising educational days in Ürümqi in June 2009.[43]

In 2015 an indoor speed skating arena was opened.[44]

Twin towns and sister cities

Ürümqi is twinned with:

City Region Country
Malaybalay Bukidnon  Philippines
Salt Lake City Utah  United States
Osan Gyeonggi  South Korea
Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa  Pakistan
Dushanbe Tajikistan Districts of Republican Subordination  Tajikistan
Klang[45]  Selangor  Malaysia
Bishkek Chuy Province  Kyrgyzstan
Almaty Almaty1  Kazakhstan
Chelyabinsk  Chelyabinsk Oblast  Russia
Mashhad Razavi Khorasan Province Iran Iran

^1 Almaty is a state-level city of Kazakhstan

Timing of the sun

Because of its location, the sun is 2 hours and 10 minutes behind China Standard Time (CST = UTC+8). During early January the sun does not rise until 9:45am and it sets between 6:45pm and 7:10pm. In September and March the sun rises around 8:00am, and sets around 7:45pm. However, in June the sun rises at about 6:25am and does not set until 9:45pm.

See also

References

Citations

  1. ↑ "Urumqi party chief, Xinjiang police chief sacked". Xinhua. 5 September 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
  2. ↑ "Illuminating China's Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions". PRC Central Government Official Website. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  3. ↑ http://www.geohive.com/cntry/cn-65.aspx
  4. ↑ "Urumqi". Chinatoday.com.cn. 1 February 1954. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
  5. ↑ Millward (2007), pp. 95, 104
  6. ↑ Zhao, Gang (January 2006). "Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century" 32 (Number 1). Sage Publications: 25. doi:10.1177/0097700405282349. JSTOR 20062627. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-03-25. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  7. ↑ Millward, James A. (1998). Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Xinjiang, 1758-1864. Stanford University Press. pp. 131–134.
  8. ↑ Millward, James A. (1998). Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864 (illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 134. ISBN 0804729336. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  9. ↑ Jia, Jianfei (2011). "Whose Xinjiang? The Transition in Chinese Intellectuals' Imagination of the "New Dominion" During the Qing Dynasty". Harvard-Yenching Institute Working Paper Series.
  10. ↑ Millward, James A. (1998). Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864 (illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 169. ISBN 0804729336. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  11. ↑ James A. Millward (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: a history of Xinjiang. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. p. 120. ISBN 0-231-13924-1. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  12. ↑ Ho-dong Kim (2004). Holy War in China: the Muslim rebellion and state in Chinese Central Asia, 1864-1877. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. p. 96. ISBN 0-8047-4884-5. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  13. ↑ John King Fairbank, Kwang-ching Liu, Denis Crispin Twitchett (1980). Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 223. ISBN 0-521-22029-7. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  14. ↑ John King Fairbank, Kwang-ching Liu, Denis Crispin Twitchett (1980). Late Ch'ing. Cambriege, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 224. ISBN 0-521-22029-7. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  15. ↑ Cyril E. Black, Louis Dupree, Elizabeth Endicott-West, Eden Naby (1991). The Modernization of Inner Asia. M. E. Sharpe. p. 45. ISBN 0-87332-779-9. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  16. ↑ "Online Encyclopædia Britannica". Britannica.com. 31 January 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
  17. ↑ Ahmad Kamal (1 January 2000). Land Without Laughter. iUniverse. pp. 298–. ISBN 978-0-595-01005-9.
  18. ↑ "The Historical and Geographical Role of Urumchi, Capital of Chinese Central Asia." Herold J. Wiens. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 53, No. 4 (Dec., 1963), p. 447.
  19. ↑ Joanne N. Smith Finley (9 September 2013). The Art of Symbolic Resistance: Uyghur Identities and Uyghur-Han Relations in Contemporary Xinjiang. BRILL. pp. 238–. ISBN 978-90-04-25678-1.
  20. ↑ Joanne N. Smith Finley (9 September 2013). The Art of Symbolic Resistance: Uyghur Identities and Uyghur-Han Relations in Contemporary Xinjiang. BRILL. pp. 240–. ISBN 978-90-04-25678-1.
  21. ↑ "Xinjiang China Internet Restored After 10 Months". FarWestChina.com. 14 May 2010. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  22. ↑ Google Maps
  23. ↑ 43° 40’ 52"N 87° 19’ 52" E Geographic Center of Asia - The Heart of Asia (亚洲之心) – Xinjiang (新疆), China
  24. ↑ 解决米东新区建设项目供水紧缺问题的方向, (Approaches to solving water supply problems for the development projects in the Midong New Area) 2009-01-13
  25. ↑ 高新区（新市区）甘泉堡工业园基本概况--乌鲁木齐高新技术产业开发区(新市区) (High-tech zone Ganquanbao Industrial Park Facts - Urumqi High-tech Industrial Development Zone (new city)) (Chinese), 2012-05-21
  26. ↑ http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger
  27. ↑ "Extreme Temperatures Around the World". Retrieved 1 December 2010.
  28. ↑ "WEATHER & EXTREME EVENTS 7 of 10 Most Air-Polluted Cities Are in China". JAN 16, 2013 (Imaginechina/Corbis). http://news.discovery.com. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  29. ↑ 2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料，民族出版社，2003/9 (ISBN 7-105-05425-5)
  30. ↑ "hktdc.com – Profiles of China Provinces, Cities and Industrial Parks". Tdctrade.com. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
  31. ↑ "乌鲁木齐人均可支配收入增长居西部十省第8位".
  32. ↑ "17th Urumqi Trade Fair opens – CCTV International". CCTV.com.
  33. ↑
  34. ↑ "THE WORLD’S WORST POLLUTED PLACESThe Top Ten(of The Dirty Thirty)" (PDF). Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  35. ↑ "Winter in Urumqi, one of the world’s most polluted cities Alison Bate". The Star (Toronto). 31 December 2008. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  36. ↑ "Urumqi to invest heavily to cut air pollution - People's Daily Online". Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  37. 1 2 Li, Juan Li; Guoshun Zhuanga; Kan Huanga,; Yanfen Lina; Chang Xua; Shulong Yub (2008). "Characteristics and sources of air-borne particulate in Urumqi, China, the upstream area of Asia dust" (PDF). Atmospheric Environment 42: 776–787. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.062. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  38. ↑ A TALE OF TWO CITIES: NEW MUSEUMS FOR YINING AND URUMQI. CHINA HERITAGE NEWSLETTER, No. 3, September 2005
  39. ↑ Urumqi Tartar Mosque
  40. ↑ Xinjiang Normal University official website
  41. ↑ "NW China's Xinjiang launches BRT bus service CCTV News - CNTV English". CNTV. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
  42. ↑ "Urumqi BRT". chinabrt.org. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
  43. ↑ China on the way into the bandy family
  44. ↑ Rink card of: Xinjiang Ice Sports Center Ürümqi
  45. ↑ Yi Yanjun (2 September 2014). "Twin Towns and Sister Cities (Abroad)". Hong Shan. Archived from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2015.

Sources

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