1830s

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries: 18th century19th century20th century
Decades: 1800s 1810s 1820s1830s1840s 1850s 1860s
Years: 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839
1830s-related
categories:
Births – Deaths – By country
Establishments – Disestablishments

The 1830s decade ran from January 1, 1830 to December 31, 1839.

Politics and wars

Pacific Wars

East Asia

China

Lin Zexu supervising the destruction of opium in 1839

China was ruled by the Daoguang Emperor of the Qing dynasty during the 1830s. The decade witnessed a rapid rise in the sale of opium in China,[2] despite efforts by the Daoguang Emperor to end the trade.[3] A turning point came in 1834, with the end of the monopoly of the British East India Company, leaving trade in the hands of private entrepreneurs. By 1838, opium sales climbed to 40,000 chests.[2][4] In 1839, newly appointed imperial commissioner Lin Zexu banned the sale of opium and imposed several restrictions on all foreign traders. Lin also closed the channel to Guangzhou (Canton), leading to the seizure and destruction of 20,000 chests of opium.[5] The British retaliated, seizing Hong Kong on August 23 of that year, starting what would be known as the First Opium War. It would end three years later with the signing of the Treaty of Nanking in 1842.

Japan

Southeastern Asia

Dutch East Indies

The Padri War was fought from 1803 until 1837 in West Sumatra between the Padris and the Adats. The latter asked for the help of the Dutch, who intervened from 1821 and helped the Adats defeat the Padri faction. The conflict intensified in the 1830s, as the war soon centered on Bonjol, the fortified last stronghold of the Padris. It finally fell in 1837[6] after being besieged for three years, and along with the exile of Padri leader Tuanku Imam Bonjol, the conflict died out.

Vietnam

Australia and New Zealand

Southern Asia

India

Main article: Company rule in India

The British government appointed a series of administrative heads of British India in the 1830s ("Governor-General of India" starting in 1833): Lord William Bentinck (1828-1835), Sir Charles Metcalfe, Bt (1835-1836), and The Lord Auckland (1836-1842). The Government of India Act 1833 was enacted to removed the East India Company's remaining trade monopolies and divested it of all its commercial functions, renewing the Company's political and administrative authority for another twenty years. It invested the Board of Control with full power and authority over the Company.

The English Education Act by the Council of India in 1835 reallocated funds from the East India Company to spend on education and literature in India. In 1837, the British East India company replaced Persian with local vernacular in various provinces as the official and court language. However, in the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent, Urdu instead of Hindi was chosen to replace Persian.[8][9]

In 1835, William Henry Sleeman captured "Feringhea" in his efforts to suppress the Thuggee secret society. Sleeman's work led to his appointment as General Superintendent of the operations for the Suppression of Thuggee. In February 1839, he assumed charge of the office of Commissioner for the Suppression of Thuggee and Dacoity. During these operations, more than 1400 Thugs were hanged or transported for life.

Western Asia

Eastern Europe

Poland

Northern Europe

United Kingdom

Royalty
June 20: Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837–1901).

In 1830, William IV succeeded his brother George IV as King of the United Kingdom. Upon his death in 1837, his 18-year-old niece Queen Victoria acceded to the throne. where she would reign for more than 63 years.[10] Under Salic law, the Kingdom of Hanover passes to William's brother, Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, ending the personal union of Britain and Hanover which has persisted since 1714. Queen Victoria took up residence in Buckingham Palace, the first reigning British monarch to make this, rather than St James's Palace, her London home.[11]

Politics and Law

jfkdsl;ad four prime ministers during the 1830s. As the decade began, Tory Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington led parliament. Wellington's government fell in late 1830, failing to react to calls for reform.[12] The Whigs selected Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey to succeed him, who led passage of many reforms, including the Reform Act 1832, the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 (abolishing slavery throughout the British Empire), and the Factory Acts (limiting child labour).

In 1834 Grey retired from public life, leaving Lord Melbourne as his successor. Reforms continued under Lord Melbourne, with the Poor Law Amendment Act in 1834, which stated that no able-bodied British man could receive assistance unless he entered a workhouse. King William IV's opposition to the Whigs' reforming ways led him to dismiss Melbourne in November and then appoint Sir Robert Peel to form a Tory government. Peel's failure to win a House of Commons majority in the resulting general election (January 1835) made it impossible for him to govern, and the Whigs returned to power under Melbourne in April 1835. The Marriage Act 1836 established civil marriage and registration systems that permit marriages in nonconformist chapels, and a Registrar General of Births, Marriages, and Deaths.[13][14]

There were protests and significant unrest during the decade. In May and June 1831 in Wales, coal miners and others rioted for improved working conditions in what was known as the Merthyr Rising. William Howley Archbishop of Canterbury has his coach attacked by an angry mob on his first official visit to Canterbury in 1832. In 1834, Robert Owen organized the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union, an early attempt to form a national union confederation. In May 1838, the People's Charter was drawn up in the United Kingdom, demanding universal suffrage. Chartism continued to gain popularity, leading to the Newport Rising in 1839, the last large-scale armed rebellion against authority in mainland Britain.

In 1835, James Pratt and John Smith were hanged outside Newgate Prison in London after a conviction of sodomy, the last deadly victims of the judicial persecution of homosexual men in England.[15]

Western Europe

Germany

Austria

Switzerland

Belgium

France

French Revolution of 1830

The French Revolution of 1830 was also known as the July Revolution, Second French Revolution or Trois Glorieuses in French. It saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his cousin Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orléans (who would in turn be overthrown in 1848). The revolution ended the Bourbon Restoration, shifting power to the July Monarchy (rule by the House of Orléans). Duc de Broglie briefly served as Prime Minister, with many successors over the course of the decade.

Canut revolts

The first two Canut revolts occurred in the 1830s. They were among the first well-defined worker uprisings of the Industrial Revolution. The word Canut was a common term to describe to all Lyonnais silk workers.

The First Canut revolt in 1831 was provoked by a drop in workers' wages caused by a drop in silk prices. After a bloody battle with the military causing 600 casualties, rebellious silk workers seize Lyon, France. The government sent Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult, a veteran of the Napoleonic Wars, at the head of an army of 20,000 to restore order. Soult was able to retake the town without any bloodshed, and without making any compromises with the workers. The Second Canut revolt in 1834 occurred when owners attempted to impose a wage decrease. The government crushed the rebellion in a bloody battle, and deported or imprisoned 10,000 insurgents.

Other events

Southern Europe

Ottoman Empire (Balkans)

Greece

Italian Peninsula

Main article: Italian unification

Spain

Portugal

Africa

French conquest of Algeria

In 1830, France invaded and quickly seized Ottoman Regency of Algiers, and rapidly took control of other coastal communities. Fighting would continue throughout the decade, with the French pitted against forces under Ahmed Bey at Constantine, primarily in the east, and nationalist forces in Kabylie and the west. The French made treaties with the nationalists under 'Abd al-Qādir, enabling them to capture Constantine in 1837. Al-Qādir continued to give stiff resistance in the west, which lasted throughout the decade (and well into the 1840s, with Al-Qādir surrendering in 1847).

North America

Canada

United States

United States territories and states that forbade or allowed slavery, 1837.
Slavery
Settlement
Native Americans
Main article: American Indian Wars
Presidents
Supreme Court
Other

Texas

Mexico

Nicaragua

Costa Rica

Puerto Rico

Honduras

South America

Brazil

Riograndense Republic

Uruguay

Argentina

Falkland Islands

Peru

Ecuador

Chile

Science and Technology

Astronomy

Mechanical Engineering

Photography

L'Atelier de l'artiste. An 1837 daguerreotype by Louis Daguerre, the first to complete the full process.

Electricity

Many key discoveries about electricity were made in the 1830s. Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831; however, Faraday was the first to publish the results of his experiments.[25][26] Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential difference (voltage) across a conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic field. This discovery was essential to the invention of transformers, inductors, and many types of electrical motors, generators and solenoids.[27][28]

In 1834, Michael Faraday's published his research regarding the quantitative relationships in electrochemical reactions, now known as Faraday's laws of electrolysis.[29] Also in 1834, Jean C. A. Peltier discovered the Peltier "effect", which is the presence of heating or cooling at an electrified junction of two different conductors. In 1836, John Daniell invented a primary cell in which hydrogen was eliminated in the generation of the electricity.

Telegraph

Computers

Chemistry

Biology

Darwin's voyage aboard HMS Beagle.

Archaeology

Sociology

Transportation

Rail

Flight

Automobile

Steamships

Economics

Popular culture

Literature

Theatre

Music

Main article: 1830s in music

Sports

Main article: 1830s in sports

Fashion

Main article: 1830s in fashion

Religion

Disasters, natural events, and notable mishaps

Establishments

People

World leaders

  1. Fath Ali Shah, 1797–1834
  2. Mohammad Shah Qajar, 1834–1848
  1. Akbar II 1806–1837
  2. Bahadur Shah Zafar 1837–1858

External links

References

  1. "World suffrage timeline women and the vote". New Zealand Ministry of Culture and Heritage.
  2. 1 2 Greenberg, Michael. British Trade and the Opening of China 1800–1841 (preview). p. 113. expansion in imports from 16,550 chests in the season 1831-2 to over 30,000 in 1835-6, and 40,000 in 1838-9
  3. Peter Ward Fay, The Opium War, 1840–1842: Barbarians in the Celestial Empire in the Early Part of the Nineteenth Century and the Way by Which They Forced the Gates Ajar (Chapel Hill, North Carolina:: University of North Carolina Press, 1975).
  4. Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, ed. (2010). "9. Manchus and Imperialism: The Qing Dynasty 1644–1900". The Cambridge Illustrated History of China (second ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-521-19620-8.
  5. Poon, Leon. "Emergence Of Modern China". University of Maryland. Retrieved 22 Dec 2008.
  6. Taufik Abdullah (1 January 2009). Indonesia: Towards Democracy. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 5. ISBN 978-981-230-366-0. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  7. Melbourne.vic.gov.au
  8. Language, Religion and Politics in North India by Paul R. Brass, Publisher: iUniverse, Incorporated, ISBN 978-0-595-34394-2
  9. John R. McLane (1970). The political awakening in India. Prentice-Hall. Inc, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. p. 105.
  10. 1 2 "Icons, a portrait of England 1820–1840". Archived from the original on 22 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
  11. Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
  12. Holmes (2002). p. 283.
  13. wikisource:1836 (33) Registration of Births &c. A bill for registering Births Deaths and Marriages in England.
  14. Palmer, Alan; Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 260–261. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  15. See 2012
  16. "Lewis Cass and the Politics of Disease: The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832". Muse.jhu.edu. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
  17. "Wicazo Sa Review: Vol. 18, No. 2, The Politics of Sovereignty (Autumn, 2003), pp. 9–35". Links.jstor.org. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
  18. www.publicdebt.treas.gov
  19. Wikisource link to Texas Declaration of Independence. Wikisource.
  20. The World Book Encyclopedia. 1970. (U.S.A.) Library of Congress catalog card number 70-79247.
  21. "The Constitution of the Republic of Texas (1836)". University of Texas School of Law. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  22. Sher, D. (1965). "The Curious History of NGC 3603". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 59: 76. Bibcode:1965JRASC..59...67S.
  23. See the Museum for the History of Sciences (2001), web site section "Phenakistiscope".
  24. Robertson, Patrick (1974). The Shell Book of Firsts. London: Ebury Press. pp. 127–8. ISBN 0-7181-1279-2.
  25. Ulaby, Fawwaz (2007). Fundamentals of applied electromagnetics (5th ed.). Pearson:Prentice Hall. p. 255. ISBN 0-13-241326-4.
  26. "Joseph Henry". Distinguished Members Gallery, National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2006-11-30.
  27. Sadiku, M. N. O. (2007). Elements of Electromagnetics (fourth ed.). New York (USA)/Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press. p. 386. ISBN 0-19-530048-3.
  28. "Applications of electromagnetic induction". Boston University. 1999-07-22.
  29. Ehl, Rosemary Gene; Ihde, Aaron (1954). "Faraday's Electrochemical Laws and the Determination of Equivalent Weights". Journal of Chemical Education 31 (May): 226232. Bibcode:1954JChEd..31..226E. doi:10.1021/ed031p226.
  30. Hyman, Anthony (1982). Charles Babbage: pioneer of the computer. Oxford University Press. pp. 177–8. ISBN 0-19-858170-X.
  31. Hyman, Anthony (1982). Charles Babbage: pioneer of the computer. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-858170-X.
  32. "Babbage's Analytical Engine, 1834–1871 (Trial model)". Science Museum (London). Archived from the original on 20 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  33. Mattusch, Carol C. (1988). Greek Bronze Statuary: from the beginnings through the fifth century B.C. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. p. 3. ISBN 0-8014-2148-9. Retrieved August 2010.
  34. "Railroad — Wilmington & Raleigh (later Weldon)". North Carolina Business History. 2006. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
  35. "Railroads — prior to the Civil War". North Carolina Business History. 2006. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
  36. Thomas, R. H. G. (1972). London's First Railway The London & Greenwich. London: Batsford. ISBN 0-7134-0468-X.
  37. "Railroad — Wilmington & Raleigh (later Weldon)". North Carolina Business History. CommunicationSolutions/ISI. 2006. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
  38. Recks, Robert. "Who's Who of Ballooning". Retrieved 24 May 2012.
  39. "Steamship Curaçao". Archived from the original on 24 December 2010. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
  40. "Quincy, Illinois: A Temporary Refuge, 1838–39". Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
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