Demographics of India

Demographics of India
Map showing the population density of each district in India.
Population	1,251,695,584 (July 2015 est.)[1]
Density	383 people per.sq.km (2011 est.)
Growth rate	1.25% (2013) (94th)
Birth rate	20.22 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)
Death rate	7.4 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)
Life expectancy	68.89 years (2009 est.)
• male	67.46 years (2009 est.)
• female	72.61 years (2009 est.)
Fertility rate	2.3 children born/woman (SRS 2013)
Infant mortality rate	40 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years	31.2% (male 190,075,426/female 172,799,553) (2009 est.)
15–64 years	63.6% (male 381,446,079/female 359,802,209) (2009 est.)
65 and over	5.3% (male 29,364,920/female 32,591,030) (2009 est.)
Sex ratio
At birth	1.10 male(s)/female (2013 est.)
Under 15	1.10 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
15–64 years	1.06 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
65 and over	0.90 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
Nationality
Major ethnic	See Ethnic Groups of India
Language
Official	See Languages of India

Crude birth rate trends in India
(per 1000 people, national average)^[2][3][4]

Infant mortality rate trends in India
(per 1000 births, under age 1, national average)

India is the second most populous country in the world, with over 1.2 billion people (July 2015),^[1] more than a sixth of the world's population. Already containing 17.5% of the world's population, India is projected to be the world's most populous country by 2022, surpassing China, its population reaching 1.6 billion by 2050.^[5][6] Its population growth rate is 1.2%, ranking 94th in the world in 2013.^[7] The Indian population had reached the billion mark by 1998.

India has more than 50% of its population below the age of 25 and more than 65% below the age of 35. It is expected that, in 2020, the average age of an Indian will be 29 years, compared to 37 for China and 48 for Japan; and, by 2030, India's dependency ratio should be just over 0.4.^[8]

India has more than two thousand ethnic groups,^[9] and every major religion is represented, as are four major families of languages (Indo-European, Dravidian, Austroasiatic and Sino-Tibetan languages) as well as two language isolates (the Nihali language^[10] spoken in parts of Maharashtra and the Burushaski language spoken in parts of Jammu and Kashmir).

Further complexity is lent by the great variation that occurs across this population on social parameters such as income and education. Only the continent of Africa exceeds the linguistic, genetic and cultural diversity of the nation of India.^[11]

History

It has been estimated that the population was about 100 million in 1600 and remained nearly static until the late 19th century. It reached 255 million according to the first census taken in 1881.^[12][13]

Studies of India's population since 1881 have focused on such topics as total population, birth and death rates, growth rates, geographic distribution, literacy, the rural and urban divide, cities of a million, and the three cities with populations over eight million: Delhi, Greater Mumbai (Bombay), and Kolkata (Calcutta).^[14]

Mortality rates fell in the period 1920–45, primarily due to biological immunisation. Other factors included rising incomes, better living conditions, improved nutrition, a safer and cleaner environment, and better official health policies and medical care.^[15]

Salient features

India occupies 2.4% of the world's land area but supports over 17.5% of the world's population. At the 2001 census 72.2% of the population^[16] lived in about 638,000 villages^[17] and the remaining 27.8%^[16] lived in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 urban agglomerations.^[18]

India's population has exceeded that of the entire continent of Africa by 200 million people.^[19] However, because Africa's population growth is nearly double that of India, it is expected to surpass both China and India by 2025.

Comparative demographics

Category	Global Ranking	Notes (Reference)
Area	7th	[20]
Population	2nd	[20]
Population growth rate	102nd of 212	in 2010[21]
Population density (people per square kilometer of land area)	24th of 212	in 2010[21]
Male to Female ratio, at birth	12th of 214	in 2009[22]

List of states and union territories by demographics

S.No.	Census Year	Population [23]	% Change [23]
1	1951	361,088,000	-----
2	1961	439,235,000	21.6
3	1971	548,160,000	24.8
4	1981	683,329,000	24.7
5	1991	846,387,888	23.9
6	2001	1,028,737,436	21.5
7	2011	1,210,726,932	17.7

Population distribution in India by states

Rank	State / Union Territory	Type	Population	% [24]	Males	Females	Sex Ratio [25]	Literacy	Rural[26] Population	Urban[26] Population	Area[27] (km²)	Density (/km²)
1	Uttar Pradesh	State	19,98,12,341	16.5	10,44,80,510	9,53,31,831	930	67.68	13,16,58,339	3,45,39,582	2,40,928	828
2	Maharashtra	State	11,23,74,333	9.28	5,82,43,056	5,41,31,277	929	82.34	5,57,77,647	4,11,00,980	3,07,713	365
3	Bihar	State	10,40,99,452	8.6	5,42,78,157	4,98,21,295	918	61.80	7,43,16,709	86,81,800	94,163	1,102
4	West Bengal	State	9,12,76,115	7.54	4,68,09,027	4,44,67,088	950	76.26	5,77,48,946	2,24,27,251	88,752	1,030
6	Madhya Pradesh	State	7,26,26,809	6.00	3,76,12,306	3,50,14,503	931	69.32	4,43,80,878	1,59,67,145	3,08,245	236
7	Tamil Nadu	State	7,21,47,030	5.96	3,61,37,975	3,60,09,055	996	80.09	3,49,21,681	2,74,83,998	1,30,058	555
8	Rajasthan	State	6,85,48,437	5.66	3,55,50,997	3,29,97,440	928	66.11	4,32,92,813	1,32,14,375	3,42,239	201
9	Karnataka	State	6,10,95,297	5.05	3,09,66,657	3,01,28,640	973	75.36	3,48,89,033	1,79,61,529	1,91,791	319
10	Gujarat	State	6,04,39,692	4.99	3,14,91,260	2,89,48,432	919	78.03	3,17,40,767	1,89,30,250	1,96,024	308
10	Andhra Pradesh	State	4,93,86,799	4.08	2,47,38,068	2,46,48,731	996	67.41	3,47,76,389	14,610,410	1,60,205	308
11	Orissa	State	4,19,74,218	3.47	2,12,12,136	2,07,62,082	979	72.87	3,12,87,422	55,17,238	1,55,707	269
12	Telangana	State	3,51,93,978	2.9	1,77,04,078	1,74,89,900	988	66.46	2,15,85,313	1,36,08,665	1,14,840	307
13	Kerala	State	3,34,06,061	2.76	1,60,27,412	1,73,78,649	1084	94.00	2,35,74,449	82,66,925	38,863	859
14	Jharkhand	State	3,29,88,134	2.72	1,69,30,315	1,60,57,819	948	66.41	2,09,52,088	59,93,741	79,714	414
15	Assam	State	3,12,05,576	2.58	1,59,39,443	1,52,66,133	958	72.19	2,32,16,288	34,39,240	78,438	397
16	Punjab	State	2,77,43,338	2.29	1,46,39,465	1,31,03,873	895	75.84	1,60,96,488	82,62,511	50,362	550
17	Chhattisgarh	State	2,55,45,198	2.11	1,28,32,895	1,27,12,303	991	70.28	1,66,48,056	41,85,747	1,35,191	189
18	Haryana	State	2,53,51,462	2.09	1,34,94,734	1,18,56,728	879	75.55	1,50,29,260	61,15,304	44,212	573
19	Delhi	UT	1,67,87,941	1.39	88,87,326	78,00,615	868	86.21	9,44,727	1,29,05,780	1,484	11,297
20	Jammu and Kashmir	State	1,25,41,302	1.04	66,40,662	59,00,640	889	67.16	76,27,062	25,16,638	2,22,236	56
21	Uttarakhand	State	1,00,86,292	0.83	51,37,773	49,48,519	963	79.63	63,10,275	21,79,074	53,483	189
22	Himachal Pradesh	State	68,64,602	0.57	34,81,873	33,82,729	972	82.80	54,82,319	5,95,581	55,673	123
23	Tripura	State	36,73,917	0.30	18,74,376	17,99,541	960	87.22	26,53,453	5,45,750	10,486	350
24	Meghalaya	State	29,66,889	0.25	14,91,832	14,75,057	989	74.43	18,64,711	4,54,111	22,429	132
25	Manipur	State	25,70,390	0.21	12,90,171	12,80,219	992	79.21	15,90,820	5,75,968	22,327	122
26	Nagaland	State	19,78,502	0.16	10,24,649	9,53,853	931	79.55	16,47,249	3,42,787	16,579	119
27	Goa	State	14,58,545	0.12	7,39,140	7,19,405	973	88.70	6,77,091	6,70,577	3,702	394
28	Arunachal Pradesh	State	13,83,727	0.11	7,13,912	6,69,815	938	65.38	8,70,087	2,27,881	83,743	17
29	Pondicherry	UT	12,47,953	0.10	6,12,511	6,35,442	1037	85.85	3,25,726	6,48,619	479	2,598
30	Mizoram	State	10,97,206	0.09	5,55,339	5,41,867	976	91.33	4,47,567	4,41,006	21,081	52
31	Chandigarh	UT	10,55,450	0.09	5,80,663	4,74,787	818	86.05	92,120	8,08,515	114	9,252
32	Sikkim	State	6,10,577	0.05	3,23,070	2,87,507	890	81.42	4,80,981	59,870	7,096	86
33	Andaman and Nicobar Islands	UT	3,80,581	0.03	2,02,871	1,77,710	876	86.63	2,39,954	1,16,198	8,249	46
34	Dadra and Nagar Haveli	UT	3,43,709	0.03	1,93,760	1,49,949	774	76.24	1,70,027	50,463	491	698
35	Daman and Diu	UT	2,43,247	0.02	1,50,301	92,946	618	87.10	1,00,856	57,348	112	2,169
36	Lakshadweep	UT	64,473	0.01	33,123	31,350	946	91.85	33,683	26,967	32	2,013
TOTAL	India	29 + 7	121,08,54,977	100	62,37,24,248	58,64,69,174	943	73.00	83,30,87,662	37,71,05,760	32,87,240	382

States and union territories

Rank	India/State/UT	No. of Districts in 2001	No. of Districts in 2014	No. of Districts without any geographical change
1	Uttar Pradesh	45	71	-
2	Madhya Pradesh	45	51	-
3	Bihar	37	40	34
4	Maharashtra	35	36	31
5	Rajasthan	32	33	18
6	Tamil Nadu	30	32	25
7	Karnataka	27	30	24
8	Odisha	30	30	26
9	Assam	23	27	15
10	Gujarat	25	33	20
11	Jharkhand	18	24	9
12	Andhra Pradesh	23	13	13
13	Jammu and Kashmir	14	22	5
14	Haryana	19	21	17
15	Punjab	17	22	8
16	West Bengal	18	20	17
17	Chhattisgarh	16	27	8
18	Kerala	14	14	14
19	Arunachal Pradesh	13	17	10
20	Uttarakhand	13	13	11
21	Himachal Pradesh	12	12	12
22	Nagaland	8	11	3
23	Delhi	9	11	9
24	Manipur	9	9	9
25	Mizoram	8	8	4
26	Meghalaya	7	11	4
27	Sikkim	4	4	4
28	Tripura	4	8	2
29	Puducherry UT	4	4	4
30	Andaman and Nicobar Islands UT	2	3	1
31	Goa	2	2	2
32	Daman and Diu UT	2	2	2
33	Dadra and Nagar Haveli UT	1	1	1
34	Chandigarh UT	1	1	1
35	Lakshadweep UT	1	1	1
36	Telangana	0	10	10
Total	INDIA	593	640	464

^[28]

Religious demographics

Religions of India^{[29][note 1][note 2]}

Religion	Population	Percent
All religions	1,210,854,977	100.00%
Hindus	966,378,868	79.8%
Muslims	172,245,158	14.23%
Christians	27,080,016	2.3%
Sikhs	19,215,730	1.7%
Buddhists	7,955,207	0.8%
Jains	4,225,053	0.4%
Bahá'ís	1 953 112	0.18%
Others	4,686,588	0.32%
Religion not stated	727,588	0.1%

The table below summarises India's demographics (excluding Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati District of Manipur state due to cancellation of census results) according to religion at the 2001 census in per cent. The data is "unadjusted" (without excluding Assam and Jammu and Kashmir); The 1981 census was not conducted in Assam and the 1991 census was not conducted in Jammu and Kashmir.

Table 2: Census information for 2011^[30]

Composition	Hindus[31]	Muslims[32]	Christians[33]	Sikhs[34]	Buddhist[35]	Jains[36]	Others^1[37]
% of total population	79.80%	14.23%	2.30%	1.72%	0.70%	0.37%	0.89%
10-year growth % (est. 2001-2011)[38]	16.8%	24.6%	15.5%	8.4%	6.1%	5.4%	103.1%
No. of females per 1000 males (average = 943)	939	951	1023	903	965	954	995
Literacy rate (65% for age 7 and above, 2001 census)[39]	64.5%	60.0%	80.3%	70.4%	73.0%	95.0%	50.0%
Work participation rate	40.4	31.3	39.7	37.7	40.6	32.9	48.4
Rural sex ratio[38]	923	953	1001	895	958	937	995
Urban sex ratio[38]	922	907	1026	886	944	941	966
Child sex ratio (0–6 yrs)	925	950	964	786	942	870	976

^1 including Bahá'ís, Jews, and Parsis. Tribal Animists (and non religious) are included after 1926 (1931 census onwards)

Population trends for major religious groups in India (1951–2011)^{[40][41][42][43]}

Religious group	Population % 1951	Population % 1961	Population % 1971	Population % 1981	Population % 1991	Population % 2001	Population % 2011[44]
Hinduism	84.1%	83.45%	82.73%	82.30%	81.53%	80.46%	79.80%
Islam	9.8%	10.69%	11.21%	11.75%	12.61%	13.43%	14.23%
Christianity	2.3%	2.44%	2.60%	2.44%	2.32%	2.34%	2.30%
Sikhism	1.79%	1.79%	1.89%	1.92%	1.94%	1.87%	1.72%
Buddhism	0.74%	0.74%	0.70%	0.70%	0.77%	0.77%	0.70%
Jainism	0.46%	0.46%	0.48%	0.47%	0.40%	0.41%	0.37%
Zoroastrianism	0.13%	0.09%	0.09%	0.09%	0.08%	0.06%	n/a
Other religions / No religion	0.43%	0.43%	0.41%	0.42%	0.44%	0.72%	0.9%

Neonatal and infant demographics

Male to female sex ratio for India, based on its official census data, from 1941 through 2011.^[45] The data suggests the existence of high sex ratios before and after the arrival of ultrasound-based prenatal care and sex screening technologies in India.

The table below represents the infant mortality rate trends in India, by gender, in the last 15 years. In the urban areas of India, average male infant mortality rates are slightly higher than the female infant mortality rates.

Infant mortality demographic trends of India per 1000 births

Year	Infant (0–1 year), male	Infant (0–1 year), female	Reference
1998	70	74	[46]
2005	56	58	[47]
2009	49	52	[48]

Some activists believe India's 2011 census shows a serious decline in the number of girls under the age of seven - activists fear eight million female foetuses may have been aborted between 2001 and 2011.^[49] These claims are controversial. Scientists who study human sex ratios and demographic trends suggest that birth sex ratio between 1.08 and 1.12 can be because of natural factors, such as the age of mother at baby's birth, age of father at baby's birth, number of babies per couple, economic stress, endocrinological factors, etc.^[50] The 2011 census birth sex ratio in India, of 917 girls to 1000 boys, is similar to 870-930 girls to 1000 boys birth sex ratios observed in Japanese, Chinese, Cuban, Filipino and Hawaiian ethnic groups in the United States between 1940 and 2005. They are also similar to birth sex ratios below 900 girls to 1000 boys observed in mothers of different age groups and gestation periods in the United States.^[51][52]

Population within the age group of 0–6

State/UT Code	India/State/UT	Person	Males	Females
01	Jammu and Kashmir	2,008,670	1,080,662	927,982
02	Himachal Pradesh	763,864	400,681	363,183
03	Punjab	2,941,570	1,593,262	1,348,308
04	Chandigarh	117,953	63,187	54,766
05	Uttarakhand	1,328,844	704,769	624,075
06	Haryana	3,297,724	1,802,047	1,495,677
07	Delhi	1,970,510	1,055,735	914,775
08	Rajasthan	10,504,916	5,580,212	4,924,004
09	Uttar Pradesh	29,728,235	15,653,175	14,075,060
10	Bihar	18,582,229	9,615,280	8,966,949
11	Sikkim	61,077	31,418	29,659
12	Arunachal Pradesh	202,759	103,430	99,330
13	Nagaland	285,981	147,111	138,870
14	Manipur	353,237	182,684	170,553
15	Mizoram	165,536	83,965	81,571
16	Tripura	444,055	227,354	216,701
17	Meghalaya	555,822	282,189	273,633
18	Assam	4,511,307	2,305,088	2,206,219
19	West Bengal	10,112,599	5,187,264	4,925,335
20	Jharkhand	5,237,582	2,695,921	2,541,661
21	Odisha	5,035,650	2,603,208	2,432,442
22	Chhattisgarh	3,584,028	1,824,987	1,759,041
23	Madhya Pradesh	10,548,295	5,516,957	5,031,338
24	Gujarat	7,564464	3,974,286	3,519,890
25	Daman and Diu	25,880	13,556	12,314
26	Dadra and Nagar Haveli	49,196	25,575	23,621
27	Maharashtra	12,848,375	6,822,262	6,026,113
28	Andhra Pradesh	8,642,686	4,448,330	4,194,356
29	Karnataka	6,855,801	3,527,844	3,327,957
30	Goa	139,495	72,669	66,826
31	Lakshadweep	7,088	3,715	3,373
32	Kerala	3,322,247	1,695,889	1,626,358
33	Tamil Nadu	6,894,821	3,542,351	3,352,470
34	Puducherry	127,610	64,932	62,678
35	Andaman and Nicobar Islands	39,497	20,094	19,403
	INDIA	158,789,287	82,952,135	75,837,152

^[28]

Population above the age of 7

Life expectancy map of India, 2011-2016.^[53]

State/UT code	Name	Population
		Total	Male	Female
1	Jammu and Kashmir	-	-	-
2	Himachal Pradesh	-	-	-
3	Punjab	-	-	-
4	Chandigarh	-	-	-
5	Uttarakhand	-	-	-
6	Haryana	22,055,357	11,703,083	10,352,274
7	Delhi	14,782,725	7,920,675	6,862,050
8	Rajasthan	58,116,096	30,039,874	28,076,222
9	Uttar Pradesh	169,853,242	88,943,240	80,910,002
10	Bihar	85,222,408	44,570,067	40,652,341
11	Sikkim	546,611	290,243	256,368
12	Arunachal Pradesh	1,179,852	616,802	563,050
13	Nagaland	1,694,621	878,596	816,025
14	Manipur	2,368,519	1,187,080	1,181,439
15	Mizoram	925,478	468,374	457,104
16	Tripura	3,226,977	1,644,513	1,582,464
17	Meghalaya	2,408,185	1,210,479	1,197,706
18	Assam	26,657,965	13,649,839	13,008,126
19	West Bengal	81,235,137	41,740,125	39,495,012
20	Jharkhand	27,728,656	14,235,767	13,492,889
21	Odisha	36,911,708	18,598,470	18,313,238
22	Chhattisgarh	21,956,168	11,002,928	10,953,240
23	Madhya Pradesh	62,049,270	32,095,963	29,953,307
24	Gujarat	52,889,452	27,507,996	25,381,456
25	Daman and Diu	217,031	136,544	80,487
26	Dadra and Nagar Haveli	293,657	167,603	126,054
27	Maharashtra	99,524,597	51,539,135	47,985,462
28	Andhra Pradesh	76,022,847	38,061,551	37,961,296
29	Karnataka	54,274,903	27,529,898	26,745,005
30	Goa	1,318,228	668,042	650,186
31	Lakshadweep	57,341	29,391	27,950
32	Kerala	-	-	-
33	Tamil Nadu	65,244,137	32,616,520	32,627,617
34	Puducherry	1,116,854	545,553	571,301
35	Andaman and Nicobar Islands	340,447	182,236	158,211
India[28]		1,051,404,135	540,772,113	510,632,022

Literacy rate

Literacy rate map of India, 2011.^[54]

State /UT Code	India/State/UT	Literate Persons (%)	Males (%)	Females (%)
01	Jammu and Kashmir	86.61	87.26	86.23+-
02	Himachal Pradesh	83.78	90.83	76.60
03	Punjab	76.6	81.48	71.34
04	Chandigarh	86.43	90.54	81.38
05	Uttarakhand	79.63	88.33	70.70
06	Haryana	76.64	85.38	66.77
07	Delhi	86.34	91.03	80.93
08	Rajasthan	67.06	80.51	52.66
09	Uttar Pradesh	69.72	79.24	59.26
10	Bihar	63.82	73.39	53.33
11	Sikkim	82.20	87.29	76.43
12	Arunachal Pradesh	66.95	73.69	59.57
13	Nagaland	80.11	83.29	76.69
14	Manipur	79.85	86.49	73.17
15	Mizoram	91.58	93.72	89.40
16	Tripura	87.75	92.18	83.15
17	Meghalaya	75.48	77.17	73.78
18	Assam	73.18	78.81	67.27
19	West Bengal	77.08	82.67	71.16
20	Jharkhand	67.63	78.45	56.21
21	Odisha	72.9	82.40	64.36
22	Chhattisgarh	71.04	81.45	60.59
23	Madhya Pradesh	70.63	80.53	60.02
24	Gujarat	79.31	87.23	70.73
25	Daman and Diu	87.07	91.48	79.59
26	Dadra and Nagar Haveli	77.65	86.46	65.93
27	Maharashtra	83.2	89.82	75.48
28	Andhra Pradesh	67.66	75.56	59.74
29	Karnataka	75.60	82.85	68.13
30	Goa	87.40	92.81	81.84
31	Lakshadweep	92.28	96.11	88.25
32	Kerala	93.91	96.02	91.98
33	Tamil Nadu	80.33	86.81	73.86
34	Puducherry	86.55	92.12	81.22
35	Andaman and Nicobar Islands	86.27	90.11	81.84
	INDIA	74.03	82.14	65.46

^[28]

Linguistic demographics

41.03% of the Indians speak Hindi while the rest speak Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu and a variety of other languages.

The table immediately below excludes Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati District of Manipur state due to cancellation of census results.

Languages of India by number of native speakers at the 2001 census^[55]

Rank	Language	Speakers	Percentage
1	Hindi dialects[56]	422,048,642	41.03%
2	Bengali	83,369,769	8.11%
3	Telugu	74,002,856	7.19%
4	Marathi	71,936,894	6.99%
5	Tamil	60,793,814	5.91%
6	Urdu	51,536,111	5.01%
7	Gujarati	46,091,617	4.48%
8	Kannada	37,924,011	3.69%
9	Malayalam	33,066,392	3.21%
10	Odia	33,017,446	3.21%
11	Punjabi	29,102,477	2.83%
12	Assamese	13,168,484	1.28%
13	Maithili	12,179,122	1.18%
14	Bhili/Bhilodi	9,582,957	0.93%
15	Santali	6,469,600	0.63%
16	Kashmiri	5,527,698	0.54%
17	Nepali	2,871,749	0.28%
18	Gondi	2,713,790	0.26%
19	Sindhi	2,535,485	0.25%
20	Konkani	2,489,015	0.24%
21	Dogri	2,282,589	0.22%
22	Khandeshi	2,075,258	0.20%
23	Kurukh	1,751,489	0.17%
24	Tulu	1,722,768	0.17%
25	Meitei (Manipuri)	1,466,705*	0.14%
26	Bodo	1,350,478	0.13%
27	Khasi - Garo	1,128,575	0.112%
28	Mundari	1,061,352	0.105%
29	Ho	1,042,724	0.103%

Largest cities

Vital statistics

UN estimates

Period	Births per year	Deaths per year	Natural change per year	CBR^1	CDR^1	NC^1	TFR^1	IMR^1
1950–1955	16,832,000	9,928,000	6,904,000	43.3	25.5	17.7	5.90	165.0
1955–1960	17,981,000	9,686,000	8,295,000	42.1	22.7	19.4	5.90	153.1
1960–1965	19,086,000	9,358,000	9,728,000	40.4	19.8	20.6	5.82	140.1
1965–1970	20,611,000	9,057,000	11,554,000	39.2	17.2	22.0	5.69	128.5
1970–1975	22,022,000	8,821,000	13,201,000	37.5	15.0	22.5	5.26	118.0
1975–1980	24,003,000	8,584,000	15,419,000	36.3	13.0	23.3	4.89	106.4
1980–1985	25,577,000	8,763,000	16,814,000	34.5	11.8	22.7	4.47	95.0
1985–1990	26,935,000	9,073,000	17,862,000	32.5	10.9	21.5	4.11	85.1
1990–1995	27,566,000	9,400,000	18,166,000	30.0	10.2	19.8	3.72	76.4
1995–2000	27,443,000	9,458,000	17,985,000	27.2	9.4	17.8	3.31	68.9
2000–2005	27,158,000	9,545,000	17,614,000	25.3	8.4	16.9	3.14	60.7
2005–2010	27,271,000	9,757,000	17,514,000	22.9	7.9	15.0	2.80	52.9
2010–2015				20.4	7.4	14.0	2.48
^1 CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births

Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs website > World Population Prospects: The 2015 revision.^[58]

Sample Registration System

Total fertility rate map: average births per woman by states and union territories, 2012^[59]

Total fertility rate map: average births per woman by districts, 2011

	Average population (x 1000)	Live births^1	Deaths^1	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Total Fertility Rate
1981	716 493	24 289 000	8 956 000	15 333 000	33.9	12.5	21.4
1982	733 152	24 781 000	8 725 000	16 056 000	33.8	11.9	21.9
1983	750 034	25 276 000	8 925 000	16 351 000	33.7	11.9	21.8
1984	767 147	26 006 000	9 666 000	16 340 000	33.9	12.6	21.3
1985	784 491	25 810 000	9 257 000	16 553 000	32.9	11.8	21.1
1986	802 052	26 147 000	8 903 000	17 244 000	32.6	11.1	21.5
1987	819 800	26 316 000	8 936 000	17 380 000	32.1	10.9	21.2
1988	837 700	26 388 000	9 215 000	17 173 000	31.5	11.0	20.5
1989	855 707	26 185 000	8 814 000	17 371 000	30.6	10.3	20.3
1990	873 785	26 388 000	8 476 000	17 912 000	30.2	9.7	20.5	3.8
1991	891 910	26 133 000	8 741 000	17 392 000	29.3	9.8	19.5
1992	910 065	26 392 000	9 192 000	17 200 000	29.0	10.1	18.9
1993	928 226	26 640 000	8 633 000	18 007 000	28.7	9.3	19.4
1994	946 373	27 161 000	8 801 000	18 360 000	28.7	9.3	19.4
1995	964 486	27 295 000	8 680 000	18 615 000	28.3	9.0	19.3	3.5
1996	982 553	26 824 000	8 745 000	18 079 000	27.3	8.9	18.4
1997	1 000 558	27 215 000	8 905 000	18 310 000	27.2	8.9	18.3
1998	1 018 471	26 989 000	9 166 000	17 823 000	26.5	9.0	17.5
1999	1 036 259	26 943 000	9 015 000	17 928 000	26.0	8.7	17.3
2000	1 053 898	27 191 000	8 958 000	18 233 000	25.8	8.5	17.3	3.2
2001	1 071 374	27 213 000	9 000 000	18 213 000	25.4	8.4	17.0
2002	1 088 694	27 217 000	8 818 000	18 399 000	25.0	8.1	16.9
2003	1 105 886	27 426 000	8 847 000	18 579 000	24.8	8.0	16.8
2004	1 122 991	27 064 000	8 422 000	18 642 000	24.1	7.5	16.6
2005	1 140 043	27 133 000	8 664 000	18 469 000	23.8	7.6	16.2	2.9
2006	1 157 039	27 190 000	8 678 000	18 512 000	23.5	7.5	16.0
2007	1 173 972	27 119 000	8 687 000	18 432 000	23.1	7.4	15.7
2008	1 190 864	27 152 000	8 812 000	18 340 000	22.8	7.4	15.4	2.6
2009	1 207 740	27 174 000	8 817 000	18 357 000	22.5	7.3	15.2	2.6
2010	1 224 614	27 064 000	8 817 000	18 247 000	22.1	7.2	14.9	2.5
2011	1 242 738	27 092 000	8 823 000	18 268 000	21.8	7.1	14.7	2.44
2012	1 261 006	27 237 000	8 827 000	18 410 000	21.6	7.0	14.6	2.4
2013	1 279 416	27 379 500	8 956 000	18 423 600	21.4	7.0	14.4	2.3

¹ The numbers of births and deaths were calculated from the birth and death rates and the average population.

Sources: United Nations Statistics Division website > Demographic Yearbooks,^[60] Census of India website > Vital Statistics > Sample Registration System.^[61]

Structure of the population ^[62]

Structure of the population (09.02.2011) (Census) (Includes data for the Indian-held part of Jammu and Kashmir, the final status of which has not yet been determined)  :

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	623 270 258	587 584 719	1 210 854 977	100
0-4	58 632 074	54 174 704	112 806 778	9,32
5-9	66 300 466	60 627 660	126 928 126	10,48
10-14	69 418 835	63 290 377	132 709 212	10,96
15-19	63 982 396	56 544 053	120 526 449	9,95
20-24	57 584 693	53 839 529	111 424 222	9,20
25-29	51 344 208	50 069 757	101 413 965	8,38
30-34	44 660 674	43 934 277	88 594 951	7,32
35-39	42 919 381	42 221 303	85 140 684	7,03
40-44	37 545 386	34 892 726	72 438 112	5,98
45-49	32 138 114	30 180 213	62 318 327	5,15
50-54	25 843 266	23 225 988	49 069 254	4,05
55-59	19 456 012	19 690 043	39 146 055	3,23
60-64	18 701 749	18 961 958	37 663 707	3,11
65-69	12 944 326	13 510 657	26 454 983	2,18
70-74	9 651 499	9 557 343	19 208 842	1,59
75-79	4 490 603	4 741 900	9 232 503	0,76
80-84	2 927 040	3 293 189	6 220 229	0,51
85-89	1 120 106	1 263 061	2 383 167	0,20
90-94	652 465	794 069	1 446 534	0,12
95-99	294 759	338 538	633 297	0,05
100+	289 325	316 453	605 778	0,05
unknown	2 372 881	2 116 921	4 489 802	0,37

Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0-14	194 351 375	178 092 741	372 444 116	30,76
15-64	394 175 879	373 559 847	767 735 726	63,40
65+	32 370 123	33 815 210	66 185 333	5,47

Fertility rate

From the Demographic Health Survey:^[63]

Crude Birth Rate (CBR) and Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate):

Year	CBR (Total)	TFR (Total)	CBR (Urban)	TFR (Urban)	CBR (Rural)	TFR (Rural)
1992-1993	28,7	3,39 (2,64)	24,1	2,70 (2,09)	30,4	3,67 (2,86)
1998-1999	24,8	2,85 (2,13)	20,9	2,27 (1,73)	26,2	3,07 (2,28)
2003-2005	23,1	2,68 (1,9)	18,8	2,06 (1,6)	25,0	2,98 (2,1)

TFR = total/wanted fertility rate, CBR = crude birth rate.

Regional vital statistics

The below table gives the vital statistics (Births, Deaths, IMR and NGR) for the year 2010, according to the Registrar Gen., India.^[64]

State	Birth Rate	BR Rural	BR Urban	Death Rate	DR Rural	DR Urban	NGR	NGR Rural	NGR Urban	IMR
Andhra Pradesh	17.9	18.3	16.7	7.6	8.6	5.4	1.02%	0.97%	1.13%	46
Assam	23.2	24.4	15.8	8.2	8.6	5.8	1.49%	1.58%	1.01%	58
Arunachal Pradesh	28.1	28.8	22.0	6.8	7.0	5.6	2.13%	2.18%	1.64%	48
Chhattisgarh	25.3	26.8	18.6	8.0	8.4	6.2	1.73%	1.84%	1.24%	51
Delhi	17.8	19.7	17.5	4.2	4.6	4.1	1.36%	1.50%	1.34%	30
Gujarat	21.8	23.3	19.4	6.7	7.5	5.5	1.51%	1.58%	1.40%	44
Haryana	22.3	23.3	19.8	6.6	7.0	5.6	1.57%	1.63%	1.43%	48
Jammu and Kashmir	18.3	19.5	13.5	5.7	5.9	4.7	1.26%	1.36%	0.88%	43
Jharkhand	25.3	26.7	19.3	7.0	7.4	5.4	1.83%	1.93%	1.39%	42
Karnataka	19.2	20.2	17.5	7.1	8.1	5.4	1.21%	1.21%	1.21%	38
Kerala	14.8	14.8	14.8	7.0	7.1	6.7	0.78%	0.77%	0.81%	13
Madhya Pradesh	27.3	29.2	20.5	8.3	9.0	6.0	1.89%	2.02%	1.45%	62
Maharashtra	35.1	34.6	26.4	26.3	25.5	22.3	3.06%	3.02%	3.11%	78
Odisha	20.5	21.4	15.2	8.6	9.0	6.6	1.19%	1.24%	0.86%	61
Punjab	16.6	17.2	15.6	7.0	7.7	5.8	0.96%	0.95%	0.98%	34
Rajasthan	26.7	27.9	22.9	6.7	6.9	6.0	2.00%	2.09%	1.69%	55
Tamil Nadu	15.9	16.0	15.8	7.6	8.2	6.9	0.83%	0.78%	0.89%	24
Uttar Pradesh	28.3	29.2	24.2	8.1	8.5	6.3	2.02%	2.07%	1.79%	61
West Bengal	16.8	18.6	11.9	6.0	6.0	6.3	1.07%	1.26%	0.56%	31
Bihar	20.5	22.1	14.6	5.9	6.9	2.3	1.46%	1.52%	1.23%	31
Goa	13.2	12.6	13.7	6.6	8.1	5.7	0.66%	0.45%	0.80%	10
Himachal Pradesh	16.9	17.5	11.5	6.9	7.2	4.2	1.00%	1.03%	0.73%	40
Manipur	14.9	14.8	15.3	4.2	4.3	4.0	1.07%	1.05%	1.13%	14
Meghalaya	24.5	26.6	14.8	7.9	8.4	5.6	1.66%	1.82%	0.92%	55
Mizoram	17.1	21.1	13.0	4.5	5.4	3.7	1.25%	1.57%	0.93%	37
Nagaland	16.8	17.0	16.0	3.6	3.7	3.3	1.32%	1.33%	1.27%	23
Sikkim	17.8	18.1	16.1	5.6	5.9	3.8	1.23%	1.23%	1.23%	30
Tripura	14.9	15.6	11.5	5.0	4.8	5.7	0.99%	1.08%	0.58%	27
Uttarakhand	19.3	20.2	16.2	6.3	6.7	5.1	1.30%	1.35%	1.11%	38
Andaman and Nicobar Islands	15.6	15.5	15.8	4.3	4.8	3.3	1.13%	1.07%	1.26%	25
Chandigarh	15.6	21.6	15.0	3.9	3.7	3.9	1.16%	1.79%	1.10%	22
Dadra and Nagar Haveli	26.6	26.0	28.6	4.7	5.1	3.3	2.19%	2.09%	2.53%	38
Daman and Diu	18.8	19.1	18.3	4.9	4.9	4.8	1.39%	1.42%	1.36%	23
Lakshadweep	14.3	15.5	13.2	6.4	6.1	6.7	0.80%	0.95%	0.65%	25
Puducherry	16.7	16.7	16.7	7.4	8.2	7.0	0.93%	0.85%	0.96%	22

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Total population

1,166,079,217 (July 2009 est. CIA);^[65] 1,210 million (2011 census)^[66]

Map showing the population density in India, per 2011 Census.^[67]

Rural population

72.2%; male: 381,668,992, female: 360,948,755 (2001 census)

Age structure

0–14 years: 30.8%; male: 188,208,196, female: 171,356,024
15–64 years: 64.3%; male: 386,432,921, female: 364,215,759
65+ years: 4.9%; male: 27,258,259, female: 30,031,289 (2007 est.)

Median age

25.1 years

Population growth rate

1.548% (2009 est.)

Literacy rate

74% (age 7 and above, in 2011)^[54]
81.4% (total population, age 15-25, in 2006)^[68]

Per cent of population below poverty line

22% (2006 est.)

Unemployment rate

7.8%

Net migration rate

−0.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Sex ratio

At birth: 1.12 male(s)/female
Under 10 years: 1.14 male(s)/female
15–24 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
24–64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.908 male(s)/female
Total population: 1.08 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

Total population: 65.8 years (source: UN Human Development Report, 2013)

Total fertility rate

2.72 children born/woman (2009 est.), although more up-to-date statistics indicate that India's TFR was 2.6 in 2008^[69]

The TFR (total number of children born per women) according to religion in 2001 was: Hindus 2.4, Muslims 2.8, Sikhs 2.1, Christians 2.1, Buddhists 2.1, Jains 1.4, animists and others 2.99, tribals 3.16, scheduled castes 2.89

Religions

Hindu 80.5%, Muslim 13.4%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.8%, Buddhists 0.8%, Jains 0.4%, others 0.7%, unspecified 0.1% (2001 census)^{[70][71][72][73]}

Scheduled castes and tribes

Scheduled castes: 16.6% (2011 census);^[74][75] scheduled tribes: 8.6% (2011 census)

Languages

See Languages of India and List of Indian languages by total speakers. There are 216 languages with more than 10,000 native speakers in India. The largest of these is Hindi with some 337 million, and the second largest is Bengali. 22 languages are recognised as official languages. In India, there are 1,652 languages and dialects in total.^[76][77]

Population projections

India is projected to overtake China as the world's most populous nation by 2030. India's population growth has raised concerns that it would lead to widespread unemployment and political instability.^[78][79] Note that these projections make assumptions about future fertility and death rates which may not turn out to be correct in the event. Fertility rates also vary from region to region, with some higher than the national average and some lower.

Source:^[80]

• 2020: 1,326,093,000
• 2030: 1,460,743,000
• 2040: 1,571,715,000
• 2050: 1,656,554,000

2020 estimate

In millions (example: 361 = 361,000,000)

Source:^[81]

Year	Under 15	15–64	65+	Total
2000	361	604	45	1010
2005	368	673	51	1093
2010	370	747	58	1175
2015	372	819	65	1256
2020	373	882	76	1332

Ethnic groups

The national Census of India does not recognise racial or ethnic groups within India,^[82] but recognises many of the tribal groups as Scheduled Castes and Tribes (see list of Scheduled Tribes in India).

According to a 2009 study published by Reich et al., the modern Indian population is composed of two genetically divergent and heterogeneous populations which mixed in ancient times (about 1,200-3,500 BC), known as Ancestral North Indians (ANI) and Ancestral South Indians (ASI). ASI corresponds to the Dravidian-speaking population of southern India, whereas ANI corresponds to the Indo-Aryan-speaking population of northern India.^[83][84]

For a list of ethnic groups in the Republic of India (as well as neighboring countries) see ethnic groups of the Indian subcontinent or the tree diagram above.

Genetics

Y-chromosome DNA

^[85]

Y-Chromosome DNA Y-DNA represents the male lineage, The Indian Y-chromosome pool may be summarised as follows where haplogroups R-M420, H, R2, L and NOP comprise generally more than 80% of the total chromosomes.^[86]

• H ~ 30%
• R1a ~ 20%
• R2 ~ 15%
• L ~ 10%
• NOP ~ 10% (Excluding R)
• Other Haplogroups 15%

Mitochondrial DNA

^[87]

Mitochondrial DNA mtDNA represents the female lineage. The Indian mitochondrial DNA is primarily made up of Haplogroup M^[88]

• Haplogroup M ~ 60%
• Haplogroup UK ~ 15%
• Haplogroup N ~ 25% (Excluding UK)

Autosomal DNA

Numerous genomic studies have been conducted in the last 15 years to seek insights into India's demographic and cultural diversity. These studies paint a complex and conflicting picture.

• In a 2003 study, Basu, Majumder et al. have concluded on the basis of results obtained from mtDNA, Y-chromosome and autosomal markers that "(1) there is an underlying unity of female lineages in India, indicating that the initial number of female settlers may have been small; (2) the tribal and the caste populations are highly differentiated; (3) the Austroasiatic tribals are the earliest settlers in India, providing support to one anthropological hypothesis while refuting some others; (4) a major wave of humans entered India through the northeast; (5) the Tibeto-Burman tribals share considerable genetic commonalities with the Austroasiatic tribals, supporting the hypothesis that they may have shared a common habitat in southern China, but the two groups of tribals can be differentiated on the basis of Y-chromosomal haplotypes; (6) the Dravidian speaking populations were possibly widespread throughout India but are regulated to South India now ; (7) formation of populations by fission that resulted in founder and drift effects have left their imprints on the genetic structures of contemporary populations; (8) the upper castes show closer genetic affinities with Central Asian populations, although those of southern India are more distant than those of northern India; (9) historical gene flow into India has contributed to a considerable obliteration of genetic histories of contemporary populations so that there is at present no clear congruence of genetic and geographical or sociocultural affinities."^[89]
• In a later 2010 review article, Majumder affirms some of these conclusions, introduces and revises some other. The ongoing studies, concludes Majumder, suggest India has served as the major early corridor for geographical dispersal of modern humans from out-of-Africa. The archaeological and genetic traces of the earliest settlers in India has not provided any conclusive evidence. The tribal populations of India are older than the non-tribal populations. The autosomal differentiation and genetic diversity within India's caste populations at 0.04 is significantly lower than 0.14 for continental populations and 0.09 for 31 world population sets studied by Watkins et al., suggesting that while tribal populations were differentiated, the differentiation effects within India's caste population was less than previously thought. Majumder also concludes that recent studies suggest India has been a major contributor to the gene pool of southeast Asia.^[90][91]
• Another study covering a large sample of Indian populations allowed Watkins et al. to examine eight Indian caste groups and four endogamous south Indian tribal populations. The Indian castes data show low between-group differences, while the tribal Indian groups show relatively high between-group differentiation. This suggests that people between Indian castes were not reproductively isolated, while Indian tribal populations experienced reproductive isolation and drift. Furthermore, the genetic fixation index data shows historical genetic differentiation and segregation between Indian castes population is much smaller than those found in east Asia, Africa and other continental populations; while being similar to the genetic differentiation and segregation observed in European populations.^[91]
• In 2006, Sahoo et al. reported their analysis of genomic data on 936 Y-chromosomes representing 32 tribal and 45 caste groups from different regions of India. These scientists find that the haplogroup frequency distribution across the country, between different caste groups, was found to be predominantly driven by geographical, rather than cultural determinants. They conclude there is clear evidence for both large-scale immigration into ancient India of Sino-Tibetan speakers and language change of former Austroasiatic speakers, in the northeast Indian region.^[92][93]
• The genome studies through 2010 have been on relatively small population sets. Many are from just one southeastern state of Andhra Pradesh (including Telangana, which was part of the state until June 2014). Any conclusions on demographic history of India must therefore be interpreted with caution. A larger national genome study with demographic growth and sex ratio balances may offer further insights on the extent of genetic differentiation and segregation in India over the millenniums.^[90]

See also

• Census of India prior to independence
• Culture of India
• Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin
• Demography of Central Asia
• Female foeticide in India
• Human population control
• Hinduism in India
• Jainism in India
• Sikhism in India
• Islam in India
• Christianity in India

Government

• 2011 census of India
• National Commission on Population

Lists

• List of most populous cities in India
• List of most populous metropolitan areas in India
• List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India
• List of states and union territories of India by population
• List of Kerala cities by population

Notes

1. Excludes figures of Paomata, Mao Maram and Purul sub-districts of Senapati district of Manipur state
2. The data are "unadjusted" (without excluding Assam and Jammu and Kashmir); the 1981 census was not conducted in Assam and the 1991 census was not conducted in Jammu and Kashmir.

References

1. "The World Factbook - India". CIA.
2. "Birth Rate, Death Rate, Infant Mortality Rate and Total Fertility Rate: India and States". National Commission on Population, Govt of India. 2010.
3. "Census India SRS Bulletins". Registrar General of India, Govt of India. 2011.
4. "Census India SRS Bulletins". Registrar General of India, Govt of India. 2013.
5. "India's population 'to be biggest' in the planet". BBC News. 18 August 2004. Retrieved 2011-09-24.
6. US Census Bureau, Demographic Internet Staff. "United States Census Bureau - International Data Base (IDB)". Census.gov. Retrieved 2011-09-24.
7. "Population growth (annual %)". World Bank. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
8. Basu, Kaushik (25 July 2007). "India's demographic dividend". BBC News. Retrieved 2011-09-24.
9. US Department of State (17 April 2012). "Background Note: India". Archived from the original on 2012-06-18.
10. SIL International. "Ethnologue report for Language Isolate". Retrieved 2007-10-11.
11. India, a Country Study United States Library of Congress, Note on Ethnic groups
12. Anatole Romaniuk, review of Parameswara Krishnan's Glimpses of Indian Historical Demography, in Canadian Studies in Population 40.3–4 (2014): 248–251.
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External links

• Census of India; government site with detailed data from 2001 census
• Census of India map generator; generates maps based on 2001 census figures
• Demographic data for India; provides sources of demographic data for India
• 2001 maps; provides maps of social, economic and demographic data of India in 2001
• Population of India 2011 map; distribution of population amongst states and union territories
• India's Demographic Outlook: Implications and Trends
• United Nations "World Population Prospects": Country Profile - India
• Aggregated demographic statistics from Indian and global data sources
• Demographic statistics for India - online on Bluenomics
• India comparing with China population projection graph Based on data from database of UN Population Division